# data[].attributes.body
How many smokers are there in the world?
1.1 billion

How many cigarettes do they smoke?
6000 billion

How many different chemicals are produced when tobacco is burned?
Around 400

How many of these are linked to diseases?
At least 150 chemicals

# data[].attributes.body
What is nicotine?
An addictive toxic liquid which is the main ingredient in tobacco, and it acts as a stimulant.

Why does it mean people like smoking?
Because it is a stimulant which speeds up a persons reaction time and gives them a pleasurable feeling. It also increases attention and focus.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Parents & Educators | National Institute on Drug Abuse

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Clinical trials are research studies in human volunteers conducted to answer specific health questions. Learn about the NIDA-sponsored clinical trials available to you

# data[].attributes.body
What are cilia?
Microscopic hair like structures that extend from the surface of all mammalian cells. they sweep out mucus and other bacteria.

What happens to the cilia because of smoking?
Smoking temporarily paralyses the cilia increasing the risk of infection from bacteria that are trapped in the mucus.

What impact does this then have?

It makes you more vulnerable to disease and lung cancer as you kill your cilia.

The cilia stop working and allow dirt and pathogens down into the lungs and increases the risk of infection.

Mucus also builds up over time and causes coughing.

What causes the lungs to turn grey?
Tar causes lungs to go grey. it is a sticky black chemical

What is chronic bronchitis and how is smoking linked to this?
It is when inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus

What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Why is the destruction of alveoli such a problem?

It reduces the surface area to volume ratio of the lungs leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death.

# data[].attributes.body
What does carbon monoxide do to the blood? (2 points)

It prevents oxygen from reaching your tissues and organs.

it can also cause carbon monoxide poisoning.

Why is this so dangerous?
Because it displaces oxygen in the blood and deprives the heart, brain and other vital organs.

Why shouldn't pregnant women smoke? (Need at least 4 points)

increases the risk of health problems for the baby

increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

increases risk of miscarriage

increases risk of stillbirth

# data[].attributes.body
Describe the impacts that smoking has on the cardiovascular system (5 points at least).

1. Smoking narrows the blood vessels in your skin which ages it.

2. Nicotine makes the heart rate increase

3. Other chemicals damage the lining of the arteries. This makes coronary heart disease more likely and increases the risk of clot formation.

4. The mixture of chemicals in cigarette smoke also leads to increased blood pressure.

5. This combination increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

# data[].attributes.body
What are carcinogens?
Chemicals and other agents that cause cancer by damaging DNA.

What kind of cancers can be caused directly by smoking?
Lung cancer, Throat cancer, Larynx cancer,  as well as Pancreatic cancer, Kidney cancer, Liver cancer, Colon cancer and many more

# data[].attributes.body
Describe how these are linked

if you eat more food than you need, the excess is stored as fat

over time regularly eating too much food will make you overweight and then obese

What are the consequences of obesity?
Being overweight or obese can have a serious impact on health. Carrying extra fat leads to serious health consequences such as

cardiovascular disease (mainly heart disease and stroke)

type 2 diabetes

musculoskeletal disorders like osteoarthritis

Some cancers (endometrial, breast and colon)

# data[].attributes.body
Describe how the amount of exercise you do is linked to the food you eat

The food you eat transfers energy to your muscles as they work from respiration

The amount of exercise you do affects the amount of respiration as muscles need more energy to carry out exercise

The amount of food you need will then increase as a result.

What are the benefits of exercise to the body? (5 points)

make bigger muscles

have fitter hearts therefore reduce the risk of developing arthritis and high blood pressure

have bigger lungs

less likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes

lowers the blood cholesterol level

Why is exercise good for the body? (5 points)

less likely to get cardiovascular  disease

less likely to be overweight

help the balance of different types of cholesterols

reduce the risk of fatty deposits building up on the coronary arteries

lower the risk of heart diseases and heart problems

# data[].attributes.body
What chemical is alcohol?
Ethanol

Which organ usually removes it?
Liver

What impacts does alcohol have on the nervous system and what are the consequences of this on a person?

Slows down the neurotransmitters which allows the brain to communicate with the rest of the nerves in the body.

Short term consequences:

impairs vision

judgement

alertness

slows down reaction time and coordination

Long term consequences:

mental health problems

cancer

social problems

alcohol dependency (addiction)

# data[].attributes.body
Why does the liver get damaged from too much alcohol?

The liver is the primary organ involved in detoxicating the alcohol and stop it from harming the rest of the body. Repeated, excessive amounts of alcohol can slowly damage the liver as the liver now only has to detoxicate the alcohol without caring for other things that enter the body.
The larger the alcohol consumption, and the more frequent it is, the quicker the liver can become damaged as the higher someone's blood alcohol content is, the longer it takes to process alcohol.

How does cirrhosis develop and what consequences does this have for a person?
Cirrhosis destroys the liver tissue. The active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital function. Cirrhosis is the final stage of liver disease, after possibly years of alcohol abuse causing the liver to become inflamed and swollen.

Common symptoms of liver disease due to excess  alcohol consumption include:

Yellowish skin and eyes (jaundice)

Abdominal pain and swelling

Swelling in legs and ankles

Dark urine

Nausea or vomiting

Itchy skin

Discolored stool

Tendency to bruise easily

Chronic fatigue

Fever

Disorientation

Weakness

Loss of appetite

Pale, bloody, or tar-colored stool

# data[].attributes.body
Describe the impact that alcohol has on the brain
The brain can become soft and pulpy so the normal brain structures are lost and can no longer function properly, which can cause death.

# data[].attributes.body
Why is drinking whilst pregnant dangerous?
As the alcohol is taken in by the woman it is directly passed to the fetus through the placenta

List the different consequences that this may have on the unborn baby:

still birth, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, development of brain and body is badly affected, baby may have facial deformities, problems with its teeth, jaw or hearing. kidney, liver, heart problems. other learning and developmental problems this is called fetal alcohol syndrome

# data[].attributes.body
What is ionising radiation?
Is when the radiation has enough energy during the interaction between a atom, that is can break tightly bounded electrons
Examples could be:
. Gamma rays
. X- rays
. Radioactive particles

Why is it regarded as a carcinogen?

A carcinogen is a substance that can lead to cancer.  Ionising radiation is a carcinogen that can lead to cancer.

# data[].attributes.body
List 4 different sources of ionising radiation:

medical and dental x-rays

nuclear power accidents (explosions)

Ultraviolet light (from the sun)

Radioactive materials (found in soil, water and air)

# data[].attributes.body
What does ionising radiation do to the cells and DNA?
Ionising radiation affects living organisms on an atomic level, by ionising molecules inside the micro scoping cells that make up your body - it causes MUTATIONS in the DNA in cells.

What is the link between exposure and cancer?
High-energy radiation like x-rays can damage DNA which will disrupt the cell cycle and cause cancer.

# data[].attributes.body
What causes type 2 diabetes?
When pancreas doesn't make any insulin or make very little insulin or when body doesn't respond like it to insulin.

What consequences can this have?
Short-term complications of type 2 diabetes are hypoglycemia (very low blood glucose) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), which is very high blood glucose.

Long-term complications of type 2 are diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease (nephropathy), diabetic neuropathy, and macrovascular problems.

What is the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

Obese people are more prone to have type 2 diabetes.The passage from obesity to diabetes is made by a progressive defect in insulin secretion coupled with a progressive rise in insulin resistance.

How can people 'cure' type 2 diabetes?
There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, it is an ongoing disease. But there are treatments for type 2 diabetes.

Include foods rich in fiber and healthy carbohydrates in your diet. Eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will help keep your blood glucose levels steady.

Eat at regular intervals

Control your weight and keep your heart healthy. That means keeping refined carbohydrates, sweets, and animal fats to a minimum.

Get about half an hour of aerobic activity daily to help keep your heart healthy. Exercise helps to control blood glucose, too.

# data[].attributes.headline
features of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome

# data[].attributes.subject
features of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome