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https://www.cargill.com/meat-poultry/beef-business

Cargill does an excellent job about being transparent when it comes to their animal handling practices and what they expect. This company has worked very closely with Temple Grandin over the years to ensure that their facilities are updated and provide the best care. This ranges from where they purchase the cattle, to the transportation process, to the processing. They even utilize Grandin's practices to help decrease stress in the animals.

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This is Temple Grandin, one of the world's most well known experts when it comes to the handling of cattle. What is so unique about Grandin is not only the success she has had when it comes to the cattle industry and handling, but that she has autism as well. However, she never let this hold her back. If anything it only made her better at her job. Throughout her career she has created many things however a few include a chute that is curved, a center track restraining system, and a system for scoring that allows producers to look at how their cattle are being handled.  Temple Grandin truly has paved a way in the cattle industry for safe and less stressful handling practices.
https://www.grandin.com/temple.html (paragraph)
https://calvin.edu/directory/series/temple-grandin (picture link)

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Flight Zone in cattle

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Stressful handling can cause many different issues with cattle, however, here are just a few:
1) Injury
2) Decreased milk production
3) Increase in diseases due to decrease in disease resistance
https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/dairy/dairy-cattle-handling/

Picture source: https://www.bayerlivestock.com/dairy-producer/

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This video shows a group of dairy cows eating Bermuda grass. The interesting thing about cattle is that they tend to eat more when they are surrounded by other cows. Also, the temperature plays a role in how much cattle will eat. They eat more in winter and less in the summer. However, an interesting fact about dairy cows is that they will increase their food intake when they have an increase in their milk production.
Source: Class slideshow and https://dairy-cattle.extension.org/how-many-pounds-of-feed-does-a-cow-eat-in-a-day/

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When cattle come into estrus, they release pheromones through vaginal mucus thus signaling to bulls that they are in this cycle and ready to mate (https://reggienet.illinoisstate.edu/access/lessonbuilder/item/6610156/group/f1349a0e-1345-4487-8f34-ba527ced58dc/Week%208/Reading%20_7.pdf). This is a type of chemical response for communication. On the other hand, a tactile response deals with touch. One tactile response by a cow that produces a reaction from a calf is licking. The cow licking the calf stimulates standing, feeding, and bathroom behavior (https://reggienet.illinoisstate.edu/access/lessonbuilder/item/6610150/group/f1349a0e-1345-4487-8f34-ba527ced58dc/Week%205/Reading%20_5.pdf).

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For cows, one way that they communicate is through different sounds, or different ranges of mooing. For example, a study was done on a group of heifers where they found that the vocalizations from the heifers were different when they were hungry, abandoned, and in heat (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/cows-communicate-unique-moos-1-180973971/). Another way that they can communicate is through visual cues. For example, if a cow is in heat, they will show signs to communicate this to others. For example, standing still, uneasiness, mounting, and the flehmen response are all visual signals that communicate when a cow is in heat (https://www.farmanddairy.com/top-stories/how-to-determine-when-a-cow-is-in-heat/464746.html).

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When it comes to sensory bias, cattle have a lack of good depth perception. This is why when approaching cattle you should do so from the side. Also, they cannot see what is directly behind them which can cause them to spook and possibly hurt someone. This lack of depth perception also limits their sense of distinguishing what they see as an obstruction from a simple shadow.
https://www.publish.csiro.au/ebook/chapter/9781486301614_Chapter4

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http://libproxy.lib.ilstu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=agr&AN=IND605324601&site=ehost-live&scope=site

This article talks about using classical and operant conditioning with holstein calves and urination. They performed two experiments, one using classical conditioning and one using operant conditioning. However, it was concluded that operant conditioning was the better option.

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3 Neonatal Behaviors:
1) Standing up
2) head butting the udders for milk/Suckling (colostrum)

3) Weaning
https://reggienet.illinoisstate.edu/access/lessonbuilder/item/6610150/group/f1349a0e-1345-4487-8f34-ba527ced58dc/Week%205/Reading%20_5.pdf
Note: Usually Holstein calves are separated from their mothers right after birth and are generally bottle fed. This means that there is usually no cow/calf bond

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3 Maternal Behaviors From Mother:
1) Eating of the placenta
2)  Cleaning the fluids from the calf
3) communicate with each other through mooing
https://reggienet.illinoisstate.edu/access/lessonbuilder/item/6610150/group/f1349a0e-1345-4487-8f34-ba527ced58dc/Week%205/Reading%20_5.pdf
Note: Most holstein calves are separated from their mothers right after, or soon after, birth.

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Here are some female sexual behaviors in cattle:
- Their willingness to stand completely still and be mounted
- Females mounting other females
- Increased mucus
https://extension.psu.edu/heat-detection-and-timing-of-insemination-for-cattle

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Heifer and Cow in Standing Heat -Cattle Mounting Each Other

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3 Male Sexual Behaviors:
- Licking/sniffing
-Flehmen response
-Resting of their chin on a cows back
http://www.animalbehaviour.net/cattle/
Note: Due to the aggressive temperament of the Holstein Bulls, most farmers have opted to artificially inseminating their cows and heifers.

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A cow can be milked by a machine in less than five minutes and are milked multiple times a day.
https://www.americandairy.com/dairy-farms/dairy-facts/

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This study found that there is a sensitive period in dairy calves associated with group living and being in a situation that requires reversal learning. This sensitive period happens around 6 weeks of age.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537137/

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https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2014.00368/full
This heritability estimate chart looks at the milking temperament between the different breeds of dairy cattle.  It measures how calm to hyper they are, whether their temperament is good or poor, and how they act during the milking process.
Note: From personal experience, unless it is a cows first time in the milking parlor, holsteins are generally very docile during the milking process.

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When it comes to cattle, especially holsteins, the importance of good genetics is a major factor. However, when it comes to dairy cows their genetics are generally picked for milk production. However, there are many other reasons to be selective when genetics such as behavior. This article discusses the temperament of cows based off of their genetics.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bodo_Brand/publication/275837207_Genetics_of_cattle_temperament_and_its_impact_on_livestock_production_and_breeding_-_A_review/links/55485d420cf2e2031b386dd8.pdf

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Although I have had a few head of Angus cattle from the time I reached junior high, until now, I am choosing to talk about a different breed of cattle. I am choosing Holstein cows because it is a breeds that I am only semi familiar with, but would love to know more about. This past year was when I was first introduced to this breed of cattle. My boyfriend lives and works on a dairy farm so I naturally started to be around this breed more due to helping on the farm. After being around the cows and seeing their temperament and their overall curiosity, I fell in love. I even made a connection with a few of the calves and even received a holstein steer, that one day will be marketed, as an anniversary present. However, due to the docility of this breed, I was also able to get over my fear of cattle which was brought on by almost being kicked in the head by an Angus steer. The holstein breed is interesting to me and I am excited to learn more about an animal that I someday want and plan to raise.