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When the bits of rocks, land, sediments, soil land, or deposit somewhere new.

Examples: Deltas of rivers, the bottom of a landslide, a glacial erratic (boulder left behind by a long gone glacier), a sand dune.

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When bits of rocks, land, and landforms are carried away due to water (surface runoff, natural disasters, gravity) or wind.

Examples: Canyons, landslides, smooth rocks on a shore, sea stacks, have all been eroded away.

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When rocks, land, and landforms are broken down by water (precipitation, surface runoff, freeze/thaw cycles in areas that experience seasons, ocean waves), wind, chemicals (oxidation, acid rain), or living things (plant roots, lichen, animals walking or burrowing).

Examples: Rust, cracks in pavement, worn down stone steps, rock formations with holes in them.

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The change in the structure and make-up of an ecological community over time. Typically, ecosystems change after an event.

Examples: Our un-mowed Oak Hill fields discussion (field turns into forest). An ecosystem recovering after a wildfire, flood, or other natural disaster.

Non-examples: Seasonal changes (this is over a longer time period than just typical season changes).

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The number of different living things in an area or ecosystem.

Examples: Tropical rainforests have high biodiversity, for example.

Non-example: One species

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The process by which flowering plants rely on wind and pollinators (insects, birds, mammals) to help plants reproduce. Seeds grow inside of protective fruits and have the potential to grow into new plants.

Examples: Apple blossoms to apples, strawberry blossoms to strawberries, pumpkin seeds to pumpkins.

Non-example: Vegetative reproduction like budding or growing plants from clippings.

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The amount of matter in the universe since it began is constant - it is neither created or destroyed, it is simply rearranged as it is recycled.

Examples: Our cycles of matter! (Carbon, Nitrogen, water!)

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Also known as a drainage basin, a watershed is how the shape of the land dictates where precipitation (or snow/ice melt) runs off or pools.

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A term that describes when precipitation, or snow/ice melt is pulled downhill, typically pooling in bigger bodies of water, due to gravity.

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Water in all of its forms that is found within soil or the bedrock below. Water infiltrates (enters) the land via precipitation, and percolates (drips down) into reservoirs like aquifers (regional ones pictured above).

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When extra water molecules in a plant evaporate into the air through the stomata of its leaves (helping the capillary action in the xylem below!)

Examples: Water vapor en masse from forests

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When water in clouds becomes  too heavy and falls because of gravity.Typically, when precipitation lands on Earth's landforms, it continues to runoff based on the topography of that area.

Examples: Rain, sleet, snow, hail

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When water molecules are heated up/move faster and change from liquid form to gas or vapor form.

Examples: Puddles drying up after a rainstorm, hot steam rising from a boiling pot of water

Non-examples: Condensation (the opposite!)

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When water molecules cool down/slow down and change from vapor/gas form to liquid form.

Examples: Cloud formation, water droplets on a cold soda can on a hot day.

Non-example: Evaporation (the opposite!)

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A process that changes N compounds in the soil and oceans back to N2 gas.

Examples: Denitrifying bacteria in soils, denitrifying bacteria in oceans

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A process that changes N2 gas into usable compounds for life.

Examples include:
-bacteria in the roots of legume plants
-bacteria in oceans
-lightning strikes in the atmosphere

Non-examples: Photosynthesis, denitrification

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Compounds in ALL living things that are made of C, H, O and N.

Examples: Amino acids are made of proteins, DNA is made of proteins. Other famous proteins include hemoglobin (helps with transport of materials in our bloodstream), insulin (helps blood sugar get to other cells), enzymes that help with digestion, and antibodies that help our immune defense.

Non-examples: Carbohydrates, lipids (fats)

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A process all living things do in their cells to release energy from the breakdown of molecules using oxygen gas. This occurs in the mitochondria of cells, and is crucial for consumers like us to be able to get energy from our food.

Examples: Bromothymol blue demo
Non-Examples: Photosynthesis (it is the opposite reaction!)

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Gases in our atmosphere trap some heat from the sun, just like the glass window panes of a greenhouse, which makes it warm enough for life to survive. The recent increase in carbon-based greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased the amount of heat that is trapped, which is leading to global warming and changing the climate.

Greenhouse gases include CO2, CH4 (methane), NO2 (nitrogen oxide), and water vapor.

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Homepage | Center for Sustainable Systems

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Chemical potential energy sources that are made from the compressed remains of ancient organisms deep inside Earth's crust. Humans extract/dig/drill/mine for these and burn/combust them for many energy needs (electricity generation in power plants, heating homes and buildings, fuel for transportation, plastic production...)

Examples: Coal, oil (petroleum), natural gas. Less common is peat.

Non-Examples: Any renewable source of energy like wind, hydro, solar..

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A type of symbiosis (close short or long-term relationship between two species) where both species benefit.

Examples: Clown fish and sea anemone (sometimes), croc and plover, shark and remora, mites and carrion beetles

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A type of symbiosis (a close short or long-term relationship between two species) where one species benefits while the other is hurt or harmed.

Examples: Tick on dog/deer, fleas, lice, heartworm in dog, tapeworms, some plants, fungus

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A type of symbiosis (a close short or long-term relationship between two species) where one species benefits while the other is unaffected.

Examples: Barnacles and whale, clown fish and sea anemone (sometimes), Monarch butterfly and milkweed plant

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The maximum amount of a population that an ecosystem can support (NOT just fit).

Examples: Panther hunt = 21 panthers, Oh Deer = 18 deer, overflowing fishbowl ...

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Any abiotic (non-living) or biotic (living) thing that limits a population in an ecosystem.

Examples: water, energy (food, sun), air (O2, CO2), space, disease, predation, competition, weather, climate...

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A disruption to an ecosystem that is usually from the top of the pyramid down.

Example: The elimination then return of the Yellowstone wolves.

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In ecology (ecosystem science), the way that energy flows up the food chain, or energy pyramid, follows the 10% Rule: Only 10% of the energy from the living thing being eaten is transferred to the eater. The rest (90%) is "lost" to the environment as heat each step. This is why the energy pyramid is a pyramid shape (energy is greatest in amount at the bottom to provide a foundation for the ecosystem, and gets smaller by the top level).

Example: Our root beer lab demo.

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An organism that gets energy from breaking down waste and dead organisms.

Examples: The fungi kingdom (mushrooms, mold), some bacteria (especially in soil and water).

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An organism that gets its energy by eating another organism. Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and scavengers.

Examples: Humans, dogs, cats, insects, birds, etc.

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An organism that produces its own food/gets its own energy (a.k.a. performs photosynthesis or chemosynthesis). Also known as autotrophs ("self" and "energy"). These organisms are the foundation of the food chain/energy pyramid of the ecosystems in which they live.

Examples: Grass, trees, moss, shrubs, algae (all plants), some bacteria

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A community of living things (organisms/biotic factors) that interact with each other and their environment (abiotic factors).

Examples: forest, river, desert, intertidal zone, coral reef, tundra, alpine (top of mountain), wetland, tropical rainforest...

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Energy is neither created nor destroyed, just transferred and transformed.

Examples: Lighting a marshmallow, Rube Goldberg machine video, bowling ball pendulum video

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Materials that slow down the transfer of energy (heat, electricity).

Examples: Wood, glass, plastic (think around wires!), air pockets, house insulation (fiberglass).

Non-examples: Conductors

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Materials that allow for energy (heat, electricity) to pass through easily.

Examples: Metals, water

Non-examples: Insulators (wood, glass, plastic, rubber, air pockets...)

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When heat transfers, or moves, through empty space via electromagnetic waves. (It transfers without touching anything).

Examples: Radiators in a home, radiant heat from a light bulb, radiant heat from the sun, radiant heat from a fireplace.

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When heat transfers, or moves, through gases or liquids, usually in a current (or circle).

Examples: Boiling pot of water, heat rising in a house or building, then sinking again. Our burping bottles.

Bigger scale examples: ocean currents, air currents, convection currents inside EARTH!

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When heat transfers, or moves, between two solids by direct contact. Heat likes to move from high heat to low heat, eventually evening itself out.

Examples: Touching a warm cup of cocoa (heat conducts from the cocoa, to the cup, to your hands). Wearing a mitten (heat conducts from your body, to the inside of the mitten, insulating your hand).

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When something uses less energy to provide the same service (or, a high percentage of the original source or energy is transformed into the desired form(s) of energy).

Examples: The LED light bulb was the most efficient light bulb we tested (used the least amount of electricity, was bright, but also emitted the least heat, so MOST of the energy was transforming into the desired light energy).

Non-examples: The incandescent light bulb. Also, the efficiency rate of most gasoline-powered cars is about 30%. A fireplace heating up a home is about 10% efficient. These are not very energy efficient.

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An energy source that can only be once, is limited, and will eventually run out.

Examples: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear (uranium)

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An energy source that can be used again and again (is unlimited), and therefore won't run out.

Examples: Hydro power, tidal power, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass

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A device that transforms motion into electrical energy.

Examples: Our lab! (Spinning the motor to turn on the tiny LED light bulb), back-up generators in homes and buildings, generators in POWER PLANTS.

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A device that transforms electrical energy into MOTION (hence, MOTOR!)

Examples: Our lab with the copper coil! Motors in cars, fans, planes, heaters, etc.

All motors require an electromagnet (copper coils to conduct electricity, AND magnets).

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A device that transforms chemical potential energy into electrical energy, or electricity.

Examples: Our battery lab (salt, water, and hydrogen peroxide powered our motor!), triple AAA, double AA, D Cell, lithium-ion batteries, a potato battery!

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The range of light energy that travels in waves or particles.

Examples: Radio waves, visible light, heat, X-Rays

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The vein inside plants that carries the food (glucose) from the leaves back down to the roots.

This was the white parts of the celery.

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The vein inside plants that carries water up from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis.

We saw this in the celery lab (the bits that turned reddish/pink from the red water).

The xylem is narrow and uses capillary action to carry water up against gravity.

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The specialized cells on the underside of leaves that take in CO2 and release O2 and water vapor.

We saw this in our stomate lab. "Stoma: is Greek for "mouth."

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When plants and other organisms transform light energy from the sun into food (chemical energy - glucose!).

This occurs inside the chloroplasts in plant cells. The chlorophyll absorbs the light.

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Discover the events that consistently deliver solid returns on investment. Learn how to maximize your profits and grow your business effectively.

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When energy changes from one form to another form (or forms).

Example: Electrical energy changes into light, sound, and a little bit of heat when I turn on my TV.

Non-examples:
-Energy transfer
-Sound energy moving from a speaker to my ear (still sound energy, it hasn't changed form)

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When energy moves from on place or thing to another.

Example:
-Heat energy moves from a campfire, to the pot, to the water, making it boil.
-Sound energy moves from a guitar to my ears :-)

Non-examples: Energy transformation.

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Energy that is stored, or hasn't happened/moved yet
Examples: G.P.E. (gravitational potential energy), chemical, elastic, nuclear.
Non-examples: kinetic energy

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The motion of objects, particles, or waves.
Example: moving roller coaster train, a gust of wind, heat, sound, light, electricity.
Non-example: potential energy

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Energy causes objects or materials to change, move, or work.
Examples include kinetic energy and potential energy.
A non-example is a rock, or a vacuum.

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Two or more parts working together to do something (perform a function/do a job). Systems have inputs and outputs (function).
Example: bicycle
Non-example: pile of sand