# data[].attributes.body
PPT

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/environment/
http://www.environment.no/topics/air-pollution/acid-rain/
http://www.environment.no/topics/marine-and-coastal-waters/ocean-acidification/
https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/nord/our-ocean-2015.-norwegian-views.pdf
http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/norway-facts/

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Environmental Policies of Norway
Starting in the 1960s, Norway has tried to mitigate the environmental damage caused by its hydroelectric sector by restricting where future dams can be built. Dam construction slowed significantly in the 1980s and subsequently several rivers were officially given protected status.
More recently, Norwegians have been moving away from hydroelectric power and toward other energy sources that have less of an environmental impact. One step the government has taken is to encourage organizations and homeowners to burn wood and other biomass for heat and power, as opposed to fossil fuels.
State-owned companies have several different renewable-power projects under way. For instance, the government-controlled Statkraft has been trying to develop a floating wind turbine, which may be cheaper than current offshore models that rise out of the sea floor.
In the 1970s, Norway began enacting a series of policies designed to mitigate any environmental damage cause by its offshore drilling operations. Several laws were passed to protect the coastal marine environment from oil spills and hazardous industrial substances.

Clean Technology in Norway
In addition to embracing more sustainable practices, Norway’s state-controlled businesses are also developing cutting edge clean technology.
Statkraft's has been developing a unique new technology known as salt power. The method involves tapping both freshwater and seawater at the mouths of rivers and fjords. The water is redirected to tanks on both sides of a semi-permeable membrane.

Sulphur causes acidification in Norway
Deposition of sulphur causes acidification in Norway, and sulphur deposition is highest in the most sensitive areas in the south. As sulphur emissions are being reduced more rapidly than nitrogen emissions, the relative importance of nitrogen as a source of pollution is increasing.
Nitrogen also has other effects
Nitrogen has more complex ecological effects than sulphur, because it can also act as a fertiliser and cause eutrophication. Most nitrogen is absorbed by plants or the soil, but the remainder ends up in fjords and coastal waters, where it can fuel eutrophication and excessive algal growth.
Critical loads low in the southern half of Norway
Critical loads are used to define the amount of pollution different ecosystems can absorb without damage to the natural environment. In Norway, freshwater ecosystems are particularly sensitive to acidification. Critical loads for freshwater are based on the effects on trout. They are particularly low in the southern half of the country, mainly because soils are thin and the bedrock consists of acidic rocks such as gneiss and granite.


International agreements are vital
Acid rain does not respect national borders, and is a problem for most European countries. The answer has been to join forces to reduce overall European emissions of sulphur and nitrogen.

Water management Though Norway was in the past less equipped with municipal waste water treatment facilities than many other European countries, significant policy and financial commitments have recently been made with a view to improving domestic waste water management in the framework of the North Sea Declarations. Norway has substantially improved its performance in water management over the past decade. Data indicate that industrial discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances are decreasing and that appropriate investments are being made. Discharges from municipal sewage and agriculture have also been considerably reduced. It is recommended that consideration be given to the following proposals: − In order to meet discharge reduction requirements, including for nitrogen, the programme of investments in waste water treatment should continue to receive high priority and corresponding funding. − The acidity of southern Norway’s watercourses and lakes still does not have a permanent solution, the root of the problem largely lying outside Norway’s borders. − To help reduce eutrophication of inland and coastal waters, the Norwegian agricultural sector should further reduce its nutrient discharges. − The waste water treatment programme should focus more on contamination. A priority programme should be established for the 12 locations where there is a potential health risk from consumption of fish and shellfish and restrictions on commercial fishing are imposed. − Since municipal sewage sludge is used in agriculture, treating industrial discharges before they go to municipal collection systems should be considered a priority. − Though the intensity of use of water resources is relatively low, water for agricultural and industrial uses should be priced. https://www.oecd.org/env/country-reviews/2450976.pdf

# data[].attributes.subject
Environmental Policies of Norway
Starting in the 1960s, Norway has tried to mitigate the environmental damage caused by its hydroelectric sector by restricting where future dams can be built. Dam construction slowed significantly in the 1980s and subsequently several rivers were officially given protected status.
More recently, Norwegians have been moving away from hydroelectric power and toward other energy sources that have less of an environmental impact. One step the government has taken is to encourage organizations and homeowners to burn wood and other biomass for heat and power, as opposed to fossil fuels.
State-owned companies have several different renewable-power projects under way. For instance, the government-controlled Statkraft has been trying to develop a floating wind turbine, which may be cheaper than current offshore models that rise out of the sea floor.
In the 1970s, Norway began enacting a series of policies designed to mitigate any environmental damage cause by its offshore drilling operations. Several laws were passed to protect the coastal marine environment from oil spills and hazardous industrial substances.

Clean Technology in Norway
In addition to embracing more sustainable practices, Norway’s state-controlled businesses are also developing cutting edge clean technology.
Statkraft's has been developing a unique new technology known as salt power. The method involves tapping both freshwater and seawater at the mouths of rivers and fjords. The water is redirected to tanks on both sides of a semi-permeable membrane.

Sulphur causes acidification in Norway
Deposition of sulphur causes acidification in Norway, and sulphur deposition is highest in the most sensitive areas in the south. As sulphur emissions are being reduced more rapidly than nitrogen emissions, the relative importance of nitrogen as a source of pollution is increasing.
Nitrogen also has other effects
Nitrogen has more complex ecological effects than sulphur, because it can also act as a fertiliser and cause eutrophication. Most nitrogen is absorbed by plants or the soil, but the remainder ends up in fjords and coastal waters, where it can fuel eutrophication and excessive algal growth.
Critical loads low in the southern half of Norway
Critical loads are used to define the amount of pollution different ecosystems can absorb without damage to the natural environment. In Norway, freshwater ecosystems are particularly sensitive to acidification. Critical loads for freshwater are based on the effects on trout. They are particularly low in the southern half of the country, mainly because soils are thin and the bedrock consists of acidic rocks such as gneiss and granite.


International agreements are vital
Acid rain does not respect national borders, and is a problem for most European countries. The answer has been to join forces to reduce overall European emissions of sulphur and nitrogen.

Water management Though Norway was in the past less equipped with municipal waste water treatment facilities than many other European countries, significant policy and financial commitments have recently been made with a view to improving domestic waste water management in the framework of the North Sea Declarations. Norway has substantially improved its performance in water management over the past decade. Data indicate that industrial discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances are decreasing and that appropriate investments are being made. Discharges from municipal sewage and agriculture have also been considerably reduced. It is recommended that consideration be given to the following proposals: − In order to meet discharge reduction requirements, including for nitrogen, the programme of investments in waste water treatment should continue to receive high priority and corresponding funding. − The acidity of southern Norway’s watercourses and lakes still does not have a permanent solution, the root of the problem largely lying outside Norway’s borders. − To help reduce eutrophication of inland and coastal waters, the Norwegian agricultural sector should further reduce its nutrient discharges. − The waste water treatment programme should focus more on contamination. A priority programme should be established for the 12 locations where there is a potential health risk from consumption of fish and shellfish and restrictions on commercial fishing are imposed. − Since municipal sewage sludge is used in agriculture, treating industrial discharges before they go to municipal collection systems should be considered a priority. − Though the intensity of use of water resources is relatively low, water for agricultural and industrial uses should be priced. https://www.oecd.org/env/country-reviews/2450976.pdf

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http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/?q=en/emissions and http://www.numbeo.com/pollution/rankings_by_country.jsp

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Multi-level water governance: the case of the
Morsa River Basin in Norway

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Multi-level water governance: the case of the
Morsa River Basin in Norway

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Academic journal article

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http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=8fa8a4f8-dfac-46e4-8a0f-debabb5dbbb8%40sessionmgr104&hid=125
Environmental Issues, 2011, Norway Country Review, pp. 168-170.

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Dynamic metabolism modelling of urban water services

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Dynamic metabolism modelling of urban water services

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Academic journal article

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http://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=558

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http://www.diplomatmagazine.com/issues/2011/july/489-norway-leading-environmental-issues-v15-489.html

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http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/norway/waterNorway04f.pdf

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https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2012/wat/workshops/Nordic_Baltic_Seminar_Oslo/2.Norway_presentatation_challenges.pdf

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http://www.environment.no/

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nve.no/english/

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https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/fd89d9e2c39a4ac2b9c9a95bf156089a/facts_2015_energy_and_water_web.pdf

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http://www.environment.no/Topics/Air-pollution/Acid-rain/

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http://www.environment.no/topics/freshwater/