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The picture below illustrates a typical transport container used for used fuel. The multi-layer approach to containment is designed to ensure that the most penetrating forms of radiation cannot enter the outer environment. (This is what they put in the ground)

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Deep Geological Dispoal

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-Since the 1950s, scientific organizations around the world have examined the issue of radioactive waste management
- Most organizations—including the National Academy of Sciences, Office of Technology Assessment, International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Nuclear Energy Agency have reached the same conclusion
the best and safest long-term option for safely managing high-level radioactive waste is deep geologic disposal.

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People may be wondering; Why we don't send the nuclear waste to the Sun?

Here's why:

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Why Don't We Send Nuclear Waste To The Sun?

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about Radioactive and nuclear waste

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Hanford is a city located in America, that was used to store nuclear waste from the cold war. The nuclear waste that was stored at the site was never stored in acceptable and safe conditions. Thus causing the leak. The disaster lead to:

- 120 square miles of contaminated water
- Nuclear waste from the site traveled through the ground into water sources
- The nuclear waste still has the possibility of reaching the Columbia river if it wasn't being addressed
- 15 cases of cancer were discovered

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Nuclear Waste Storage Disaster

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Several years ago, a popular country song spoke of "making the best out of a bad situation," which is pretty much what people near the Hanford nuclear bomb factory have been doing since World War II.

In 1943, about 1,200 people lived along the Columbia River in the southeastern Washington state farming towns of Richland, White Bluffs, and Hanford. Today, this Tri-Cities area is home to over 120,000 people, most of whom would probably live, work, and spend money somewhere else were it not for what the federal government allowed to accumulated at the 560 square mile Hanford Site from 1943 to 1991, including:

56 million gallons of highly radioactive nuclear waste stored in 177 underground tanks, of which at least 68 leak;

2,300 tons of spent nuclear fuel sitting in -- but sometimes leaking from -- two surface pools only a few hundred feet from the Columbia River;

120 square miles of contaminated ground water; and

25 tons of deadly plutonium that must be disposed of and kept under constant armed guard.

And all of that remains at the Hanford Site today, despite the efforts of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to undertake the most intensive environmental cleanup project in history.

Brief Hanford History

Around Christmas of 1942, far from sleepy Hanford, World War II was grinding on. Enrico Fermi and his team completed the world's first nuclear chain reaction, and the decision was made to build the atomic bomb as a weapon to end the war with Japan. The top-secret effort took the name, " Manhattan Project."

In January of 1943, the Manhattan Project got under way at Hanford, Oak Ridge in Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Hanford was chosen as the site where they would make plutonium, a deadly byproduct of the nuclear reaction process and main ingredient of the atomic bomb.

Just 13 months later, Hanford's first reactor went online.

And the end of World War II would soon follow. But, that was far from the end for the Hanford Site, thanks to the Cold War.

Hanford Fights the Cold War

The years following the end of World War II saw a deterioration of relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In 1949, the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb and the nuclear arms race -- the Cold War -- began. Instead of decommissioning the existing one, eight new reactors were built at Hanford.

From 1956 to 1963, Hanford's production of plutonium reached its peak. Things got scary. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev, in a 1959 visit, told the American people, "your grandchildren will live under communism." When Russian missiles appeared in Cuba in 1962, and the world came within minutes of nuclear war, America redoubled its efforts toward nuclear deterrence. From 1960 to 1964, our nuclear arsenal tripled, and Hanford's reactors hummed day and night.

Finally, in late 1964, President Lyndon Johnson decided that our need for plutonium had decreased and ordered all but one Hanford reactor shutdown. From 1964 - 1971 eight of nine reactors were slowly shut down and prepared for decontamination and decommissioning. The remaining reactor was converted to produce electricity, as well as plutonium.

In 1972, the DOE added atomic energy technology research and development to the Hanford Site's mission.

Hanford Since the Cold War

In 1990, Michail Gorbachev, Soviet President, pushed for improved relations between the superpowers and greatly reduced Russian arms development. The peaceful fall of the Berlin Wall followed shortly, and on September 27, 1991, the U.S. Congress officially declared the end of the Cold War. No more defense-related plutonium would ever be produced at Hanford.

The Cleanup Begins

During its defense production years, the Hanford Site was under strict military security and never subject to outside oversight. Due to improper disposal methods, like dumping 440 billion gallons of radioactive liquid directly onto the ground, Hanford's 650 square miles is still considered one of the most toxic places on earth.

The U.S. Department of Energy took over operations at Hanford from the defunct Atomic Energy Commission in 1977 with three main goals a part of its Strategic Plan:

Clean it up! The Environmental Mission: DOE recognizes that Hanford won't be "like it was before" for centuries, if ever. But, they have established interim and long-term goals to the satisfaction of the impacted parties;

Never again! The Science & Technology Mission: DOE, along with private contractors are developing technology in a wide range of clean-energy related areas. Many of the preventative and remedial environmental methods used today came from Hanford; and

Support the people! The Tri-Party Agreement: From the beginning of Hanford's recovery era, DOE has worked to build and diversify the area's economy, while encouraging intense involvement with and input from private citizens and the Indian Nations.

So, How's It Going Now in Hanford?

Hanford's cleanup phase will probably continue until at least 2030 when many of DOE's long-term environmental goals will have been met. Until then, the cleanup goes carefully on, one day at a time.

Research and development of new energy-related and environmental technologies now share an almost equal level of activity.

Over the years, the U.S. Congress has appropriated (spent) more than $13.1 million for grants and direct aid to the Hanford area communities to fund projects designed to build the local economy, diversify the workforce, and prepare for coming reductions in federal involvement in the area.

Since 1942, the U.S. Government has been present in Hanford. As late as 1994, over 19,000 residents were federal employees or 23 percent of the area's total workforce. And, in a very real sense, a terrible environmental disaster became the driving force behind the growth, perhaps even the survival, of the Hanford area.

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Hanford Nuclear Bomb Site: Triumph and Disaster

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Several years ago, a popular country song spoke of "making the best out of a bad situation," which is pretty much what people near the Hanford nuclear bomb factory have been doing since World War II. In 1943, about 1,200 people lived along the Columbia River in the southeastern Washington state farming towns of Richland, White Bluffs, and Hanford.

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Nuclear Waste produced by the U.S in 50 YEARS alone:

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Nuclear Waste produced by the U.S in 50 YEARS alone:

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-All the used nuclear fuel produced by the U.S. nuclear energy industry in 50 years of operation
-Approximately 71,790 metric tons
- if stacked end to end, it willonly cover an area the size of a football field to a depth of about 7 yards.

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Storing nuclear waste underground is efficient to some degree as it allows to create more space above ground. However, efficiency starts to decrease when we run out of space to store the nuclear waste. There are several consequences of storing the waste underground as learned above. Therefore, for now it is the best option we have, so there is efficiency to some degree, otherwise the people wouldn't have decided to use this method.

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Low-level waste :

-Low-level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industries. It comprises of paper, rags, tools, clothing, and filters, which contain small amounts of radioactivity which is mostly short-lived. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or incinerated before disposal. It comprises some 90% of the volume but only 1% of the radioactivity of all radioactive waste.

Intermediate-level waste :

Intermediate-level waste (ILW) contains higher amounts of radioactivity.
Typically comprised of contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning.  It makes up some 7% of the volume and has 4% of the radioactivity of all rad waste. It does not yet require heating to be taken into account in design of storage or disposal facilities.

High level waste:

High-level waste (HLW) arises from the 'burning' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. HLW contains the fission products. It is highly radioactive and hot due to decay heat. HLW accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity produced in the process of electricity generation. There are two distinct kinds of HLW:

•Used fuel itself
•Separated waste from reprocessing the used fuel

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Negative impacts of Underground excavation:

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Negative impacts of Underground excavation:

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Many are concerned with this type of method for the following reasons:
- Groundwater contamination
- Cave ins
• Triggering of surface settlements, structures collapses and           slope instabilities
• Drying up of springs and groundwater alterations
• Storage and use of excavated materials
• Noise
• Vibrations sent into the Earth which can cause Earth Quakes
• Pollution of groundwater
• Emission of dust and air pollutants

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QUICK TIP           Deep Geological Disposal:

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QUICK TIP           Deep Geological Disposal:

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Deep Geological Disposal is where  you store waste far deep into ground and leave it in there

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Public Limited Company for Radioactive Waste Management

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Glass Offers Improved Means of Storing Nuclear Waste

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Nuclear Power Needed To Slow Climate Change

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The New Solution To Our Nuclear Waste Problem

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According to some scientists, we must begin using more nuclear power in order to prevent global warming from accelerating. But that creates a huge nuclear waste problem. But scientists at the University of Sheffield think they might have found a very unique way of handing it that could make nuclear waste a problem of the past.

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Nuclear power is the only large-scale energy-producing technology, which takes full responsibility for all its wastes and cost into the energy

The amount of radioactive wastes is very small relative to wastes produced by fossil fuel electricity generation

Used nuclear fuel may be treated as a resource or simply as a waste.

Nuclear wastes are neither particularly hazardous nor hard to manage relative to other toxic industrial wastes.

Safe methods for the final disposal of high-level radioactive waste are technically proven; the international consensus is that this should be deep geological disposal.

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- When nuclear waste is stored safely it is cost effective and safe to use nuclear energy
- Nuclear waste stored deep inside mountains or underground are the safest place to store nuclear waste
- When stored far underground there are limited scenarios in which the nuclear waste would be released into the environment
- Nuclear energy is the very effective way of obtaining energy that does not require any of the Earth's fossil fuels
- Using nuclear power reduces the emission of  greenhouse gasses

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When nuclear waste is stored properly humans will benefit greatly since the nuclear waste will never affect their daily life.
-They do not have to be concerned with it as not many people even know about nuclear waste and how it is stored.
-Many people have the mentality of, if they don't see it then its not a problem
- It doesn't effect one's normal daily routine
-Some storage facilities are stored far away from humans so they would fear less

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If nuclear waste is not stored properly or far underground it can travel through ground, air, and water. Some environmental impacts of nuclear storage disasters result in:
- Animals receiving radiation through their water supply which will affect entire food chains (animals will receive radiation from eating other animals that have radiation)
- Genetic problems for generations of animal species
- Leads to mutations and affects survival of many animals
- Affects the growth rate of plants and trees
- If nuclear waste is released into a body of water it can spread quickly and contaminate the source

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Nuclear waste impacts humans in varies ways. Nuclear waste takes up a lot of space to store and is very costly to complete the storage operation. Many people are not trusting and are afraid of the consequences with storing nuclear waste underground. If nuclear waste is exposed to humans it can:

- Lead to cancer and many health problems
- Death
- Mutations in DNA
- Radiation sickness
- Contamination of whole bodies of fresh water rendering them useless

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"Pollution Issues." Radioactive Waste. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2016.
"Javascript Required!" Radioactive Waste Management. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2016.
DNewsChannel. "The New Solution To Our Nuclear Waste Problem." YouTube. YouTube, 08 Nov. 2013. Web. 02 June 2016.
"The Hanford Site: Scientific Triumph and Environmental Disaster." About.com News & Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2016.
"International Journal of Waste Resources." Nuclear Waste. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2016.   "Chernobyl Disaster and Radioactive Waste." Chernobyl Disaster and Radioactive Waste. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2016.
"Excavation Offering." World Highways -. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2016.
http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9789400778498-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1443208-p176269542.
D. (2013, December 21). Why Don't We Send Nuclear Waste To The Sun? Retrieved June 03, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjK231Bq1W4
D. (2014, June 01). Where Do We Store Nuclear Waste? Retrieved June 03, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nkt95IhNqjU
Javascript Required! (n.d.). Retrieved June 03, 2016, from http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-wastes/appendices/radioactive-waste-management-appendix-2-storage-an.aspx

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Radioactive waste can remain radioactive for over 1000 years.

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Radioactive waste can remain radioactive for over 1000 years.

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is material that was previously used in a nuclear reactor. The waste has unstable ions which emit energy in form of radiation, the radiation is harmful to both the environment and humans.