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A chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata; they possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle. Chordates are deuterostomes, as during the embryo development stage the anus forms before the mouth.

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Jawless Fish
Cartilaginous Fish
Bony Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

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Jawless Fish: Jawless fish are the most primitive vertebrates, and are similar to other fish with the exception that they have not evolved any sort of jaw, instead using a circular, suckerlike mouth to latch onto and suck the blood of their prey. Eels are another example of jawless fish.

Cartilaginous Fish:  Cartilaginous fish have jaws, but have a skeleton made of flexible cartilage rather than bone (hence the name of the class), with only the teeth and sometimes the vertebrae containing calcium. Examples of cartilaginous fish are sharks, skates, and rays. Cartilaginous fish are often predators, and can be found in coeans throughout the world.

Bony Fish:  Bony fish are the largest class of vertebrate, with over 29,000 species, and have succeeded in a large variety of environments, including freshwater lakes, coral reefs, and deep-sea beds. Unlike cartilaginous fish, bony fish have a skeleton made of bone, and also have good eyesight, unlike that of cartilaginous fish, which is often very poor. In addition, bony fish have a special air-filled sac, the swim blatter, which allows them to remain buoyant. Bony fish can breathe without swimming because of a special flap of skin called the operculum, which covers the gills and when moved forces water over the gills. Examples of bony fish are salmon, cod, and sturgeon.

Amphibians:  Amphibians consist of all four-legged vertebrate that do not lay amniotic eggs (meaning that the eggs do not contain a fluid-filled sac called the amnion surrounding the developing embryo). As a result, the eggs dry out quickly in the air, forcing all amphibians to lay their eggs in the water. The amphibian class is the smallest of the vertebrate classes, and includes about 4,000 species. Amphibians utilize lungs rather than gills for obtaining oxygen, and generally have soft skin. Amphibians usually spend some of their time on land and in water, though of course they must return to the water when they reproduce. Examples of amphibians are salamanders, newts, toads, and frogs.

Reptiles:  Reptiles are the second of the four-legged vertebrate classes, and are much better adapted to living on land than amphibians. Some of these adaptations include amniotic eggs, tough skin coated by keratin, and a respiratory system with branching bronchial tubes in the lungs. Other characteristic features are the process of molting, whereby a reptile sheds its outer skin, teeth adapted for holding rather than chewing prey (reptiles swallow their prey whole rather than chew it), good hearing, and a tongue that can smell as well as taste. Snakes are also ectothermic, or cold-blooded, and must rely on natural conditions to maintain an optimum body temperature. Reptiles today encompass about 7,000 species, although before the extinction of the dinosaurs reptiles were the dominant vertebrate animal. Examples of reptiles are turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, snakes, and lizards.

Birds:  Birds are mammals characterized by the presence of adaptations allowing flight (although not all birds have the ability to fly), and include about 10,000 species. These characteristics include feathers, forelimbs that have evolved into wings, hollow bones, and very few vertebrae to reduce weight. Birds also don't have teeth. In addition, birds have evolved an extremely specialized respiratory system including lungs with openings at both ends and air sacs to help in the movement of air through the lungs. These specializations allow birds to maintain the high levels of oxygen necessary to fuel their extremely fast metabolism. Birds are endothermic, and so heat themselves rather than relying on heat from their environment.

Mammals:  Mammals are both the most diverse and the most advanced of all the groups in the kingdom Animalia, though they make up only about 4,600 species. Mammals are the only animals that nourish their young using milk produced by mammary glands, and also are the only animals that have teeth specilaized between species for different functions. In addition, mammals have skin covered by hair, which serves to insulate the body and regulate body temperature, a four-chambered heart and efficient circulatory system, four limbs, and highly developed brains. Mammals are warm-blooded (endothermic) and have a high metabolism similar to birds, allowing them to be active and move quickly. Mammals have adapted to live in a variety of environments, including on land throughout the world, in the air, and in the sea. Mammals make up the largest animals both on land and in the sea. This class includes animals as diverse as the platypus, koala, wolf, cat, cow, pig, whale, dolphin, bat, and human.

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In chordates the main nerve cord is single and lies above the alimentary tract, while in other phyla it is paired and lies below the gut. Cephalochordates and vertebrates are segmented, as are the annelids and their relatives; however, segmentation in the two groups probably evolved independently. The gill slits and some other features that are common among the hemichordates and the chordates originated before the chordates became a separate group. Hemichordates have no tail above the gut and no mucus-secreting endostyle between the gill slits.

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The chordate life cycle begins with fertilization (the union of sperm and egg). In its primitive form, fertilization occurs externally, in the water. Asexual reproduction takes place intunicates and in some vertebrates

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yT5iR32Sq90

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Deuterostomes—the echinoderms, chordates, and a few other groups—share a mode of development that is quite different from other animals. Deuterostomes. Echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but metamorphose to radially symmetrical adults.

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Sea Cucumber
Sea Urchin
Brittle Star
Starfish

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Sea Cucumber:  Sea cucumbers are echinoderms—like starfish and sea urchins. There are some 1,250 known species, and many of these animals are indeed shaped like soft-bodied cucumbers. All sea cucumbers are ocean dwellers, though some inhabit the shallows and others live in the deep ocean. They live on or near the ocean floor—sometimes partially buried beneath it. Sea cucumbers feed on tiny particles like algae, minute aquatic animals, or waste materials, which they gather in with 8 to 30 tube feet that look like tentacles surrounding their mouths. The animals break down these particles into even smaller pieces, which become fodder for bacteria, and thus recycle them back into the ocean ecosystem. Earthworms perform a similar function in terrestrial ecosystems.

Sea Urchin:  Visually arresting, hazardous to swimmers, and—to some cultures—delicious, sea urchins are also revealing new information to the scientists who study them. Red sea urchins carpet a kelp forest off British Columbia. The marine invertebrates are important links in the marine food chain. Fish pick at the urchins, which feed on bits of algae.

Brittle Star:  Brittle star, also called serpent star, any of the 2,100 living species of marine invertebrates constituting the subclass Ophiuroidea (phylum Echinodermata). Their long, thin arms—usually five and often forked and spiny—are distinctly set off from the small disk-shaped body. The arms readily break off but soon regrow—i.e., are regenerated. Among the basket stars, a type of brittle star, each arm may branch multiple times, and the outstretched arms reach nearly 1 metre (about 3 feet) across. Most basket stars live in deep water.

Starfish:  Marine scientists have undertaken the difficult task of replacing the beloved starfish’s common name with sea star because, well, the starfish is not a fish. It’s an echinoderm, closely related to sea urchins and sand dollars.  There are some 2,000 species of sea star living in all the world’s oceans, from tropical habitats to the cold seafloor. The five-arm varieties are the most common, hence their name, but species with 10, 20, and even 40 arms exist. They have bony, calcified skin, which protects them from most predators, and many wear striking colors that camouflage them or scare off potential attackers. Purely marine animals, there are no freshwater sea stars, and only a few live in brackish water.

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Echinoderms have a distinct endoskeleton, an unusual organ system called the watervascular system, and a number of other less unique features. The echinoderm endoskeleton consists of a meshwork of plates and spines connected by mesodermal tissue. The plates are called ossicles. The organization of the ossicles that compose the endoskeleton of a sea star. The ossicles are made up of microscopic networks of calcium carbonate crystals that form a unique structure referred to as the stereom. The ossicles may be tightly packed together, as they are in sea urchins, or they may be more loosely connected, as they are in sea stars. The same is true for the spines. Sea urchin spines are often quite loosely attached (despite the tight packing of the ossicles), and it is not uncommon to find a sea urchin alive and well but lacking most of its spines.

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In most species the sexes are separate; i.e., there are males and females. Although reproduction is usually sexual, involving fertilization of eggs by spermatozoa, several species of sea cucumbers, starfishes, and brittle stars can also reproduce asexually.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R-PxupjV9I

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The embryo is a forming individual which at all stages of development is adequately provided as to its needs and environment. Most advances achieved at any period anticipate functions that appear later. Developmental stages, therefore, contrast with the recurring, non-progressive, physiological changes that are concerned solely with the maintenance of life. Embryological development is often divided into two parts by the incident of birth or hatching: the prenatal part and the post-natal part. Earlier work in embryology characteristically focused on prenatal development. Modern concepts consider post-natal development, although not usually as dynamic, of equal importance. The embryology of the individual and all subsequent developmental events is called ontogeny.

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Chelicerates,
Trilobites
Crustaceans
Uiramians

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Chelicerates:  Whereas many arthropods show three main body regions,  chelicerates have two: the cephalothorax (also called the prosoma) and the abdomen (also called the opisthosoma). This is the result of a 'fusing' of the head and thorax regions. The abdomen often bears an unsegmented telson ('tail spine').  Chelicerates are also defined by the arrangement and specialisation of their appendages. Unusually for arthropods, they have no antennae. Usually, six pairs of appendages occur on the six segments of the prosoma.

Trilobites:  The trilobites proliferated and thrived throughout the Paleozoic world, comprising one of the earliest known groups of arthropods. They flourished to over 600 species at their zenith, including many with exotic exoskeletons and unique feeding strategies. They are probably most closely related to modern horseshoe crabs.

Crustaceans:  Crustacean characters can reveal evolutionary history both by their presence and absence. The naupliar arthrite is one of several characters that are helping researchers to untangle the evolutionary history of crustaceans and other arthropods (Ferrari et al. 2011). Though it is present in larvae of many Crustacea, several groups have lost it over the course of their evolution, and the ostracods never inherited it. Other typical crustacean characters are confusing in a different way: they are shared with non-crustacean arthropods. This makes them handy for examining the relationships of the crustaceans to these other groups. For instance, horseshoe crabs, which are chelicerates, have several appendages that are biramous.  These include the sixth (or digging) limb, and the eighth through thirteenth (the book gills or respiratory) limbs. In addition, the oldest living chelicerates, sea spiders, develop in a way very similar to crustaceans, suggesting a close relationship between crustaceans and chelicerates

Uniramians:  Uniramians have strictly uniramous appendages; that is, their legs have only one branch. Most are terrestrial, but some are aquatic for part or all of their life cycles. They make up by far the most common and diverse major clade of arthropods, and in fact make up over three-fourths of all known animal species on the planet -- and probably an even greater proportion of the total number of species, known and unknown. As the paleontologist J. Kukalová-Peck once put it: To a first approximation, every animal is an insect.

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Key characteristic shared by all arthropods: jointed appendages. Their many legs, claws, and antennae have joints, allowing for flexible and effective movement. This trait is key to their evolutionary success, making them both speedy predators and nimble prey. Arthropods also feature segmented bodies, typically consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen, though in some cases the head and thorax are fused into one segment.  Body segmentation is seen elsewhere in the Animal Kingdom, but it has shown to be particularly advantageous for arthropods by diversifying their range of movement. These segments are covered by a chitinous exoskeleton, which also comprises the appendages. This exoskeleton has a similar thickness and strength as your fingernails, and is shed, or molted by the animals as they grow. It provides some body protection but is also flexible enough not to restrict their movement.

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Life cycles. Developmentally, arthropods proceed from an egg, through larval and/or nymphal stages, to the adult. Generally, the term "larva" applies to stages in which major morphological changes occur, and these stages are often fixed in number. Of course, given the diversity of the arthropods, there has developed a diversity of nomenclature for the different larval or nymphal stages that rivals that of the Platyhelminthes. Arthropods are usually ectoparasites, and may require 1 or more hosts to complete their life cycle. Many species move freely from one host to another, but others become attached permanently. Some species complete the entire life cycle on the host, but others attach only to feed and mate. Aquatic hosts usually harbor crustacean parasites, whereas terrestrial hosts harbor insects and arachnids.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2An7rV8JSIA

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It differs from radial cleavage in numerous ways. First, the cleavage planes are not parallel or perpendicular to the animal-vegetal axis of the egg; rather, cleavage is at oblique angles, forming a “spiral” arrangement of daughter blastomeres. Second, the cells touch one another at more places than do those of radially cleaving embryos. In fact, they assume the most thermodynamically stable packing orientation, much like that of adjacent soap bubbles. Third, spirally cleaving embryos usually undergo fewer divisions before they begin gastrulation, making it possible to follow the fate of each cell of the blastula.

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Clams
Mussels
Oysters
Scallop

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Clams:

Clams have two shells(Bivalve) that filters their food

Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles

In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center

Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms

Mussels: The main characteristic of mussels can easily be seen from outside: A mussel shell is divided into two shell valves. Usually they are large enough to cover and protect all of a mussel's body.

Oysters: Because oysters filter so much water, they develop a flavor profile from their environment. Different bodies of water have varying levels of salt and different kinds of nutrients.

Scallops:  Characteristics of Scallops. Speaking of shape, size and color, the adductor muscle itself can range in color from pale ivory to beige. Raw scallops are somewhat translucent and are generally round.

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The largest marine phylum, having around 93,000 species, molluscs, have a great variety in terms of anatomy, habitat, and behavior. Most molluscs are categorized under the class 'gastropoda'. The major gastropods are snails and slugs. The word mollusc is derived from the French word 'mollusque'. This French word too was derived from the Latin word 'molluscus' which means 'soft'. The habitats of these creatures include the oceans and freshwater, and they form an important part of the marine biome. Some of these creatures, however, are also terrestrial.

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The mollusk life cycle is relatively complex for such a simple creature and it varies greatly among different classifications of mollusks and among species within classifications. This makes it impossible to discuss the life cycle of the phylum as a whole. However, within different classifications, the life cycle may follow somewhat similar patterns among various species.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRPJavxrxRo

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A loose arrangement of primary circular and longitudinal muscles encloses the whole embryo. Circular muscles differentiate in an anterior-posterior progression creating a segmental pattern. Primary circular muscles emerge at the segmental borders while later in development the central part of each segment is filled with circular strands.

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Marine Annelids
Oligochaeta
Hirudinea

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Marine Annelids:  They are large phylum of segmented worms, with over 17,000 modern species including polychaetes, citellates, ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. They are found in most marine environments from tidal zones to hydrothermal vents, in freshwater and in moist terrestrail environments.

Oligochaeta:  They range in length from a few millimeters to more than 3 m, are notable for the absence of a head and parapodia, the flat, lobe like outgrowths used by many polychaete annelids for locomotion.  They have few bristles, on the body as well.

Hirudinea:  They are leeches, the most highly specialized of the major annelid groups. Leeches are typically dorsoventrally flattened annelids with suckers at both ends and 34 body segments which are externally divided into a number of annuli. Most species in North America are found in fresh and marine waters, but many terrestrail species occur in tropical regions.

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Nearly all annelids have a fluid-filled cavity between the outer body wall and the gut, and this is referred to as a coelom. The coelom is often used as a storage area for gametes and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion.

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Some annelids reproduce asexually and others reproduce sexually, however, some do both, often the worm will be asexually in the summer and in autumn. They will divide themselves into two or more pieces.  Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spemathecae and then the cliterllum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spemathecae.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Q9gh1k99rY

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They are free swimming larvae or minute worms emerge. Stage 1 and 2 the embryo is located in the center of the egg, stage 3, the embryo migrates to the periohery of the egg and acquires bilateral symmetry. Stage 4 is the emergence of the first organ primordia, the brain and pharynx. Stage 5 and 6 cells at the ventral surface form the epidermal epithelium.

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Tapeworms
Flukes
Turbellaria
Monogenea

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Tapeworm: An adult tapeworm consists of a knoblike head, or scolex, equipped with hooks for attaching to the intestinal wall of the host, a neck region, and a series of flat, rectangular body segments, or proglottids, generated by the neck.

Flukes:  They are flatworms that are parasites, which are animals or plants that live on or in other animals or plants, or hosts, without helping them and usually harming them. Flukes usually are leaf shaped and have suckers that they use for attaching to and feeding on their hosts.

Turbellaria:  They  share some important characteristics with other Platyhelminthes. All flatworms are flattened dorsoventrally. They are bilaterally symmetrical, are unsegmented, and are acoelomates, which means they do not have a body cavity.

Monogenea: They are small parasitic flatworms mainly found on skin or gills of fish. They are rarely longer than 2 cm. A few species infecting certain marine fish are larger and marine forms are generally larger than those found on fresh water hosts.

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Some of their defining characteristics of the phylum are that flatworms are acoelomate, triploblastic, and bilaterally symmetric, and they have organ systems, including an excretory. They have a protonephridial excretory organs instead of an anus. Generally dorsoventrally flattened as well.

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The free swimming larvae: The egg capsule opens to release the flatworms. They have larval forms emerging from the egg that differ considerably from the adult parasite. The first larval parasitic stages: they exhibit many forms, no reproductive cycle occurs in hosts.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fd7VrlabkM

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They make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly 0.1-0.5 mm long, their size can range from 50 to over 2 mm and are common in fr eshwater environments. They have bilateral symmetry and a variety of different shapes. The body is divided into a head, trunk, and foot, and is typically somewhat cylindrical.

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Seisonidea
Bdelloidea
Monogononta

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Seisonidea: Currently classified as the only family within the order Seisonacea and the class Pararotatoria. They are obscure, and advances in molecular phylogenetics, particularly phylogenomics, are likely to revise the present understanding of the evolution of this enigmatic group.

Bdelloidea: They are zooplankton that inhabit a variety of freshwater habitats, both stationary and flowing, as well as many other things such as moist soil, mosses, gutters, sewers, and many more. They have a small brain and up to five eyes, and their name comes from the Latin word for 'wheel-bearer' because of the cilia around the crown-like mouth of the organism.

Monogononta: They are found mostly in freshwater but also in soil and marine environments. They include both free-swimming and sessile single gonad, which gives the group its name. Males are smaller than females, and are produced only during certain times of the year, with females otherwise reproducing through parthenogenesis.

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They are around 0.1-0.5 mm. long and are common in freshwater environments throughout the world with a few saltwater species. Some are free swimming and truly plank-tonic, others move by inch worming along a substrate, and some are sessile, living inside tubes or gelatinous hold-fasts that are attached to a substrate.  They have bilateral symmetry and a variety of different shapes. The body of the rotifer is divided into a head, truck, and foot, and is typically somewhat cylindrical. It could give the animal a box like shape, or flexible, giving the animal a worm-like shape.

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They are dioecious and reproduce sexually or parthenogenetically. They are sexually dimorphic, with the females always being larger than the males. In some species, this is relatively mild, but in other the female may be up to ten times the size of the male.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDxu_XEGfEI

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An important feature of Cnidaria is the transition of some post-embryonic stage to the sedentary mode of life. The spiral type is caused by a change in the structure of the blastomere ooplasm rather than the appropriate arrangement of blastomeres. Radially symmetrical, jelly-like and have a nerve net and one body opening.

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Anthozoa
Scyphozoa
Staurozoa
Cubozoa
Hydrozoa

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Anthozoa: They include the corals that build great reefs in tropical waters, as well as sea anemones, sea fans, and sea pens. They also have a long and diverse fossil record, extending back at least 550 million years.

Scyphozoa: They live in all oceans, from the Arctic to tropical waters. Some inhabit the deep sea, but most live near the coastal waters. Most are motile animals, but members of the order Stauromedusae are sessile.

Staurozoa: Stalked jellyfishes do not have an alternation between a polyp and medusa stage. Most of them have a trumpet-shaped body with a stalk and a number of branches or arms with tentacles on the end. They practice asexual reproduction by splitting their body into new individuals.

Cubozoa: They look like the basic jellyfish, but they can swim really fast, maneuver around things, and see fairly well despite not having a brain. They have a square shape when viewed fro above. They have four evenly spaced out tentacles or bunches of tentacles and well-developed eyes.

Hydrozoa: It is a diverse group with a variety of life cycles, growth forms, and specialized structures. Complex life style they obtain. The growth of medusae from buds rather than strobilae or from metamorphosis, by the presence of a velum inside the bell of the medusa, and by the production of gametes from ectodermal, rather than endodermal, tissue.

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Cnidaria comprises the sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals, and which is known from the late Precambrian. Cnidarians are basically radially symmetrical and have tentacles. The body contains a gastrovascular cavity and the body wall is diploblastic.

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The algae produces oxygen and energy that the coral polyp needs to live and, in return, the polyp produces carbon dioxide and other substances the algae needs. That is why coral reefs grow so near the surface of the water where the algae can get sunlight for photosynthesis. In the Cnidaria sexual reproduction often involves a complex life cycle with both polyp and medusa stages. Other Cnidaria have shorter forms of this cycle, for example cubozoan polyps have only one medusa stage. All Cnidaria can reproduce asexually by various means.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rcnbBJAhec

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Many of the cardinal features of eumetazoan development are displayed during Renieraembryogenesis. Specifically, after fertilization there is a period of cell division with little to no cell growth that results in two obvious cell populations distinguished by size as micromeres and macromeres, and by fate: the small cells differentiate into ciliated cells. This is followed by a period of differential cell activities that produces an embryo consisting of two then three layers, where at least 11 populations of differentiated cells are allocated into the different layers and patterned within these layers. This organization yields a swimming larva with the capacity to sense and respond to the surrounding environment, despite a lack of neurons and a coordinating system. During Reniera embryogenesis, the clearest example of cell patterning is the formation of a ring of pigment cells at the future posterior pole of the larva.

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Hexactinellida (glass sponge)
Demospongia
Calcarea (calcareous sponges)

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Hexactinellida: They are called glass sponges, that are exclusively marine sponges with mineral skeletons composed of silica spicules. They are in deeper waters.

Demospongia:  It is the most diverse sponge group. Greater than 90 percent of the 5,000 known living sponge species are demosponges. Their skeletons are composed of spongin fibers and/or silliceous spicules. They have four rays not at right angles, and have axial canals that are triangular in cross section. They take on a variety of growth forms from encrusting sheets living beneath stones to branching stalks upright in the water column.

Calcarea:  They possess spicules composed of calcium carbonate.  They do not have hollow axial canals. The calcarean sponges were at their most diverse during the Cretaceous. They are predominantly found in shallow waters, through at least one species is known from a depth of 4,000 meters.

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-No definite symmetry.
-Body multicellular, few tissues, no
organs.
-Cells and tissues surround a water filled space but there is no true body cavity.
- All are sessile.
Reproduce sexually or asexually, sexual reproduction can be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic.
-Has no nervous system.
-Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic.
-Lives in aquatic environments, mostly marine.
-All are filter feeders.
-Often have a skeleton of spicules.

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Sponges can reproduce sexually and asexually. There are many sponge species in which each sponge is considered male and female. Sponges make up an important component of coral reefs and filter the surrounding water and cycle nutrients. Sponges have a wide range of associations with other organisms, even providing protect to organisms from predation. Sponges interact with a wide range of organisms, so it is sometimes difficult to understand the role sponges play in these relationships. Sponges as primary producers may only be important for nutrient-poor waters, such as those found in the tropics. Around 47% of freshwater sponges originated from the body of water they inhabit, and new species discoveries can often been associated with new genre as well.

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Porifera
Cnideria
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Molusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfROrUE-xEE