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a wave vibrating in the direction of propagation.

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Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

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the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the waveforms produced.

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A substance that makes possible the transfer of energy from one location to another, especially through waves. For example, matter of sufficient density can be a medium for sound waves, which transfer mechanical energy.

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a wave vibrating at right angles to the direction of its propagation.

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A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position.

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the oscillating, reciprocating, or other periodic motion of a rigid or elastic body or medium forced from a position or state of equilibrium. the analogous motion of the particles of a mass of air or the like, whose state of equilibrium has been disturbed, as in transmitting sound.

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In science. Trough (economics), the lowest turning point of a business cycle. Trough(geology), a long depression less steep than a trench. Trough (meteorology), an elongated region of low atmospheric pressure. Trough (physics), the lowest point on a wave.

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A crest is the point on a wave with the maximum value or upward displacement within a cycle. ... A point on the wave is a trough if the displacement of the medium at that point is at a minimum.