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1. https://www.google.com.my/amp/s/www.dietpillswatchdog.com/waist-line-control/amp/
2. http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=21146

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article of yeast used in reducing obesity

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article of yeast used in reducing obesity

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383141/

It was reported that YH might suppress body fat accumulation by modulating lipogenesis via the activities of hepatic lipid-regulating enzymes: hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities, which provide the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate required for fatty acid synthesis, have been reportedly inhibited by YH (3,4).

YH alters appetite-related neurotransmitters such as neuropeptide Y, nitric oxide synthase, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the central nervous system. In an animal test, YH significantly inhibited ghrelin secretion relative to that of a placebo (10, 11). The satietogenic mechanism of YH could be related to the reduction in ghrelin, which is known to be an orexigenic hormone that stimulates appetite (3).

In conclusion, YH (0.5 g/d) supplementation can induce a reduction in weight and body fat without adverse effects on fat free mass in obese women via the reduction of calorie intake like YH 1.0 g/d supplementation’s effects.

The anti-obesity effects of yeast hydrolysate (YH) supplementation (1.0 g/d) have already been demonstrated. We investigated whether a low dose of YH (0.5 g/d, YH-500) also has the anti-obesity effects. Thirty obese women were randomly assigned to the control or YH-500 groups. After 8 weeks, weight and body mass index were significantly reduced by the YH treatment (0.5 g/d) (P<0.05). The YH-500 group lost a significant amount of body fat after the 8-week treatment: fat mass 25.9 kg (baseline) versus 23.8 kg (8th week), P<0.01; fat mass ratio 38.8% (baseline) versus 36.5% (8th week), P<0.05. The YH-500 group showed a significant reduction in calorie intake during the 8-week treatment (P<0.001). The control group wanted to eat much more food (P<0.05) and sometimes thought about eating more often compared with the YH-500 group (P<0.05). Whereas the control group showed a slightly increased sweet preference, the YH-500 group showed a significant reduction in sweet preference (P<0.05). In conclusion, low dose YH supplementation (0.5 g/d) may induce a reductions in weight and body fat in obese women via the reduction of calorie intake.

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credits : azlin and syahirah

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Magic Yeast  Chicken Flavoured Powder & Magic Yeast Anchovies Flavoured Powder

Our Magic Yeast Powder is packed in convenient table salt bottle, perfect for anytime anywhere

*Magical Yeast that realize your dream for a perfect figure!*

our product's characteristics :

a) magic yeast chicken n anchovies flavoured powder is more than just a seasoning/additive ,  but also can reduce your weight.

How is that?  we use Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a type of yeast proven to have the ability to reduce weight and obesity by lowering the trigger of one's to have an appetite to eat.

b) our product is not a supplement or medicine that bitter in taste but our product is a seasoning/additive that give you the effect just like you are taking medicine. For now,  we start with two flavour which are Magic Ceast Chicken Flavoured Powder and Magic Yeast Anchovies Flavoured Powder, this flavour is very common in Malaysian's tongue, so rather than you use the ordinary seasoning/additive in the market right now, choose our product ! Free from MSG and lower in salt composition.

c) Our handy yet convenient bottle of our product will allow  you to bring magic yeast anytime anywhere even in your pockets and your hand bags! our bottle exclusively designed in order to make sure the quality of our magic yeast.

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credits : farah

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S102194981730145X

For sonicated-enzymatic hydrolysis, 50 ml of 2.5% dry yeast cells in distilled water was disrupted by a sonicator (Part NO. S-4000) at a fixed power of 600 W, amplitude of 50%, and frequency of 20 kHz. Total cycle time for ultrasonic treatment was 10 min. The cellular debris and particles were removed by centrifugation at 11,500×g for 10 min. The intrinsic yeast cell enzymes in the supernatant were thermally (85 °C for 15 min) inactivated. A solution of extracted protein (4 mg/ml) in phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.8) was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using trypsin and chymotrypsin with an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:10 at 37 °C for 5 h. The enzymatic hydrolysis was stopped by heating in water (85 °C, 15 min). One sample which contains just intrinsic yeast cell enzymes was also considered as control sample.
Yeast protein hydrolysates were prepared by sonicated-enzymatic hydrolysis

•

Ultrafiltration and RP_HPLC techniques were used for purification of bioactive peptides.

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credits : Miraa and Farah
The peptides in Waist-Line Control™ are derived from a natural component called Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This is commonly used in various food and beverage applications which make it a safe ingredient. What people didn’t know is that they could also have dual benefit of reducing and fighting excess abdominal fat. These peptides control and suppress hunger pangs by modulating the neuropeptide Y (NPY), the appetite-regulating hormones in the brain. They create a sense of satiation in the body and tell the brain that it is not hungry.
[12:43, 12/11/2017] +60 18-251 2932: Peptides derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a natural component used in beer production and other food applications, contain small-to-moderate-sized protein fragments.35 Scientists have discovered that peptide hydrolysates derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae seem to act by a pair of complementary mechanisms to combat excess abdominal fat. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived peptides:
Limit dietary intake. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived peptides are thought to beneficially modulate important appetite-regulating hormones in the brain via its effects on neuropeptide Y (NPY),11,36 as well as other signaling molecules involved in appetite production and control, such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).37

Reduce new fat production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived peptides reduce the activity of enzymes critical to the manufacture of fat from excess energy in foods, particularly glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME).14,38 Reduction of these enzymes' activities inhibits production and storage of fat molecules before hard-to-lose, inflammation-driving fat deposits can grow.
In addition to effects on appetite-regulating hormones and lipogenic enzymes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived peptides also support glutathione levels and reduce markers of lipid peroxidation.39 These effects are important contributors to long-term health maintenance at the systemic level.

S. cerevisiae IFO 2346 was incubated in a medium containing 2% molasses, 0.6% (NH4)2SO4, 0.1% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.03% K2HPO4, and 0.1% NaCl for 3 days at 30°C. After incubation, the culture was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min. The cells were suspended in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and hydrolyzed with 1,000 units of bromelain at 30°C for 4 h. The hydrolysate was subsequently centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min. The supernatant was then passed through a 10 kDa molecular-weight cutoff membrane (Sartocon®, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany) and lyophilized.

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Video Portfolio | How Yeast is Produced from Sugar Cane Ethanol (Video With Drone and Tracking

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Video Portfolio | How Yeast is Produced from Sugar Cane Ethanol (Video With Drone and Tracking

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukzwP0LKQbQ

Yeast is derived from sugar cane and then processed

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Preparation of Yeast Hydrolysate Enriched in Cyclo-His-Pro (CHP) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Evaluation of Its Functionality

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Preparation of Yeast Hydrolysate Enriched in Cyclo-His-Pro (CHP) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Evaluation of Its Functionality

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700918/

Fractionation of YH by ultra-filtration
The YH obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis was centrifuged and the supernatants were passed through a 0.2 μm cutoff membrane filter (Satocon cassette, Sartorius, Germany). Next, a part of the solution was removed and the filtrate was pumped through 30 kDa and 10 kDa molecular weight cut off membranes (Satocon cassette).

Transformation of YH by heat treatment
The YH fraction with molecular weight below 10 kDa was transformed by heat treatment in 0.01 mol/L phosphate buffer for 2~12 h. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 5.0~8.0 values before hydrolysis was initiated. The mixture was incubated at 40~60°C in an incubator for 2~8 h.

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we are going to make powdered yeast but not as supplement but as food addictive like Ajinomoto, maybe with anchovies ,chicken flavour and so on
http://www.irvinesci.com/products/96863-ultrafiltered-yeast-hydrolysate-powder?dpt=Industrial+Cell+Culture

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how to extract peptide from yeast article

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how to extract peptide from yeast article

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S102194981730145X

halima

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http://redstaryeast.com/science-yeast/manufacturing-yeast/

https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch09/final/c9s13-4.pdf

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Examples of bacteria:
currently, several potential bacterial candidates, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, Enterobacter halii orAkkermansia muciniphila have been identified and novel mechanisms of action governing their beneficial effects for obesity have been elucidated. Taking into account all these data the concept of manipulating the gut microbiota to improve host metabolism has gained considerable interest nowadays. More evidence from human trials now needed to confirm beneficial effects of traditional probiotics for obesity and to conduct a meta-analysis. Another important research problem that arose for today became the search for next generation of probiotics for managing of obesity and its related disorders.

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credits : Farah
our product would not be good for those who :
• Breastfeeding
• Diabetes
• Pregnancy
• Pregnant, planning to become pregnant or breastfeeding
• Yeast allergy
but if they insist they have to consult to their doctor

and this protein hydrolysate may interact with some drugs and product:
• Alendronate
• Ciprofloxacin
• Demeclocycline
• Fluconazole
• Itraconazole
• Levodopa
and same if they use this product may increase their risk for side-effects or cause their drug not to work properly. they need to consult to their doctor so that doctor can help them prevent or manage drug interactions.

Hypersensitivity to Protein Hydrolysate / Yeast is a contraindication. In addition, Protein Hydrolysate / Yeast should not be used if they have the following conditions:
• Crohn's disease
• Hypersensitivity

*contraindication is the situation where a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person

in case they missing a dose :
use it as soon as you notice. If it is close to the time of your next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your dosing schedule. Do not use extra dose to make up for a missed dose.
in case they overdose :
may cause poisoning or serious side-effects

https://www.tabletwise.com/medicine/protein-hydrolysate-yeast

the benefits of our product :
- increase fat burning or inc. BMR
- control blood sugar and insulin
- increase feeling of fullness
-inhibit CHO/FAT absorption
-appetite control ( craving )

http://slideplayer.com/slide/11219664/

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The gut microbiota has been linked with chronic diseases such as obesity in humans. However, the demonstration of causality between constituents of the microbiota and specific diseases remains an important challenge in the field. In this Opinion article, using Koch's postulates as a conceptual framework, I explore the chain of causation from alterations in the gut microbiota, particularly of the endotoxin-producing members, to the development of obesity in both rodents and humans. I then propose a strategy for identifying the causative agents of obesity in the human microbiota through a combination of microbiome-wide association studies, mechanistic analysis of host responses and the reproduction of diseases in gnotobiotic animals.

https://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v11/n9/full/nrmicro3089.html

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Bacteria from obese people makes mice fatter

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Bacteria from obese people makes mice fatter

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https://youtu.be/t6y3yz0BiDE

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https://youtu.be/HIYZGKSoQzw

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The role of algae in weight loss is the presence of fucoxanthin, an ingredient that accelerates fat burning. Since the presence of seaweed in the diet can help your weight loss program, you can add in dried form with food or take them as tablets.
It is a type of seaweed that belongs to a category of useful plants that thrive in salt water. It’s a simple organism, has no carbohydrates and low in calories but, nevertheless, is rich in minerals like calcium, chromium, magnesium and iodine. The alginate seaweed is a fibrous material that reduces the absorption of fat from the body and is rich in fucoxanthin is therefore considered effective in controlling the level of obesity in humans.

Algae and thyroid

People suffering from hypothyroidism are prone to gain weight. Hypothyroidism occurs due to an iodine deficiency, but if the people who have the symptoms of hypothyroidism eat algae, iodine that is present is absorbed by the body. What happens then? This increases the consumption of iodine and thyroid stimulating hormone, so the people who are suffering from thyroid problems can then lose weight, if they choose to regularly consume algae.

Algae and fibers

The algae are also rich in fiber. The consumption of fiber makes you feel full and passes the uncontrollable urge to consume more food. Fucoxanthin which is present in algae promotes the burning of fat in your body, but also a benefit of consuming fucoxanthin is that it helps to burn fat especially abdominal type. In fact, the type of fat that thickens in this area is linked to illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease: the loss of abdominal fat can therefore help in the event of a person with diabetes or heart problems.

The absorption of the fat

Since the algae is rich in alginates, thanks to it the absorption of fat from the body is reduced, and this is fundamental to control weight problems. This particular seaweed has no fat and especially has a low calorie content; carbohydrates present in the algae are of the complex type and are absorbed much more slowly. As a result, it takes longer to digest food and not feel the hunger pangs long after you have finished your meal.

The main benefits of algae

Unlike other diets, in which weight loss is accompanied by a feeling of malaise and low energies, a diet rich in algae does feel extremely in forces. The hair remains shiny and the skin continues to shine because they also come into play other parts of the alga, such as minerals and vitamins are able to meet the nutritional needs of the body. The choice of a diet rich in seaweed can help you become healthier and thinner. When following other diets to lose weight, the skin tends to wrinkle because it loses firmness, but since the seaweed keeps the skin supple, your skin will not be affected because of the slow emptying of fat mass loss.
The people living in the Far East have less problems related to obesity and this can be attributed to the consumption of seaweed, their lifestyle and their eating habits. You must include the seaweed in your diet, but if you do not like the taste, you can consider buying supplements come in the form of tablets or capsules, in order to lose weight and become healthier.

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Genetically Engineered Bacteria Could Prevent Obesity

They've helped mice refrain from over-eating fatty foods.

MYLES GOUGH

10 APR 2015

Bacteria engineered to produce hunger suppressing molecules have been used to prevent mice from overeating, and could one day be used to help people lose weight, researchers say.

Pharmacologists from Vanderbilt University in the US have programmed a strain of E. coli, which is prescribed as a digestive probiotic in Europe, to produce a compound called N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines - or NAPE.

This compound is produced naturally in the small intestine following a meal, and is converted to a form that acts as an appetite suppressant, basically telling our bodies to stop eating. However, people who are obese sometimes don't produce enough of this compound, says lead researcher Sean Davis, which can make effective long-term treatment very difficult.

Davis hopes that by modifying bacteria to secrete certain therapeutic compounds, he can help treat diseases related to obesity and ageing, such as diabetes and heart disease. Importantly, this could also help eliminate the need to remember to take medication.

Davis and his team examined the effects of the genetically modified bacteria on mice that were fed a high-fat diet. Mice that drank water laced with the bacteria gained 15 percent less weight than mice in a control group over an eight-week treatment period.

These mice ate less food, had lower body fat, and staved off diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver disease, better than their counterparts. Furthermore, the researchers report that the beneficial effects of the bacteria lasted for about four to six weeks, which suggests that the microbes were able to colonise in the gut once ingested.

Davis presented his findings at the American Chemical Society spring meeting and addressed questions about the research at a press conference in the below video.

In earlier work, the team learned that mice needed to be able to convert the NAPE compound into an active metabolite in order for the ingested bacteria to prevent weight gain. This was problematic, as some mice lacked the enzyme needed to trigger this conversion, rendering the bacteria ineffective.

"But we could overcome that by further engineering our bacteria so they had that enzyme... and then, even in the mice that lacked the enzyme, we were able to inhibit the obesity," explained Davis.

As Katherine Bourzac at MIT Technology Review points out, bacteria have a distinct advantage for delivering certain compounds, such as NAPE, which cannot be administered orally because it wouldn't survive digestion.

Other teams are working on ways to deliver the compound, but Davis says this will likely require an injection - and perhaps several per day to achieve the same effect.

He says his team noticed that they need much less of the compound when it's being delivered by the bacteria, versus an injection, which he suspects is due to the fact that the bacteria are very close to the site where the NAPE needs to act.

"One of the advantages of the bacteria is that, particularly if we can get them to colonise, is that a person wouldn't have to take a drug everyday," he says. "In fact, they might not have to take it for many months at a time."

Concerns have been raised about contamination, with genetically engineered microbes escaping into the broader world around us. Davis acknowledged the concern, and said his group is trying to "cripple the bacteria" in a way that limits their potential to survive outside the warm, nutrient-rich environment of the gut.

Charles Elson, a gastroenterologist at the University of Alabama Medical School, told Bourzac at MIT Technology Review that using so-called 'designer probiotics' to treat chronic diseases is a promising idea.

However, Elson noted that it will be challenging to engineer therapeutic bacteria that can successfully establish a population in the human gut.

"The resident organisms in the gut will fight them off," he says.

Source: MIT Technology Review

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Gordon theorizes that the gut community in obese mice has certain “job vacancies” for microbes that perform key roles in maintaining a healthy body weight and normal metabolism. His studies, as well as those by other researchers, offer enticing clues about what those roles might be. Compared with the thin mice, for example, Gordon's fat mice had higher levels in their blood and muscles of substances known as branched-chain amino acids and acylcarnitines. Both these chemicals are typically elevated in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Another job vacancy associated with obesity might be one normally filled by a stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Research by Martin Blaser of New York University suggests that it helps to regulate appetite by modulating levels of ghrelin—a hunger-stimulating hormone. H. pyloriwas once abundant in the American digestive tract but is now rare, thanks to more hygienic living conditions and the use of antibiotics, says Blaser, author of a new book entitled Missing Microbes.

Diet is an important factor in shaping the gut ecosystem. A diet of highly processed foods, for example, has been linked to a less diverse gut community in people. Gordon's team demonstrated the complex interaction among food, microbes and body weight by feeding their humanized mice a specially prepared unhealthy chow that was high in fat and low in fruits, vegetables and fiber (as opposed to the usual high-fiber, low-fat mouse kibble). Given this “Western diet,” the mice with obese-type microbes proceeded to grow fat even when housed with lean cagemates. The unhealthy diet somehow prevented the virtuous bacteria from moving in and flourishing.

The interaction between diet and gut bacteria can predispose us to obesity from the day we are born, as can the mode by which we enter the world. Studies have shown that both formula-fed babies and infants delivered by cesarean section have a higher risk for obesity and diabetes than those who are breast-fed or delivered vaginally. Working together, Rob Knight of the University of Colorado Boulder and Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello of N.Y.U. have found that as newborns traverse the birth canal, they swallow bacteria that will later help them digest milk. C-section babies skip this bacterial baptism. Babies raised on formula face a different disadvantage: they do not get substances in breast milk that nurture beneficial bacteria and limit colonization by harmful ones. According to a recent Canadian study, babies drinking formula have bacteria in their gut that are not seen in breast-fed babies until solid foods are introduced. Their presence before the gut and immune system are mature, says Dominguez-Bello, may be one reason these babies are more susceptible to allergies, asthma, eczema and celiac disease, as well as obesity.

A new appreciation for the impact of gut microbes on body weight has intensified concerns about the profligate use of antibiotics in children. Blaser has shown that when young mice are given low doses of antibiotics, similar to what farmers give livestock, they develop about 15 percent more body fat than mice that are not given such drugs. Antibiotics may annihilate some of the bacteria that help us maintain a healthy body weight. “Antibiotics are like a fire in the forest,” Dominguez-Bello says. “The baby is forming a forest. If you have a fire in a forest that is new, you get extinction.” When Laurie Cox, a graduate student in Blaser's laboratory, combined a high-fat diet with the antibiotics, the mice became obese. “There's a synergy,” Blaser explains. He notes that antibiotic use varies greatly from state to state in the U.S., as does the prevalence of obesity, and intriguingly, the two maps line up—with both rates highest in parts of the South.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-gut-bacteria-help-make-us-fat-and-thin/

azlin

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According to latest research, fibers obtained from brown algae can help you lose weight. These dietary fibers help in controlling hunger pangs by creating a sensation of satisfaction when food is consumed. Brown algae dietary fibers are the best to use. The study has been carried out by Faculty of Life Sciences researchers hailing from the University of Copenhagen. Nutritionists and dieticians have always asserted that fibers are good for people who are on a diet regime because they help in maintaining constant weight. However, the precise algae that can provide useful dietary fibers were not singled out. In this regard, the present study is a path breaker. Researchers said that dietary fibers from brown algae, which are called alginates, make a person feel full, even if he or she eats small quantities. This is an excellent benefit for people trying to lose weight. The study has succeeded in narrowing down the list to three major algae groups. They are chlorophyta, which are the green algae, rhodophyta, which are the red algae and phaephycecae, which are the brown algae.
Palm seaweed fibers, which are obtained from brown algae or phaephycecae, are the focus of this study. The study is a PhD thesis of Morten Georg Jensen. The scientists have been able to illustrate how consuming certain types of algae fibers help in curbing hunger in participants of the study. It is distinctly noticeable that people ate less than their normal appetite and felt fuller early. These fibers were provided in the form of fiber drinks. The research consisted of a study that involved ninety six people, who all had a BMI in the obese or overweight range. Half of the study group was made to consume a specially formulated drink containing algae fibers. The other half of the group was given a drink devoid of these alginates. The results of the study provided conclusive facts because people who drank dietary fibers from algae gained effective weight loss when compared to the other half of the group. Difference in weight loss between the two groups was 1.7 kg on an average. Majority of the weight loss was in the form of loss of fats.

The researchers elucidated on the mechanism by which this fat loss happens. A gel kind of substance is formed in the stomach that is responsible for creating the feeling of fullness in the stomach. The gel occupies space and the person cannot accommodate more food. The results got from the study can be successfully used as a treatment for obesity.

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Our country is known as 'food-heaven' country with variety of foods that represents all races in malaysia. Compare to other countries, most of our foods are oily where malaysian prefer to eat instead of other healthy menus such as pisang goreng, nasi lemak and roti canai. These foods could lead to high percentage of obesity. Besides consuming less oily foods, we should have healthy digestive system with lots of good gut bacteria that can digest the food we eat efficiently. Combination of good digestive bacteria in the intestine that act as probiotics  . For now im thinking of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens that are able to metabolize pectin, fatty acids and ferment glucose . but im still not really sure about the facts so i ll juz give the link. .

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-gut-bacteria-help-make-us-fat-and-thin/

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01058.x/abstract

https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-10-52

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How Gut Bacteria Can Help You With Weight Loss?

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How Gut Bacteria Can Help You With Weight Loss? Schedule a FREE Consult: http://www.justinhealth.com/free-consultation Gut bacteria can affect weight loss. These microbes play special role in processing food and helping to determine how much calories and nutrients the body can absorb.

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Genetically Modified Bacteria Could Prevent Obesity

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Genetically Modified Bacteria Could Prevent Obesity

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The researchers genetically modified a harmless strain of E. coli (Nissle 1917) to produce the compound N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), which acts as an appetite suppressant. The bacteria was added into the drinking water of mice who were fed high-fat diets over the course of eight weeks. The mice with the modified bacteria gained less weight, consumed less food, and had fewer markers for diabetes than mice that drank regular water or water with unmodified bacteria. What’s more, the mice that consumed the NAPE-producing bacteria continued to exhibit these effects for 4-6 weeks after the treatment was stopped.

The human gut contains about 100 trillion microorganisms, the majority of which come from around 40 species. Many of these provide many beneficial services in terms of digestion and eliminating disease-causing microbes, so it isn’t much of a stretch that this particular strain of E. coli, a known probiotic, could be manipulated for use in weight loss. Unfortunately, there are some key changes that will have to be made prior to clinical trials in humans.

The modified bacteria, as it currently stands, is resistant to antibiotics. This was done to make it easier to grow in the lab for experimentation purposes. While the bacteria hasn’t shown any signs of being harmful, the researchers will need to find an alternative before it can be used in humans. The alternative will also need to go rigorous testing to ensure it does not pose any health risks.

Obesity has become a world-wide epidemic that kills 2.8 million people each year. Type 2 diabetes affects 347 million people globally, and over 80 percent of people diagnosed are also considered obese. The disease was the seventh leading cause of death in the US in 2006, though it can also lead to nerve damage, renal failure, stroke, and the need for limb amputation.

sourcelink: http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/genetically-modified-bacteria-could-prevent-obesity/

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Study examines therapeutic bacteria’s ability to prevent obesity

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Study examines therapeutic bacteria’s ability to prevent obesity

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A probiotic that prevents obesity could be on the horizon.

Bacteria that produce a therapeutic compound in the gut inhibit weight gain, insulin resistance and other adverse effects of a high-fat diet in mice, Vanderbilt University investigators have discovered.

“Of course it’s hard to speculate from mouse to human,” said senior investigator Sean Davies, Ph.D., assistant professor of Pharmacology. “But essentially, we’ve prevented most of the negative consequences of obesity in mice, even though they’re eating a high-fat diet.”
“The types of bacteria you have in your gut influence your risk for chronic diseases,” Davies said. “We wondered if we could manipulate the gut microbiota in a way that would promote health.”

To start, the team needed a safe bacterial strain that colonizes the human gut. They selected E. coli Nissle 1917, which has been used as a probiotic treatment for diarrhea since its discovery nearly 100 years ago.

They genetically modified the E. coli Nissle strain to produce a lipid compound called NAPE, which is normally synthesized in the small intestine in response to feeding. NAPE is rapidly converted to NAE, a compound that reduces both food intake and weight gain. Some evidence suggests that NAPE production may be reduced in individuals eating a high-fat diet.

sourcelink: https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/07/17/bacteria-prevent-obesity/

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Most people know that a diet high in carbohydrates indicates a relationship to serious diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. What we haven't always known is the serious affect sugar has on our brain health. When you eat carbohydrates, which break down into sugar in the body, your blood sugar levels sky-rocket[vi]. High blood sugar levels also create inflammation, further causing your brain's health to weaken. Over time, a diet high in sugar translates into the accelerated death of supple, healthy brain cells[vii].

Studies have shown that brain cells shrink and become tangled from high blood sugar levels over time[viii]. This means that your sugar intake could be drastically affecting long-term brain health, inherently increasing the likelihood of developing lesions in the brain, which are linked to the deadly disease process we call Alzheimer's.

The good news is that the brain is very resilient. A handful of well-researched, holistic prevention tools have been shown to restore damaged brain cells, and return a dying brain to its fully functioning state[ix].

sourcelink: http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/sugar-and-your-brain-alzheimer%E2%80%99s-disease-actually-type-3-diabetes

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Emergent Sources of Prebiotics: Seaweeds and Microalgae

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Emergent Sources of Prebiotics: Seaweeds and Microalgae

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Abstract

In recent years, scientists have become aware that human microbiota, in general, and gut microbiota, in particular, play a major role in human health and diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, among others. A large number of evidence has come to light regarding the beneficial effects, either for the host or the gut microbiota, of some foods and food ingredients or biochemical compounds. Among these, the most promising seem to be polysaccharides (PS) or their derivatives, and they include the dietary fibers. Some of these PS can be found in seaweeds and microalgae, some being soluble fibers, such as alginates, fucoidans, carrageenans and exopolysaccharides, that are not fermented, at least not completely, by colonic microbiota. This review gives an overview of the importance of the dietary fibers, as well as the benefits of prebiotics, to human health. The potential of the PS from marine macro- and microalgae to act as prebiotics is discussed, and the different techniques to obtain oligosaccharides from PS are presented. The mechanisms of the benefits of fiber, in general, and the types and benefits of algal fibers in human health are highlighted. The findings of some recent studies that present the potential effects of prebiotics on animal models of algal biomass and their extracts, as well as oligo- and polysaccharides, are presented. In the future, the possibility of using prebiotics to modulate the microbiome, and, consequently, prevent certain human diseases is foreseen.

Keywords: seaweeds, algae, microalgae, polysaccharides, PS, prebiotics, microbiota, health benefits, fibre

sourcelink: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771980/

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Gut Microbes and Diet Interact to Affect Obesity

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Gut Microbes and Diet Interact to Affect Obesity

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Gut microbes from lean people helped prevent mice from becoming obese—but only if the animals ate a healthy diet. This research could point the way to new treatments for obesity.

The human gut harbors a complex community of microbes that affect many aspects of our health. Evidence, mostly from studies of rodents, suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of obesity.

In earlier research, a team led by Dr. Jeffrey Gordon at the Washington University School of Medicine showed that obese and lean human twins have clear differences in their gut microbial communities. Most notably, the communities from obese twins have less diverse bacterial species. In their new study, the scientists used a mouse model to further explore the role that gut microbes play in obesity and metabolism. Their work was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and National Institute on Aging (NIA).

The team took gut microbes from 4 sets of human twins in which one was lean and the other obese. They introduced the microbes of each twin into different groups of mice that had been raised in a previously germ-free environment. They then observed weight and metabolic changes in the mouse groups when fed the same diet. The results were published in Science on September 6, 2013.

Mice populated with microbes from a lean twin stayed slim, whereas those given microbes from an obese twin quickly gained weight. The “lean” and “obese” microbes had different measurable effects on the body’s metabolism.

When mice are housed in the same cage, microbiota transfer between cage-mates is common. The researchers thus placed together mice harboring microbes from lean twins and mice carrying microbes from obese twins.

The scientists found that specific groups of microbes transferred from lean mice to their obese cage-mates, who began with less diverse microbial communities. The transfer only occurred in one direction: from lean to obese mice. This transfer appeared to prevent obesity and encourage metabolic profiles resembling those of lean mice.

The researchers were curious about the impact that a typical American diet, high in saturated fats and low in fiber, would have on these obesity-fighting microbes. The mice had initially been given a chow that was low in saturated fat and high in fruits and vegetables. The scientists repeated the experiment, but this time fed the mice a diet high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables.

On the high-fat diet, the lean mice’s bacteria weren’t able to colonize the obese mice, and the mice developed obesity. These results show that expanding gut microbe diversity can help improve health. However, it takes more than microbes working alone; the success of the approach depends on diet.

“These experiments show that eating a healthy diet encourages microbes associated with leanness to become incorporated into the gut,” Gordon says. “But a diet high in saturated fat and low in fruits and vegetables thwarts the invasion of microbes associated with leanness. This is important as we look to develop next-generation probiotic cocktails composed of defined collections of naturally occurring human gut microbes as a treatment for obesity.”

— by Katherine Wendelsdorf, Ph.D.

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To Overcome Obesity, Trust Your Gut (Bacteria)

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To Overcome Obesity, Trust Your Gut (Bacteria)

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Bacteria living in our intestines may be a key to fighting obesity. Now, researchers have found one protein on the surface of white blood cells that plays an important role in controlling these bacteria.

It may sound disgusting and unsanitary, but the guts of mammals are teeming with bacteria. These gut-bugs help us digest food, provide us with nutrients and keep harmful bacteria away — actually playing an integral part in our health. Every person has different types and proportions of bacteria, almost like a fingerprint. Recent research has been pinpointing the role of this "microflora" as the key to understanding obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a protein on the white blood cells (the body's defenders against viruses and other pathogens) living in the lining the large intestine. It reaches out and recognizes the microbes that live around it, sending this information into the cell and directing it to either attack or ignore the bacteria. The new study found that when TLR2 isn't working correctly, people seem to be resistant to obesity, but they are also more susceptible to inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis.

Richard Kellermayer at Baylor College of Medicine thinks that TLR2 mediates these conditions by turning on and off a certain genes in response to what bacteria are residing in their guts. But TLR2 also can significantly alter the bacteria present in the gut, he said. "This remarkable capacity may provide means for the prevention and optimized treatment of common metabolic (such as obesity and diabetes) and gastrointestinal disorders," Kellermayer said in a statement.

Kellermayer and his team compared normal mice to genetically altered mice without TLR2. They saw changes in the type and relative proportions of bacteria in the gut as well as changes in the expression of genes related to inflammation. Without TLR2, the mice's gut microbes resembled those of lean animals, though they were more prone to colitis-like diseases, meaning this gene plays an important role in both obesity and inflammatory diseases of the intestines.

Learning more about how our genes and proteins interact with our gut bacteria may give researchers a better idea of how to keep our intestines healthy, the researchers said. Finding a way to optimize gut microflora and immune system activity (white blood cells) to reduce obesity without causing gastrointestinal problems could open new avenues of research into these metabolic and inflammatory diseases, they added.

This study was published online ahead of print on Jan. 12 in the journal FASEB.

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It is now well known that gut bacteria influence our body weight and that fecal transplants can turn lean individuals into obese and vice versa.

Specifically, christensenella gut bacteria have been found to be more common in lean people than the overweight and obese and they are also highly inheritable from parent to child.

In the lab, christensenella minuta bacteria have turned obese mice into lean mice, and when they were transplanted into bacteria-free mice, they reversed weight gain.

Scientists are now working to further determine the safety and efficacy of christensenella minuta  on humans for possible future use as an anti-obesity therapy.