# data[].attributes.body
Reference: neurosciust. (2009). What is a neuron. Available: https://www.slideshare.net/neurosciust/what-is-a-neuron. Last accessed 1st January 2018.

There are three types of neuron, these include; sensory, motor and interneurons.

Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin and glands) of your body. If its axon terminal joins with other neurons it forms a synapse, but if it joins with muscles or glands it forms a motor nerve plate. Motor neurons are the largest nerve cell in the nervous system and are also called multipolar neurons. The motor neuron deals with outgoing messages from the brain/spinal cord to act upon the outside world and they have very long axons.

Sensory neurons  carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system.  Sensory neurons are allso called unipolar neuron because dendrites and axon terminal arises from the same axis. sensory neurons transmit impulses from resceptors in our sense organs (the eyes, ears, skin, nose, tongue, muscles and organs) to the brain.

Inter neuron connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord. inter neurons,carry information between motor and sensory neurons. Inter neurons are only found in the brain, spinal cord and eyes. Inter neurons have short axons so can be easy to recognise. Also known as bipolar neuron.

Structure classification:

Multipolar has three or more processes

Unipolar has one single short process

Bipolar has two processes - axon and dendrite and act as receptor cells

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What Is a NeuronUniveristy of Saint Thomas

# data[].attributes.body
Clilinaction Eniscuola. (2013). The nerve impulse and its transmission.Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bIbAixMgnE. Last accessed 07/01/2018.

Resting potential, the state during which no nerve impulse is being conducted although the neuron is capable of doing so.

Action potential, the state during which the neuron is actively involved in conducting a nerve impulse.

Recovery/ refractory potential, the state during which the neuron is unable to conduct a nerve impulse since the neuron must 'recover' following the last nerve impulse.

# data[].attributes.body
-. (-). Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System. Available: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/introduction-to-the-autonomic-nervous-system/. Last accessed 07/01/2018.

Reflexes are involuntary, the actions they control dont need to be thought about because theres only one obvious course of action, that is, to remove the hand from the hot object (for example)...

Reflex actions are important for the following reasons:
they're involuntary and therefore dont require a decision to be made by the brain, this leaving it free to carry out more complex responses. In this way, the brain isnt overloaded with situations in which the response is always the same. Some impulses are nevertheless sent to the brain, so that it is informed of what is happening and can sometimes over-ride the reflex if necessary.

They also protect the body from harmful stimuli. They're effective from birth and dont have to be learnt.

Reflexes are fast because the neuron pathway is short with very few, typically one of two, synapses (which are the slowest link in a neuron pathway). This is an important feature in withdrawal reflexes.

The voluntary nervous system, which carries nerve impulses to body muscles and is under voluntary (conscious) control.

The autonomic nervous system, which carries nerve impulses to glands,smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and is not under voluntary control, that is, its involuntary (subconscious)

# data[].attributes.body
Uknown. (Uknown). Reflex arcs. Available: https://www.asu.edu/courses/pgs461/Reflexes%20Arcs_PGS%20461.pdf. Last accessed 2nd of Jan 2018.

A reflex arc is an involuntary response to a sensory stimulus. The pathway of neurons involved in a reflex is know as a reflex arc. Reflex arcs - such as quickly moving your hand when you touch something really hot, involve just three neurons. One of the neurones is in the spinal cord and so this type of reflex is called a spinal reflex.
The stages of a spinal reflex:

The stimulus, heat from a hot object

a receptor, temperature receptors in the skin on the hand, they create a nerve impulse in a sensory neuron

sensory neuron passes the nerve impulse to the spinal cord

an intermediate (or relay) neuron, links to the sensory neuron to the motor neuron in the spinal cord

a motor neuron, caries the nerve impulse from the spinal cord to a muscle in the upper arm

an effector, the muscle in the upper arm that is stimulated to contract

the response, pulling the hand away from the hot object

# data[].attributes.body
Uknown. (Unknown). UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES. Available: http://www.dummies.com/education/science/understanding-the-transmission-of-nerve-impulses/. Last accessed 2nd of jan 2018.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
From Sociology For Dummies

By Jay Gabler

Sociology is the scientific study of society - of people interacting in groups, from small social circles to global society. Sociologists gather information about the social world and systematically analyze that information to understand social phenomena including class, race, gender, culture, social networks, and historical change. Many sociologists are academics - trying to understand society simply for the sake of understanding - but many work in corporations, government organizations, and nonprofits trying to understand (and help to solve) specific social problems.

The Power Trio of Sociology

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are the three most important figures in sociology. Their ideas about society are still discussed today, and you're apt to hear their names in all branches of sociology. It's important to know what they thought and said.

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher who believed that material goods are at the root of the social world. According to Marx, social life is fundamentally about conflict over food, land, money, and other material goods. Marx believed that the ideal government would be a communist state where resources are equally shared.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French sociologist who helped establish sociology by arguing that society had to be studied on its own terms - that understanding individual psychology was insufficient. Durkheim believed that societies are held together by shared values, which change over time as societies become bigger and more complex.

Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist who agreed with Marx that people often fight to protect their own interests, but he agreed with Durkheim that what people consider their interests often are determined by socialization and shared values. He believed society is becoming more rationalized and bureaucratic over time.

Types of Sociological Analysis

There is no one correct way to look at society; to understand how society works, sociologists use a range of different approaches and techniques. These are five common approaches, and they are often used in combination with one another.

Quantitative analysis is the study of society using numbers and statistics: for example, considering people's income (a number of dollars, say) in light of their education (a grade level, or a number of years).

Qualitative analysis is to study society by getting to know people and situations in detail, then describing them using words: for example, interviewing people about their experiences in the workplace and the labor market.

Macrosociological analysis is looking at the "big picture" that includes historical change over dozens or hundreds of years, the rise and fall of political systems or class hierarchies.

Microsociological analysis involves looking at the one-to-one interactions between individuals: for example, how people negotiate social situations like job interviews or personal confrontations.

Network analysis means examining the patterns of social ties among people in a group, and what those patterns mean for the group as a whole.

Means of Social Inequality

"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others," say the pigs in George Orwell's Animal Farm. One of the central topics studied by sociologists is social inequality, and they think very carefully about the many ways that people in societies are divided. These are the most important means of social inequality, and they all interact with each other to determine each individual's place in society.

Income and wealth: Some people have more money than others.

Occupation: People work at different kinds of jobs.

Innate ability: People are born with innate differences, from appearance to brainpower.

Motivation: For various reasons, some people try harder at certain tasks than others do.

Connections: People have different - and differently sized - social circles.

Credentials: Official credentials like academic degrees and professional certifications are possessed by some people and not others.

Specialized knowledge: Each individual has a particular set of skills and experiences, which differ from others.

Race/sex/caste discrimination: In all societies, there is widespread discrimination against certain groups of people based on their physical characteristics or the families they were born into.

Age discrimination: In all societies, people are, to some extent, treated differently based on how old they are.

Three Aspects of Social Organization

Sociologist Richard B. Scott, an expert in the study of social organization, has described a useful way of understanding how social organizations work. Every social organization behaves, to some extent, in each of these three ways.

As a rational system: as a machine designed to accomplish a specific task.

As a natural system: as a group made up of real human beings who relate to one another in complicated ways.

As an open system: interacting with its environment, from which it takes both resources and social norms.

Common Misconceptions about Society

Many people are absolutely convinced of the truth of some things about society that are not entirely true. Here are a few of the most common misconceptions about society, proven false by sociology.

Social inequality is deserved. Although it's true that people with many resources in society (saved wealth, good jobs, happy families) have worked hard to earn those resources, it's not necessarily true that people who lack such resources are lacking them because it's somehow their fault.

Social disadvantages generally compound one another, meaning that when you're in a disadvantaged position in society - for whatever reason - it's much more difficult to climb out of that position than people in advantaged positions may realize.

Race and gender don't matter any more. Physical characteristics have always affected the way people regard one another in society, and they always will. Although many societies have seen a welcome decline in the most destructive forms of racism and sexism, it's flatly false to say that physical characteristics - skin color, sex, height, weight, you name it - no longer matter.

Society prevents us from being our "true selves. " From a sociological perspective, humans are fundamentally social beings. From the moment you were born, the people around you have been at the heart of your life and your idea of who you are. This is one of the most important reasons to study sociology: If you don't understand your society, you can't truly understand yourself.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sociology For Dummies Cheat Sheet - dummies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sociology is the scientific study of society - of people interacting in groups, from small social circles to global society. Sociologists gather information about the social world and systematically analyze that information to understand social phenomena including class, race, gender, culture, social networks, and historical change.

# data[].attributes.body
Matthew Barry Jensen.. (2014). Autonomic nervous system. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system. Last accessed 5th June 2018.

This link explains what the autonomic nervous system consists of and explains really clearly about the structure and functions of the different cells which make up the system. The autonmic nervous system is what is responsible for controlling the body functions which are not consciously directed - examples ; breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

# data[].attributes.body
N/A. (2014). Neuron action potentials. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system. Last accessed 5th June 2018.

Concentration gradients are key behind how action potentials work. In terms of action potentials, a concentration gradient is the difference in ion concentrations between the inside of the neuron and the outside of the neuron (called extracellular fluid).

When a neuron sends a signal down its axon to communicate with another neuron, this is called action potential. When action potential reaches the end of the axon, it is at the presynaptic terminal of the axon. There is a gap called the synaptic gap between the axon and the dendrite of the neighboring neuron, and the message sent by the action potential must cross this gap in order for the message to be carried on to the next neuron. The part of the dendrite that the message must reach on the other neuron across the gap is called the postsynaptic terminal.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Neuron action potentials: The creation of a brain signal (article) | Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

# data[].attributes.body
Bill Compton. (2015). Central nervous system. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8NtmDrb_qo. Last accessed 5th June 2018.

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, the brain is the control centre of the nervous system. The medulla ( a part of the brain) controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. Neurons send signals around the body using the bundle of nerves that run up and down the length of the back and send most messages between the body and brain, the spinal cord. The nervous system controls every single thought, action, and sensation reflex. The central nervous system interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on past experience.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Central Nervous System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #11