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“For the Algerians service in the French army and in French factories during WW1 was an eye-opening experience. Some 200,000 fought for France during the war, and more than one-third of the male Algerians between the ages of 20 and 40 resided in France during that time. When peace returned, some 70,000 Algerians  remained in France and, by living frugally, were able to support many thousands of their relatives in Algeria” https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Colonial-rule.

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"Women who fight like true soldiers." 1915, Fatima the Moroccan.” Le Miroir.

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"For the Homeland." Year unknown, Land Bank of Algeria and Tunisia https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/5025.

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"For Their Return -- Subscribe." 1918, Land Bank of Algeria and Tunisia https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/22326.

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“The French army and colonial authorities deployed overwhelming force against the four major rebellions of the interwar period, making use of the latest military technology, such as air power, gas and tanks, as well as superior numbers, firepower, communications and logistics. Even though a thoroughly humiliated and much weaker France made clear at least its short-term advantages in these respects right after the Second World War, killing tens of thousands putting down uprisings in eastern Algeria (Sétif and Guelma, in 1945) and Madagascar (the MDRM uprising, in 1947, which cost as many as 100,000 lives). In this context, it is not surprising that veterans of the First World War in the colonies failed to translate their war experience into anti-colonial paramilitary activity” (Fogarty, Killingray 118-119).

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The Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA, Algerian People's Party) is formed by the veteran Algerian nationalist Messali Hadj- 1937.

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Algerian nationalists began efforts to further equality by listing complaints in the Manifesto of the Algerian People, which requested equal representation under the state and access to citizenship, but no equality for all citizens to preserve Islamic precepts. The French response was to grant citizenship to 60,000 "meritorious" Muslims.