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Welcome! Please read this before you get started :)

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Welcome! Please read this before you get started :)

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The History Channel - The Great Migration

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The History Channel - The Great Migration

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This video will provide you with a brief overview of the Great Migration movement. Short, but packed with a lot of information.

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Sound Smart: The Great Migration | History

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100 Years of African American History: A Timeline (1865-1965)

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100 Years of African American History: A Timeline (1865-1965)

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This is a timeline I created that spans the 100 years from the end of the Civil War to the Voting Rights Act.

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AA History Timeline civil war-civil rights

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TeachingBooks | The Great Migration: An American Story

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TeachingBooks | The Great Migration: An American Story

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Here are Jacob Lawrence's Migration panels again, but this time n picture book form.

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19 Total Resources 2 Awards View Text Complexity Discover Like Books

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Use your trusty dictionary if you come across any words you don't know.

Here are a few that you should become familiar with:

MIGRATION, OPPRESSION, SOCIAL JUSTICE, JIM CROW, BLACK CODES, CULTURE, LEGACY, DEMOGRAPHICS, URBANIZATION, AMENDMENT

(Reference Category: Dictionary)

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Find definitions for over 300,000 words from the most authoritative English dictionary. Continuously updated with new words and meanings.

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Route Map of the Great Migration (1st & 2nd waves)

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Route Map of the Great Migration (1st & 2nd waves)

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Click the "Explore Map" button to see the paths and destinations of the migrants from 1920-1970.

(If you hover over the destination cities, you'll see some interesting census data.)

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These interactive maps provide a glimpse into the overall patterns of black migration in the United States between 1920 and 2010. One charts the movement of blacks from their states of origin to key destination cities in the North, the other follows the more recent movement in reverse to the South.

Between 1910 and 1970, more than 5 million blacks left the South for major cities in the North and West, including Pittsburgh, New York, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, and Los Angeles. Their departures were fueled in part by the availability of low skilled jobs in the burgeoning manufacturing industry after both World Wars. Other contributing factors included the drying up of southern agriculture jobs due to farm mechanization as well as the increasingly repressive social environment. In 1910 the nation's largest black populations were in Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama; in 1970 the largest black populations were in New York, Illinois, and California.

The last 45 years has seen a "reverse migration" of blacks, with large gains in "new south" metropolitan areas like Atlanta, Baltimore, Houston, and Charlotte. The slowdown in manufacturing employment and deteriorating race relations in the North, coupled with the postwar economic renaissance in southern cities, have brought new generations of blacks to a region that their grandparents and great grandparents sought to leave. Between 2000 and 2010, Atlanta led the nation in black population gains at the same time that New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles registered declines.

-William H. Frey, PhD, demographer, sociologist, and author of Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics are Remaking America (2015)

Explore Map

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These interactive maps provide a glimpse into the overall patterns of black migration in the United States between 1920 and 2010. One charts the movement of blacks from their states of origin to key destination cities in the North, the other follows the more recent movement in reverse to the South.

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The American Mosaic: The African American Experience Harlem Renaissance

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The American Mosaic: The African American Experience Harlem Renaissance

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You'll find a comprehensive overview of the Harlem Renaissance in this article. If you see something you want to learn more about, just click and it will take you to another article within the database.

(Reference Category: Subscription Database -  ABC-CLIO - African American Experience)

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The American Mosaic: The African American Experience - Username

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Welcome to The American Mosaic: The African American Experience

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Encyclopedia Britannica for Students - Great Migration

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Encyclopedia Britannica for Students - Great Migration

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This is an encyclopedia entry about the Great Migration with pictures and a map. It doesn't go into too much depth, but it provides a short overview of basic information.

(Reference Category:  Encyclopedia)

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In the United States, a large number of African Americans moved from the South to the North and West during the 20th century, particularly during World Wars I and II. This large-scale relocation is called the Great Migration. In 1900 the vast majority of African Americans lived in the Southern states. From 1916 to 1970, during the Great Migration, about six million Black Southerners relocated to other parts of the country. Most of the migrants moved from rural communities to large cities.

In every migration, certain conditions motivate people to leave an area; these are known as push factors. Other conditions, the pull factors, attract people to the new area. In the Great Migration, the push factors included poor economic conditions in the South. After the American Civil War, slavery was ended in 1865. Lacking both money and land, many freed Southern Blacks became sharecroppers, renting farmland from white landowners by paying them a portion of their crops. The sharecropping system required grueling labor and supplied very low incomes. Between 1910 and 1920, an already severe economic depression in Southern agriculture worsened. Crops were damaged by floods and insects, notably the boll weevil, and farms failed. Impoverished Blacks began migrating away from the South in great numbers.

Another important factor that pushed African Americans to leave the South was ongoing racial oppression. The great majority of Southern whites remained fiercely opposed to African American political, civil, and social equality. The Southern states used a variety of means to keep Blacks from voting. So-called Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in the South, preventing African Americans from using buses, schools, restaurants, theaters, and other facilities reserved for whites.

The pull factors in the Great Migration included encouraging reports of good living conditions and jobs with good wages in the North and West. Starting in the late 19th century, large numbers of Europeans had moved to the United States. In the 1920s a series of laws greatly decreased this immigration. As a result, urban industries were faced with labor shortages. An even greater number of jobs became available in the cities during World War I and World War II, when defense industries required more unskilled labor. Large numbers of African Americans moved to the Northern cities to seek employment. Although the Great Migration slowed during the Great Depression, it surged again after World War II, when rates of migration were high for several decades.

News of the better conditions for Blacks in the North and West spread by word of mouth and by reports and advertisements in African American newspapers. The influential Black newspaper the Chicago Defender, for example, became one of the leading promoters of the Great Migration. In addition to Chicago, Illinois, other cities that absorbed large numbers of Black migrants included Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; and New York, New York.

Seeking better civil and economic opportunities, many Blacks were not wholly able to escape racism by migrating to the North. African Americans there were segregated into ghettos, and urban life introduced new obstacles. Newly arriving migrants even encountered social challenges from the Black establishment in the North, which tended to look down on the "country" manners of the newcomers.

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In the United States, a large number of African Americans moved from the South to the North and West during the 20th century, particularly during World Wars I and II. This large-scale relocation is called the Great Migration. In 1900 the vast majority of African Americans lived in the Southern states.

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Great Migration | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica

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Great Migration | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica

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Great Migration, in U.S. history, the widespread migration of African Americans in the 20th century from rural communities in the South to large cities in the North and West. At the turn of the 20th century, the vast majority of black Americans lived in the Southern states. From 1916 to 1970, during this Great Migration, it is estimated that some six million black Southerners relocated to urban areas in the North and West.

The massive stream of European emigration to the United States, which had begun in the late 19th century and waned during World War I, slowed to a trickle with immigration reform in the 1920s. As a result, urban industries were faced with labour shortages. A huge internal population shift among African Americans addressed these shortfalls, particularly during the World Wars, when defense industries required more unskilled labour. Although the Great Migration slowed during the Great Depression, it surged again after World War II, when rates of migration were high for several decades.

The "push" factors for the exodus were poor economic conditions in the South-exacerbated by the limitations of sharecropping, farm failures, and crop damage from the boll weevil-as well as ongoing racial oppression in the form of Jim Crow laws. "Pull" factors included encouraging reports of good wages and living conditions that spread by word of mouth and that appeared in African American newspapers. With advertisements for housing and employment and firsthand stories of newfound success in the North, the Chicago Defender, for example, became one of the leading promoters of the Great Migration. In addition to Chicago, other cities that absorbed large numbers of migrants include Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; and New York City.

Seeking better civil and economic opportunities, many blacks were not wholly able to escape racism by migrating to the North, where African Americans were segregated into ghettos and urban life introduced new obstacles. Newly arriving migrants even encountered social challenges from the black establishment in the North, which tended to look down on the "country" manners of the newcomers.

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Great Migration | Definition, History, & Facts

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Great Migration, in U.S. history, the widespread migration of African Americans in the 20th century from rural communities in the South to large cities in the North and West. It is estimated that from 1916 to 1970 some six million black Southerners relocated as part of the Great Migration.

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Jacob Lawrence painted from a unique perspective. He was born in NJ in 1917, the son of migrants. He eventually moved to Harlem and became an artist at the tail end of the Harlem Renaissance.

This series deals with the causes and effects of the Great Migration. Make sure you view them in order.

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The Migration Series | Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series

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More than 75 years ago, a young artist named Jacob Lawrence set to work on an ambitious 60-panel series portraying the Great Migration, the flight of over a million African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North following the outbreak of World War I. By Lawrence’s own admission, this was a broad and complex subject to tackle in paint, one never before attempted

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This is another Jacob Lawrence link, filled with tons of great information. There are video clips , paintings, photographs, and more.

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Explore the lasting cultural, political, and societal impact of the Great Migration through the life and work of artist Jacob Lawrence.

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Harlem Summer is a historical fiction book about a young sax player named Mark and his encounters with famous musicians and artists who live in his Harlem neighborhood.

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21 Total Resources 2 Awards View Text Complexity Discover Like Books

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This interactive lets you retrace the steps of a man named Theodore Bailey from Virginia to Boston.

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Footnotes

[1] "About the County," Accomack County, Virginia, accessed March, 2020, https://www.co.accomack.va.us/about-us/about-the-county.; Theodore L. Bailey World War II Draft Card, The National Archives at St. Louis; St. Louis, Missouri; World War II Draft Cards (Fourth Registration) for the State of Massachusetts; Record Group Title: Records of the Selective Service System; Record Group Number: 147; Series Number: M2090.; U.S. Census Bureau, "Table 8 - Population of Incorporated Cities, Towns, Villages, and Boroughs in 1900, with Population for 1890," Section 8: Cities, Towns, Villages, and Boroughs, Twelfth Census of the United States - 1900, Census Reports Volume 1 - Population 1, 477.

Image: "Accomack County Court House," photograph, 1899, Penny Postcards from Virginia, USGenWeb Archives Website, http://www.usgwarchives.net/va/accomack/postcards/ppcs-accomack.html.

[2] Jaedda Armstrong, "What's in a name: Titustown, Norfolk," The Virginian Pilot (Virginia), Sept, 28, 2009, https://www.pilotonline.com/history/article_ebd685ca-9b9f-5de1-8216-833c71c2bfde.html.; Leon Everett Bailey World War II Draft Card, The National Archives in St. Louis, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Draft Registration Cards for Massachusetts, 10/16/1940-03/31/1947; Record Group: Records of the Selective Service System, 147; Box: 35; "Neighborhoods: Norfolk 1923 Annexation," The City of Norfolk, accessed March, 2020, https://www.norfolk.gov/DocumentCenter/View/881/Norfolk-1923-Annexation-?bidId=.; Theodore Lee Bailey World War I Draft Card, Registration State: Virginia; Registration County: Norfolk; Roll: 1984910, U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005.; United States Census Bureau, Census Record, 1920, Boston Ward 7, Suffolk, Massachusetts, Enumeration District: 211, Roll: T625_732, Page 5B.;

Image: "Revised Map of Norfolk and Vicinity, Compiled from Maps of Record, 1923," map, 1923, Sargeant Memorial Collection, Norfolk Public Library (Va.), https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15987coll7/id/36.

[3] "History of the Noank Shipyard," Noank Shipyard Collection, Mystic Seaport Museum, accessed March, 2020, https://research.mysticseaport.org/coll/coll353/;
Theodore Lee Bailey World War I Draft Card, Norfolk, Virginia.

Image: Noank Shipyard, "Noon Revival Meeting," 1917, NHS1975.123, Noank Historical Society, http://02d243c.netsolhost.com/htdocs/vex3/6734B2FC-06C0-42F9-AD8D-337550160070.htm.

[4] Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010), 243.; U. S. Census Bureau, Census Record, 1920, Boston Ward 7, Suffolk, Massachusetts.

Image: "Massachusetts Avenue, about 1926." Photograph. 1925. Digital Commonwealth, https://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/nv935g021.

[5] Theodore Bailey entry, Boston City Directory for 1923 (Boston, Massachusetts: Sampson and Murdock, Company Publishers, 1923), 167; Subsequent City Directories have the publisher Sampson and Murdock, Company Publishers: Boston City Directory for 1926, 776.; Boston City Directory for 1927, 776.; Boston City Directory for 1928, 775.; Boston City Directory for 1929, 777.; Boston City Directory for 1930, 778.; Boston City Directory for 1931, 781.; Boston City Directory for 1933, 357.; Boston City Directory for 1934, 327.; Boston City Directory for 1935, 328.; Boston City Directory for 1936, 651.; Boston City Directory for 1937, 652.; Theodore Bailey entry, Boston City Directory for 1939 (Boston, Massachusetts: R. L. Polk & Co., Publishers, 1939), 142.; Subsequent City Directories have the publisher R. L. Polk & Co., Publishers: Boston City Directory for 1941, 154.; Boston City Directory for 1942, 154.; Boston City Directory for 1943, 148.

Image: Abdalian, Leon H. "Dock Sq. to Adams Sq." Photograph. 1930. Digital Commonwealth, https://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/fj2375789.

[6] "Boston Pays Homage to Douglass, Lincoln," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Feb. 23, 1935, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 10.; John P. Deeben, "The Correspondence Files of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933-1936," Family Experience and New Deal Relief, Prologue Magazine 44, no.2 (2012), National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2012/fall/fera.html.; "Philly Personals" Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Dec 1, 1934, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 15.; "Symphonic Swing Band for W.P.A.: Other Groups Planned in Reorganization Here," Daily Boston Globe (Boston, MA), Aug. 28, 1936, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe, 8.; "The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) (1933)," The Living New Deal, accessed March, 2020, https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/federal-emergency-relief-act-fera-1933/.

Image: "Boston Pays Homage to Douglass, Lincoln," Afro-American (1893-1988) (Baltimore, MD), Feb. 23, 1935. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 10.

[7] C. Elliott Freeman, Jr., "Massachusetts State News: Boston," The Chicago Defender (National edition) (Chicago, IL), Dec 12, 1936; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Defender, 5.; Elliott Freeman, "Buzzing Around Bean Town: Boston," The Chicago Defender (National edition) (Chicago, IL), Apr 17, 1937, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Defender, 22.; Elliott Freeman, "Buzzing Around Bean Town: Boston," The Chicago Defender (National edition) (Chicago, IL), May 22, 1937, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Defender, 11.; "Federal Music Project (FMP) (1935)," The Living New Deal, accessed March, 2020, https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/federal-music-project-fmp-1935-1943/.; "Greater Boston, Society," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Apr 25, 1936; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 18.; "Negro Units of the WPA," The Boston Chronicle (Boston, MA), July 24, 1937, 1.; "New Deal Programs: Selected Library of Congress Resources," Web Sources, Library of Congress, accessed March, 2020, https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/newdeal/fmp.html.; "New England: Great Boston, Society," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Dec. 14, 1935; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 14. "New England: Great Boston, Society," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), May 2, 1936; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 18.; "Red Cross Hygiene Class, Graduation," Daily Boston Globe (Boston, MA), Dec 5, 1936, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe, 3.; "South End Carnival Features Checker Match with Human Beings as Pieces," Daily Boston Globe (Boston, MA), Jul 31, 1936, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe, 13.;

Image: Weitzman, Martin, Artist, and U.S Federal Music Project, W.P.A. Federal Music Project information given regarding locations of W.P.A. schools and all subjects taught. New York, (New york: federal art project, between 1936 and 1941) Photograph, https://www.loc.gov/item/98516767/.

[8] George Noble, "Military and Navy," Daily Boston Globe (Boston, MA), Jul. 11, 1937, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe, A42.

Image: "Bedford Veteran's Administration Hospital," postcard, unknown, pre-1950s, Objectid P1993 121, Bedford Properties and Landmarks Collection,Bedford Historical Society, https://bedfordmahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/2C4B726E-0417-4FCC-956E-034453072990.

[9] "City News," Guardian (Boston, MA), June 28, 1941, 8.; Theodore L. Bailey World War II Draft Card, The National Archives at St. Louis.

Image: "Building 105," Charlestown Navy Yard, photograph, ca. 1943, Image ID = 9649-4, Boston National Historical Park Archival Collection.

[10] "AFRO Visitors," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), May 29, 1943, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 2.; "Boston Music Group Elects Officers," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Jul. 17, 1943, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 19.; "Founder John Henry Murphy Sr.," Newspapers, The Afro-American, PBS, accessed March, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/afroamerican.html.; "Home on Furlough," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Jul. 24, 1943, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 16.; "The First Colored Professional, Clerical and Business Directory of Baltimore City 31th Annual Edition, 1943-1944," Archives of Maryland Online, accessed March, 2020, http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000521/html/am521--13.html.; "The Whirling Hub," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), May 30, 1936, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 18.; "The Whirling Hub," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Aug. 7, 1943, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 17.; Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns, 36-37, 216.

Image: "Home on Furlough," Afro-American (Baltimore, MD), Jul. 24, 1943, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Afro-American, 16.

[11] Theodore Bailey entry, Boston City Directory for 1944 (Boston, Massachusetts: R. L. Polk & Co., Publishers, 1944), 142.; Subsequent City Directories have the publisher R. L. Polk & Co., Publishers: Boston City Directory for 1947, 101.; Boston City Directory for 1948-1949, 102.; Boston City Directory for 1952, 297.; Boston City Directory for 1954, 265.; Boston City Directory for 1956, 249.; Boston City Directory for 1957, 217.; Boston City Directory for 1958, 96.; Boston City Directory for 1959, 96.

Image: "Administration Building, Harrison Avenue," photograph, 1940s, Record Identifier: 7020001-0067, Boston City Hospital Collection, Boston City Archives, https://cityofboston.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_e8e05620-754a-4c4c-b561-4753e002df28/.

[12] "Death Notices," Boston Traveler (Boston, MA), Jul. 3, 1959, 21, Genealogy Bank.; Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns, 264.

Image: "Death Notices," Boston Traveler (Boston, MA), Jul. 3, 1959, 21, Genealogy Bank.

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Theodore L. Bailey (U.S. National Park Service)

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1] "About the County," Accomack County, Virginia, accessed March, 2020, https://www.co.accomack.va.us/about-us/about-the-county.; Theodore L. Bailey World War II Draft Card, The National Archives at St. Louis; St. Louis, Missouri; World War II Draft Cards (Fourth Registration) for the State of Massachusetts; Record Group Title: Records of the Selective Service System; Record Group Number: 147; Series Number: M2090.; U.S.

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Migration's impact on the civil rights movement 

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Migration's impact on the civil rights movement 

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This short video connects the migration movement with the civil rights movement.

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Crew on migration's impact on the civil rights movement

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What was the Harlem Renaissance? | A Walk Through Harlem | PBS LearningMedia

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What was the Harlem Renaissance? | A Walk Through Harlem | PBS LearningMedia

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This short video clip mentions a lot of different important figures from the Harlem Renaissance. You might want to take a minute to see if there's someone here you'd like to learn more about!

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What was the Harlem Renaissance? | A Walk Through Harlem | PBS LearningMedia

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This video segment from A Walk Through Harlem takes a look at the Harlem Renaissance, a large social and cultural movement of the early 1900s -1930s stemming from the "Great Migration" of African Americans from the rural South to cities of the urban North of the United States.

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A New African American Identity: The Harlem Renaissance | National Museum of African American History and Culture

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A New African American Identity: The Harlem Renaissance | National Museum of African American History and Culture

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This article contains a list of important artists and musicians from the Harlem Renaissance that you might want to learn more about.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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With the end of the Civil War in 1865, hundreds of thousands of African Americans newly freed from the yoke of slavery in the South began to dream of fuller participation in American society, including political empowerment, equal economic opportunity, and economic and cultural self-determination.

Unfortunately, by the late 1870s, that dream was largely dead, as white supremacy was quickly restored to the Reconstruction South. White lawmakers on state and local levels passed strict racial segregation laws known as "Jim Crow laws" that made African Americans second-class citizens. While a small number of African Americans were able to become landowners, most were exploited as sharecroppers, a system designed to keep them poor and powerless. Hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) perpetrated lynchings and conducted campaigns of terror and intimidation to keep African Americans from voting or exercising other fundamental rights.

With booming economies across the North and Midwest offering industrial jobs for workers of every race, many African Americans realized their hopes for a better standard of living-and a more racially tolerant environment-lay outside the South. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Migration was underway as hundreds of thousands of African Americans relocated to cities like Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit, Philadelphia, and New York. The Harlem section of Manhattan, which covers just three square miles, drew nearly 175,000 African Americans, giving the neighborhood the largest concentration of black people in the world. Harlem became a destination for African Americans of all backgrounds. From unskilled laborers to an educated middle-class, they shared common experiences of slavery, emancipation, and racial oppression, as well as a determination to forge a new identity as free people.

The Great Migration drew to Harlem some of the greatest minds and brightest talents of the day, an astonishing array of African American artists and scholars. Between the end of World War I and the mid-1930s, they produced one of the most significant eras of cultural expression in the nation's history-the Harlem Renaissance. Yet this cultural explosion also occurred in Cleveland, Los Angeles and many cities shaped by the great migration. Alain Locke, a Harvard-educated writer, critic, and teacher who became known as the "dean" of the Harlem Renaissance, described it as a "spiritual coming of age" in which African Americans transformed "social disillusionment to race pride."

The Harlem Renaissance encompassed poetry and prose, painting and sculpture, jazz and swing, opera and dance. What united these diverse art forms was their realistic presentation of what it meant to be black in America, what writer Langston Hughes called an "expression of our individual dark-skinned selves," as well as a new militancy in asserting their civil and political rights.

Among the Renaissance's most significant contributors were intellectuals W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Cyril Briggs, and Walter Francis White; electrifying performers Josephine Baker and Paul Robeson; writers and poets Zora Neale Hurston, Effie Lee Newsome, Countee Cullen; visual artists Aaron Douglas and Augusta Savage; and an extraordinary list of legendary musicians, including Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Eubie Blake, Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Ivie Anderson, Josephine Baker, Fats Waller, Jelly Roll Morton, and countless others.

At the height of the movement, Harlem was the epicenter of American culture. The neighborhood bustled with African American-owned and run publishing houses and newspapers, music companies, playhouses, nightclubs, and cabarets. The literature, music, and fashion they created defined culture and "cool" for blacks and white alike, in America and around the world.

As the 1920s came to a close, so did the Harlem Renaissance. Its heyday was cut short largely due to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and resulting Great Depression, which hurt African American-owned businesses and publications and made less financial support for the arts available from patrons, foundations, and theatrical organizations.

However, the Harlem Renaissance's impact on America was indelible. The movement brought notice to the great works of African American art, and inspired and influenced future generations of African American artists and intellectuals. The self-portrait of African American life, identity, and culture that emerged from Harlem was transmitted to the world at large, challenging the racist and disparaging stereotypes of the Jim Crow South. In doing so, it radically redefined how people of other races viewed African Americans and understood the African American experience.

Most importantly, the Harlem Renaissance instilled in African Americans across the country a new spirit of self-determination and pride, a new social consciousness, and a new commitment to political activism, all of which would provide a foundation for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. In doing so, it validated the beliefs of its founders and leaders like Alain Locke and Langston Hughes that art could be a vehicle to improve the lives of the African Americans.

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A New African American Identity: The Harlem Renaissance

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Between the end of World War I and the mid-1930s, African Americans produced one of the most significant eras of cultural expression in the nation's history-the Harlem Renaissance.

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This is the book we read in class on the first day of our unit. Check it out to get a second peek or to spark some ideas.

Beautifully written by Kwame Alexander and beautifully illustrated by Kadir Nelson.

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54 Total Resources 19 Awards View Text Complexity Discover Like Books

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A short video about the artists, writers, and musicians who shaped the culture of NYC in the 1920s. Really great video!

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This 2 minute video focuses on Jazz.  Like the one above, it's another great video narrated by Henry Louis Gates.

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Freedom by Langston Hughes | Poetry Foundation

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Freedom by Langston Hughes | Poetry Foundation

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This is a link to the poem Freedom by the famous Harlem Renaissance writer Langston Hughes.

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Freedom by Langston Hughes | Poetry Foundation

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The American Mosaic: The African American Experience The Cotton Club

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The American Mosaic: The African American Experience The Cotton Club

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The Cotton Club was a famous Jazz venue in 1920s Harlem. Check out this article to learn more about the club that allowed African Americans to be entertainers, but not customers.

(Reference Category: Content Specific)

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The American Mosaic: The African American Experience - Username

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Welcome to The American Mosaic: The African American Experience

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This is full of great photographs of the Harlem Renaissance writer. Click on the links for videos too!

(Reference Category: Biography)

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Learn about Langston Hughes, who as a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance produced countless novels, plays, and poems about racial equality and working-class pride, including famous works such as "I, Too" and "Not Without Laughter."

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Learn about Langston Hughes, who as a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance produced countless novels, plays, and poems about racial equality and working-class pride, including famous works such as "I, Too" and "Not Without Laughter."

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Black and white photo of a crowd of people outside the Apollo, a theater that featured African American musicians.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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Photograph by

Unidentified

Subject of

Apollo Theater, founded 1934

Basie, Count, American, 1904 - 1984

Carter, Benny, American, 1907 - 2003

Green, Lil, American, 1919 - 1954

Medium

silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper

Dimensions

H x W (Sheet): 8 × 10 in. (20.3 × 25.4 cm)

H x W (Image): 7 5/8 × 9 1/2 in. (19.4 × 24.1 cm)

Description

A black and white photograph of a crowd at the Apollo Theater.

At the top left corner of the image is a marquee reading [HERE COMES ANOTHER GREAT SHOW! / COUND BASIE / AND HIS BAND AND REVUE / FRIDAY / DEC. 28 / BENNIE CARTER and his BAND and REVUE]. At the bottom left are three men, two of them dressed in Apollo Theater uniforms consisting of dark colored double-breasted overcoats with decorative braid and trim at the collars, and dark colored caps reading [APOLLO] with braided trim along the brims. Another uniformed attendant is visible in the bottom center of the image, turned away from the camera. The crowd forms a line several people deep to the right of the attendants and stretching back past the marquee. Behind the crowd is a wall with images of performers and framed advertisements for upcoming performances, including one for Lil Green and two for Count Basie. The image has been captured from above the crowd, with many looking towards the camera and smiling.

THere are two inscriptions on the back of the image, both handwritten in graphite: [MIDNIGHT SHOW] and [(APOLLO THEATRE)].

Place depicted

Harlem, New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America

Classification

Media Arts-Photography

Credit Line

Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

Object number

2015.97.38.33

Restrictions & Rights

Unknown - Restrictions Possible

GUID

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5f4d05c4d-430f-4d5e-85a2-7332e31328cf

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Gelatin silver print of a crowd at the Apollo Theater

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Photograph by Unidentified Subject of Apollo Theater, founded 1934 Basie, Count, American, 1904 - 1984 Carter, Benny, American, 1907 - 2003 Green, Lil, American, 1919 - 1954 Medium silver and photographic gelatin on photographic paper Dimensions H x W (Sheet): 8 × 10 in.

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Portrait in a Minute: Bill "Bojangles" Robinson

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Portrait in a Minute: Bill "Bojangles" Robinson

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Here is a short video about Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, the iconic tap dancer who migrated from Richmond to Harlem and became a star.

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Portrait in a Minute: Bill "Bojangles" Robinson

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Duke Ellington: The Piano Prince and His Orchestra by Andrea Davis Pinkney

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Duke Ellington: The Piano Prince and His Orchestra by Andrea Davis Pinkney

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This is a biography about the famous Harlem Renaissance composer Duke Ellington.

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Duke Ellington: The Piano Prince and His Orchestra

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27 Total Resources 4 Awards View Text Complexity Discover Like Books

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Letters from the Great Migration: Seeking a New Life

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Letters from the Great Migration: Seeking a New Life

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This resource contains primary sources in the form of several letters written by African Americans in the South to the Chicago Defender, an African American newspaper) asking about news of job opportunities.

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"Sir I Will Thank You with All My Heart":
Seven Letters from the Great Migration

Between 1916 and 1921 a half million African Americans left the South and journeyed to cities in the North and West in what was then the largest internal movement of a people in such a concentrated period of time in the history of the nation. Migrants' letters to northern newspapers were among the best and most voluminous sources for understanding the migration process and interpreting the migrants' motivations for leaving. Seven letters to the Chicago Defender - a black newspaper published in Chicago that strongly urged southern blacks to migrate North-attest to migrants' strong desire to "better their condition," often risking their lives and possessions to make the trip north.

LUTCHER, LA., May 13, 1917

Dear Sir: I have been reading the Chicago defender and seeing so many advertisements about the work in the north I thought to write you concerning my condition. I am working hard in the south and can hardly earn a living. I have a wife and one child and can hardly feed them. I thought to write and ask you for some information concerning how to get a pass for myself and family. I dont want to leave my family behind as I cant hardly make a living for them right here with them and I know they would fare hard if I would leave them. If there are any agents in the south there havent been any of them to Lutcher if they would come here they would get at least fifty men. Please sir let me hear from you as quick as possible. Now this is all. Please dont publish my letter, I was out in town today talking to some of the men and they say if they could get passes that 30 or 40 of them would come. But they havent got the money and they dont know how to come. But they are good strong and able working men. If you will instruct me I will instruct the other men how to come as they all want to work. Please dont publish this because we have to whisper this around among our selves because the white folks are angry now because the negroes are going north. * * * NATCHEZ, MISS., Sept. 22-17

MR. R. S. ABBOTT, Editor.

Dear Sir: I thought that you might help me in Some way either personally or through your influence, is why I am worrying you for which I beg pardon.

I am a married man having wife and mother to support, (I mention this in order to properly convey my plight) conditions here are not altogether good and living expenses growing while wages are small. My greatest desire is to leave for a better place but am unable to raise the money.

I can write short stories all of which portray negro characters but no burlesque can also write poems, have a gift for cartooning but have never learned the technicalities of comic drawing. these things will never profit me anything here in Natchez. Would like to know if you could use one or two of my short stories in serial form in your great paper they are very interesting and would furnish good reading matter. By this means I could probably leave here in short and thus come in possession of better employment enabling me to take up my drawing which I like best.

Kindly let me hear from you and if you cannot favor me could you refer me to any Negro publication buying fiction from their race. * * * SELMA, ALA., May 19, 1917

Dear Sir: I am a reader of the Chicago Defender I think it is one of the Most Wonderful Papers of our race printed. Sirs I am writeing to see if You all will please get me a job. And Sir I can wash dishes, wash iron nursing work in groceries and dry good stores. Just any of these I can do. Sir, who so ever you get the job from please tell them to send me a ticket and I will pay them. When I get their as I have not got enough money to pay my way. I am a girl of 17 years old and in the 8 grade at Knox Academy School. But on account of not having money enough I had to stop school. Sir I will thank you all with all my heart. May God Bless you all. Please answer in return mail. * * * PORT ARTHUR, TEXAS, 5/5th/17

Dear Sir: Permitt me to inform you that I have had the pleasure of reading the Defender for the first time in my life as I never dreamed that there was such a race paper published and I must say that its some paper.

However I can unhesitatingly say that it is extraordinarily interesting and had I know that there was such a paper in my town or such being handled in my vicinity I would have been a subscriber years ago.

Nevertheless I read every space of the paper dated April 28th which is my first and only paper at present. Although I am greatfully anticipating the pleasure of receiving my next Defender as I now consider myself a full fledged defender fan and I have also requested the representative of said paper to deliver my Defender weekly.

In reading the Defenders want ad I notice that there is lots of work to be had and if I havent miscomprehended I think I also understand that the transportation is advanced to able bodied working men who is out of work and desire work. Am I not right? with the understanding that those who have been advanced transportation same will be deducted from their salary after they have begun work. Now then if this is they proposition I have about 10 or 15 good working men who is out of work and are dying to leave the south and I assure you that they are working men and will be too glad to come north east or west, any where but the south.

Now then if this is the proposition kindly let me know by return mail. However I assure you that it shall be my pleasure to furnish you with further or all information that you may undertake to ask or all information necessary concerning this communication.

Thanking you in advance for the courtesy of a prompt reply with much interest. * * * BESSEMER, ALA., 5/14/17

Sirs: Noticing and ad in Chicago Defender of your assitance to those desiring employment there I thought I mayhaps you could help me secure work in your Windy City. I'm a married man have one child. I have common school education, this is my hand write. I am presently employed as a miner has been for 14 years but would like a Change. I'm apt to learn would like to get where I could go on up and support myself and family. You know more about it than I but in your opinion could I make anything as pullman porter being inexsperienced? I'd be so grateful to U. to place me in something I've worked myself too hard for nothing. I'm sober and can adjust my life with any kind and am a quiet christian man. * * * NEW ORLEANS, April 22, 1917

under the head lines in the Chicago Defender of Saturday April 22-17 I red how some of us that goes up north are being treated. there is a few that have gone from this city north, and came back a few weeks. some say they came back on account of being to cold "The ohters Say they ware to pay so much to get work etc" I would like to go north. and would rather be in some place. other then Chicago or near Chicago. I am a union man" but dont exspect to work at union only" there is a few of us union men that are planning to go north and Kindly please write me" all so I mail you one of my union cards hoping to heare from you soon I am respectfully, Yours. * * * MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE April 23, 1917

Gentlemen: I want to get in tuch with you in regard of good location & a job i am for race elevation every way. I want a job in a small town some where in north where I can receive verry good wages and where I can educate my 3 little girls and demand respect of intelegence. I prefer a job as cabinet maker or any kind of furniture mfg. if possible.

Let me hear from you all at once please. State minimum wages and kind of work.

Yours truly.

Source: Journal of Negro History, Vol. IV, 1919, pp. 417, 302, 317, 327, 307, 59

See Also:"Times Is Gettin Harder": Blues of the Great Migration

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"Sir I Will Thank You with All My Heart":

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Between 1916 and 1921 a half million African Americans left the South and journeyed to cities in the North and West in what was then the largest internal movement of a people in such a concentrated period of time in the history of the nation.

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This resource contains letters written by migrants to their families back home in the South telling them about their new life in the North.

Look at the photographs, too! Ask yourself - what do you see? What does it make you wonder?

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At the start of World War I, when African American migrants chose to uproot themselves from their longtime homes in the South, they took a major leap of faith that a better life awaited them in the "promised land" of the North.

With self-determination and resilience, hundreds of thousands of migrants joined the movement and collectively voiced their opposition to the repressive conditions of the South. Life in the North, they hoped, would offer better jobs; educational opportunities; social, political, and economic mobility; and personal freedoms. Yet the harsh realities of surging numbers of migrants in northern cities introduced new challenges.

Letters sent home to loved ones and close friends provided an important glimpse into the conditions of the migrants' new urban lives. In the face of overcrowded housing, poor working conditions, ongoing discrimination, race riots, and bombing, "the migrants kept coming."
Image credits

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With self-determination and resilience, hundreds of thousands of migrants joined the movement and collectively voiced their opposition to the repressive conditions of the South. Life in the North, they hoped, would offer better jobs; educational opportunities; social, political, and economic mobility; and personal freedoms. Yet the harsh realities of surging numbers of migrants in northern cities introduced new challenges.

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This resource features notable figures from the Harlem Renaissance, including writer Zora Neale Hurston.

The drop-down lists make it easy to search by category (singers, musicians, writers, etc).

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Faces of the Harlem Renaissance

Zora Neale Hurston

1891-1960 / Novelist, playwright, folklorist, anthropologist

Born in Eatonville, Florida, Hurston moved to Harlem in 1925 at the urging of scholars Charles S. Johnson and Alain Locke. Hurston's short story "Spunk" and her play "Color Struck" had just won her second place in a writing contest sponsored by the magazine Opportunity.

For Hurston, the name of that publication proved to be prophetic: Harlem gave her a chance to meet and mingle with like-minded artists and intellectuals-notably the poet Langston Hughes-at gatherings and parties thrown by Carl Van Vechten, A'Lelia Walker, and others. Hurston also met a wealthy widow named Charlotte Mason, who wound up giving Hurston key financial support.

Hurston's writing explores the courageous struggles of African Americans living in the rural South in the early 1800s. It brings to life the dialects, customs, and folklore of the region.

Her first novel, Jonah's Gourd Vine-set in a small, all-black Florida town-was published to critical success in 1934. Her acclaimed 1937 novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, describes an independent black woman's search for self-fulfillment.

Hurston's career path did not lead steadily upward. Nearing the end of her life, this successful novelist and pillar of the Harlem Renaissance was forced to support herself as a maid. Yet through times thick and thin, she never blamed events on the color of her skin. In her 1928 essay "How It Feels to Be Colored Me," she wrote: "I have seen that the world is to the strong regardless of a little pigmentation more or less. No, I do not weep at the world-I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife."

Intersections

She received the most prizes at the first Opportunity awards.

Perceiving her talent, Alain Locke included "Spunk" in The New Negro anthology.

With other artists and writers, she created the magazine Fire!!.

With Langston Hughes she wrote the play Mule Bone -a bid to break black stereotypes.

Charles S. Johnson practically insisted that she move to New York.

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1891-1960 / Novelist, playwright, folklorist, anthropologist Born in Eatonville, Florida, Hurston moved to Harlem in 1925 at the urging of scholars Charles S. Johnson and Alain Locke. Hurston's short story "Spunk" and her play "Color Struck" had just won her second place in a writing contest sponsored by the magazine Opportunity.

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Once you've finished your inquiry project and have had a chance to look at the panels of Jacob Lawrence's Great Migration series, you may feel inspired to share your own. #Panel61

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In the final, 60th panel of The Migration Series, Jacob Lawrence leaves us with the words "And the migrants kept coming." Today, more than 70 years later, Lawrence's epic narrative continues to have powerful reverberations.

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Just a friendly reminder to always Cite Your Sources!

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Research and Citation Resources // Purdue Writing Lab

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Research and Citation Resources // Purdue Writing Lab

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This resource provides some reminders about how to cite your sources.

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the search page or the Site Map. The Citation Chart provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.

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This is a great tool if you're researching and need to focus. It's a website that plays different calming sounds and white noise. Very relaxing and helps combat distraction.

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Mix ambient sounds together to wash away distraction and help you focus or relax

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Overground Railroad by Lesa Cline-Ransome

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Overground Railroad by Lesa Cline-Ransome

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In this picture book written in verse, Ruth Ellen tells the story of her family's journey from North Carolina to New York during the Great Migration.

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Meet-the-Author Recording of Overground Railroad

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Rare 1920s Footage: All-Black Towns Living the American Dream 

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Rare 1920s Footage: All-Black Towns Living the American Dream 

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Here's the clip from our class discussion in the first IMMERSE session.

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Rare 1920s Footage: All-Black Towns Living the American Dream | National Geographic

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This article discusses the roots of the Civil Rights Movement. See if you can see some connections between the Great Migration, Harlem Renaissance, and Civil Rights Movements.

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The Civil Rights Movement: an introduction (article) | Khan Academy

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Learn about the origins, strategies, and unfinished business of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

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Cotton sharecroppers in Georgia in a photograph by Dorothea Lange, 1937. | DPLA

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Cotton sharecroppers in Georgia in a photograph by Dorothea Lange, 1937. | DPLA

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Here's an image that hints at what daily life was like for many southern African Americans on the eve of the Great Migration.

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Citation Information

Lange, Dorothea, "Sharecroppers, Greene County," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/46f34d3b98cd30d06fad573faf6e972b.

Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.

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Cotton sharecroppers in Georgia in a photograph by Dorothea Lange, 1937.

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The Digital Public Library of America brings together the riches of America's libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world.

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Family arriving in Chicago  from the rural South, 1922. | 

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Family arriving in Chicago  from the rural South, 1922. | 

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This photograph shows an African American family who migrated to Chicago in 1922.

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Citation Information

"A negro family just arrived in Chicago from the rural South," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/301a3b1ef3135e75f77478cccb7da403.

Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.

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A photograph of an African American family arriving in Chicago after migrating from the rural South, 1922.

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Citation Information "A negro family just arrived in Chicago from the rural South," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/301a3b1ef3135e75f77478cccb7da403. Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.