# data[].attributes.body
http://vaccinationmyth.weebly.com

1) Website aligned into 5 pages
2) Content setting and formatting
3) audio recording to mp3 and embedded via html code as student edition of weebly does not allow adding mp3 files directly.
3) Tables are not part of standard weebly components, so added a HTML code to include tables.
4) Converted normal links to embedded links with pictures/logos of websites for better presentation of web content.
5) Added runner for Victorian VaxOnTime as well as additional links to download Smartphone app from Google and App Store.
6) Added additional features to website as Contact Us page, Team information, Link to Padlet and disclaimer for website.
7) Disclaimer is necessary as it will contain the last update date of website.
Still wrapping up :)

# data[].attributes.body
-The group decided that the Padlet will be utilised to aid in the development of the module. The Padlet was created and each member registered and joined.
-A website will be created as the health education module with the target audience being parents and parents-to-be who have doubts about the connection between vaccines and autism.

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This video is a quick Weebly tutorial for students. It explains how to access your account at "students.weebly.com," add pages, text, and images. This tutorial was created for my EDU 5240 course.

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19/03/2018, at 11:15am

26/03/2018, at 11:15am

09/04/2018, at 11:15am

16/04/2018, at 11:15am

18/04/2018, at 5pm

20/04/2018, at 6pm

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http://vaccinationmyth.weebly.com

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Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

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Vaccination is important at all stages of life to develop immunity. This will protect you and the community from certain diseases.

Your health, age, lifestyle and job will determine what vaccines you need and when to get them. See your doctor about which vaccinations you may need.

The National Immunisation Program offers free essential vaccines for eligible infants, children, adolescents and adults. See the National Immunisation Program schedule for details.

Free routine vaccinations are provided for:

Extra vaccinations are also provided free for:

Vaccines are recommended (but not provided free) for:

Vaccines required for:

You may need other vaccines not provided through the National or state and territory immunisation programs. You can buy extra vaccines privately when you need to. Talk to your doctor if you think you or someone in your care may need extra vaccines.

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Find out when to get vaccinated and what vaccinations are provided for free.

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What's the real story? Health asked leading autism researchers to help us figure it out.

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This study came out very recently basically disproving the Wakefield study

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This study came out very recently basically disproving the Wakefield study

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Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies

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Hey guys, this is a link to a pretty interesting account of the history of the theory of Vaccinations and Autism. I will work on researching these journal articles mentioned.

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Do Vaccines Cause Autism? | History of Vaccines

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Autism rates in developing countries have risen remarkably in the past 20 years. For children born in 1992, according to the U.S. CDC, about 1 in 150 would be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For children born in 2004,…

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Background info on Vaccines and Immunity

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Background info on Vaccines and Immunity

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NOVA | Immunity and Vaccines Explained | PBS

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FAQs

Vaccine safety

1: How safe are vaccines?

2: Can vaccine overload effect our immunity?

3: Relationship between vaccines and certain medical conditions?

(A) MMR vaccine causes Autism?

(B) Influenza vaccine causes flu?

(C) Childhood Immunization causes Asthma?

Vaccine content

1: Preservatives in vaccines - Thiomersal, phenoxyethanol and phenol.

2: Adjuvants in vaccines: Aluminium,

3: Additives in vaccines

4: Manufacturing residuals

5: Water

Need for Immunization

1: Natural immunity vs immunity from vaccination

2: Why is it still necessary to keep vaccinating our children against diseases such as polio,diphtheria and measles which have already been abolished from most parts of Australia?

3: Why do children still acquire diseases despite being vaccinated?

Opposing views around vaccinations

1: Can someone who had already contracted a disease still be vaccinated?

(A) Whooping cough

(B) Epilepsy and Neurological disease

(C) HIV infection

(D) person with allergies

(E) Chronically ill

(F) Immunocompromised

(G) Incurrent illness

2: Vaccination in pregnant women

General questions:

1: What are vaccines and how vaccination work?

2: Correct site for vaccination in a newborn, toddler, adult?

3: Booster doses

4: Vaccination in elderly people

5: Why getting vaccination is compulsory? What happens if children are not vaccinated?

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I have created this draft of a document for the section of the history. I'm not sure if it is in simple enough terms for the target audience? Let me know what you think!

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Review on parents experience of communication about routine vaccination (click on the blank just below all writing)

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Review on parents experience of communication about routine vaccination (click on the blank just below all writing)

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- good reference to say why we are presenting out module in a website
- give ideas of what is important information to include
- the role of communication in educating people about routine vaccination

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Click Here for Video Stories by Vaccine Categories SUBMIT YOUR STORY click on state to watch vaccine injury story

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Understanding vaccine hesitancy (click on the blank just below this writing)

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Understanding vaccine hesitancy (click on the blank just below this writing)

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This is the original Wakefield study claiming that Autism was caused by vaccines

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This is the original Wakefield study claiming that Autism was caused by vaccines

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This is a study done looking at the relationship between thimerosal in vaccines and autism

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This is a study done looking at the relationship between thimerosal in vaccines and autism

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Thimerosal is a mercury containing compound that used to be used as a preservative in some vaccines. Mercury can cause neurological (among other) issues which is why people were saying that it lead to Autism. The article explains that it has been replaced with a preservative that doesn't contain mercury, and even those who received the thimerosal didn't accumulate enough to cause any neurological deficits, as the mercury compound in thimerosal is different to the one that typically causes issues and has a much shorter half life in the body.

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1. History of the Theory
2. Mercury exposure from vaccines
3. Audio recording

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1. Why Vaccinate ?
2. Side Effects
3. Leaflet

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1. Schedule information
2. Health engine
3. National immunisation hotline information
4. A snapshot of the immunisation schedule
5. VaxOnTime application

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1. What is Autism?
2. Causes of Autism
3. Studies showing vaccines aren’t associated with autism or autism spectrum disorder
4. Vaccination vs No Vaccination

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1. Frequently asked questions
2. Get in Touch With Us
3. Meet our team

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Introduction tutorial to weebly.com: Create a Free Website

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Introduction tutorial to weebly.com: Create a Free Website

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Weebly 2016 - Introduction tutorial to weebly.com: Create a Free Website

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-Each group members completed tasks were collectively reviewed and then moved to column 6.
-The group reviewed the layout of the website created (http://vaccinationmyth.weebly.com) and discussed its creativity.
-Means of dissemination of the health education module were discussed. View the word document attached below.

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This is good fact sheet about thimerosal that I stubbed across while researching if anyone needs it

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This is good fact sheet about thimerosal that I stubbed across while researching if anyone needs it

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My only suggestion is that instead of saying potentially leading to an outbreak say there was one. If you google ‘MMR outbreak 1998’ the cdc website has data on it so there was one apparently (about 100 cases) - Jess

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Okay so I wrote out all the first paragraphs (I got a little carried away) and then remembered we have a word limit and tried to condense it to two small paragraphs at the bottom.

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Okay so I wrote out all the first paragraphs (I got a little carried away) and then remembered we have a word limit and tried to condense it to two small paragraphs at the bottom.

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I kept the original info because it might be useful, feel free to add stuff or cut stuff in the final paragraphs down the bottom

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One of the best videos Ive seen explaining what Autism is and how we are all the same. Must watch. Kudos to the creators. I did not create this video. More can be found out about the project and team of creators here http://amazingthingshappen.tv/

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It's not too late' section ehealth module.docx

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An agreement was made in order to successfully develop the module in a timely manner and effectively work as a group.
-Each group member agreed to read the health education module  marking rubric and familiarise themselves with the allocated myth (vaccines cause autism) as much as possible, by doing a personal search.
-Each group member agreed to take on the responsibility of completing allocated tasks to them, which will be decided collectively.
-Each group member agreed to follow the planned module development and upload their weekly allocated tasks in columns under their names by midnight every Saturday.
-Each group member also agreed to keep themselves updated by checking the Padlet every Sunday in order to successfully follow the module development plan, discuss content gathered and progress made before the next meet-up.
-Each group member agreed to complete tasks during meet-ups, as well as in their own personal time.
-Each group member agreed to work hard, try their best and help other members with tasks when additional help is required.
-Each group member agreed that Sandeep will be creating the website, including the entire layout and upload all content (and anything else to do with the function and presentation of the entire website).
-Each group member agreed that Amela will create the Padlet, organise and maintain it by outline the stages of work undertaken (including the documentation of discussions, decisions and group accomplishments during meet-ups).

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Allocated tasks for each group member that must be completed before next meet up (09/04/2018)

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Allocated tasks for each group member that must be completed before next meet up (09/04/2018)

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TANU:
-research on vaccine hesitancy
-research on and formulate questions (FAQ for the website) on vaccines, including , vaccine safety, vaccine content, the need for immunisation and opposing views around vaccinations

RENEE:
-research on the myth that vaccines cause autism, including looking at information and articles on the history of the myth (what caused the rise of the myth - the Wakefield study) and clearing of the myth (why Wakefield's study was retracted and the following studies undertaken that cannot replicate his findings thus busting the myth)
-write up the history of the theory for the website

JAIPAL:
-search for educational videos on our topic
-search and describe autism and autism spectrum disorder
-find studies that show that vaccines aren't associated with autism or autism spectrum disorder
-find comparison information of vaccinating vs not vaccinating

JESSICA:
-research the disprovement of Wakefields study
-background info on vaccines and immunity
-research on thimerosal in vaccines and autism
-why vaccinate and side effects

SANDEEP:
-familiarise with the weebly website and how it works and look at layouts of similar websites for ideas
-create the website (entire layout, including the tabs and sub-tabs for finalised content to be added into, at a later stage)
-research on signs, symptoms and causes of autism and autism spectrum disorder

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-The group discussed the marking rubric for clarification of any confusion and to ensure each group member understands what is expected.
-The group decided that the hyperlink name of the website will be www.vaccinationmyth.weebly.com.
-The group decided which tabs will be on the website and what they will include. View column 3 for details.

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General ideas for the website, rough notes

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General ideas for the website, rough notes

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- a section outlining that it isn't too late to get vaccines (with a link), even a link to find a GP near your area
- maybe have an info line, contact us tab that can be used for any questions they still may have, to further clarify any confusion or concerns
- explanation of what autism is, what causes it and why the myth isn't true
- what diseases children could get if not vaccinated and their devastating affects
- immunisation protects all our kids, not just yours
- vaccine ingredients are now different
-have a history section of how the myth came about
-have some sort of advice paragraph for parents
-side effects of vaccines

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Discussion of evaluation of dissemination, uptake and utilisation of the health education model

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Discussion of evaluation of dissemination, uptake and utilisation of the health education model

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Evaluation of dissemination would be based on the amount of hits on the website, the amount of people listening to the podcast and the number of leaflets taken from the locations to which they would be distributed (medical clinics, play centres, childcare centres, maternity wards in hospitals and primary schools).

Evaluation of uptake would be based on the amount of comments received on the website.

It would not be possible to directly evaluate the utilisation.

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--The group decided that the website on its own is not sufficient/creative enough.

It was decided that:
-An audio recording will be created to aid in creativity and dissemination. The aim would be to get it on the radio as a podcast and reach a wider audience.
-A simple leaflet with a catchy phrase will be created to aid creativity and dissemination. The leaflets would be distributed to medical clinics, play centres, childcare centres, maternity wards in hospitals and primary schools.

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All confirmed content in column 6 was reviewed a final time and then uploaded to the website, including the audio recording and leaflet created.

# data[].attributes.headline
Allocated tasks that must be completed before next meet up (16/04/2018)

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Allocated tasks that must be completed before next meet up (16/04/2018)

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AMELA:
-create the audio recording

JESSICA:
-create the leaflet

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Each group member double checked that all components of the health education module marking rubric are covered and some minor changes to the website were made.

# data[].attributes.headline
Final revision and submission date and time agreement of the health education module

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Final revision and submission date and time agreement of the health education module

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Each group member reviewed the entire website, tab by tab.

Each group member agreed that the final revision of the health education module is complete and ready for submission.

Each group member agreed on the submission date and time of the health education module to be on Saturday 21st April 2018 at pm.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25708367/

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Frequently asked questions

1: Are vaccines safe?

Vaccines are tested for safety and effectiveness in clinical trials before it’s made available to public. All vaccines in Australia, are marketed and manufactured according to Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) guidelines.

(2) Does MMR vaccine causes Autism?

No.

Wakefield et al. (1999) suggested that MMR vaccine causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 12 children, which results in reduced absorption of important vitamins through gastrointestinal track. This can result in developmental syndrome Autism (Wakefield, 1999). The study was retracted by the British Medical Journal Lancet in 2010.

An independent body in the United states, established that there is no link between the MMR and Autism (Smeeth et al., 2004). For further information, refer to MMR vaccine decision aid designed for parents.

(3) Are preservatives in vaccines harmful?

Vaccine uses several preservatives such as Thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, phenol, adjuvants, and additives to prevent fungal and bacterial growth in the vaccine.

Thiomersal

Thiomersal is a compound that is partially formed of mercury called ethyl mercury. It has been added in vaccines for about 6 decades to prevent the growth of fungus and bacteria in vaccine. It can be poisonous if it reaches a certain level in the body, which is dependent on factors such as amount of mercury consumed and body weight. People with low body weight are more susceptible to mercury toxicity such as premature babies with low birth weight.

To totally eliminate the effect of mercury consumption, Thiomersal was totally removed from vaccines for children and adolescents.

For more production information for individual vaccine refer to, http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10-tools~handbook10-appendices~handbook10-appendix3#table-a-3-1

(4) Why is it necessary to get immunization?

Vaccine-induced immunity can decline with time, without booster doses. Diseases like MMR, polio, DPT have been eradicated from most parts of Australia but vaccinations against these disease are still necessary as these diseases have sometime recurred.

Recent outbreaks of measles, whooping cough and rubella were seen in Australia.  To avoid these diseases it is necessary to vaccinate our kids to prevent further outbreaks and deaths. Also, diseases against which we vaccinate our children are still present in other countries. So non-immunized or low immunity individual can contract the disease and bring it into the country. If more people are vaccinated, there will be a less chance of spread of particular diseases.

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Mercury exposure from vaccines

In Australia, thiomersal (an organic compound comprising 49.6% ethyl mercury by weight) (Offit, 2007) has been eliminated from all childhood vaccines since 2000. Before the year 2000, a 6 month old infant vaccine schedule was (Table 1) (D. A. Geier, Sykes, & Geier, 2007; M. R. Geier & Geier, 2003),

Vaccine | Number of doses | Ethyl mercury (µg) | Total amount in average body (body weight/week)
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT)  | 3 |    175 µg |   1.9 µg/kg
Hepatitis A | 3 |   |
Haemophiliusinfluenza type B (HiB) | 3 |   |

Table 1: Vaccine schedule for a 6 month old.

As shown in table 1, levels were below the World health organization (WHO) limit for ethyl mercury. No evidence of mercury toxicity was seen in infants or adults as stated by Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety and WHO. Many studies have shown, that there is no indication of Autism and neurological abnormalities (Kern et al., 2013; Smeeth et al., 2004) resulting from the use of vaccines containing thiomersal as opposed to first study in this area (Wakefield, 1999).

Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., & Geier, M. R. (2007). A review of Thimerosal (Merthiolate) and its ethylmercury breakdown product: specific historical considerations regarding safety and effectiveness. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev, 10(8), 575-596. doi:10.1080/10937400701389875

Geier, M. R., & Geier, D. A. (2003). Neurodevelopmental disorders after thimerosal-containing vaccines: a brief communication. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 228(6), 660-664.

Kern, J. K., Haley, B. E., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., King, P. G., & Geier, M. R. (2013). Thimerosal exposure and the role of sulfation chemistry and thiol availability in autism. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10(8), 3771-3800. doi:10.3390/ijerph10083771

Offit, P. A. (2007). Thimerosal and vaccines--a cautionary tale. N Engl J Med, 357(13), 1278-1279. doi:10.1056/NEJMp078187

Smeeth, L., Cook, C., Fombonne, E., Heavey, L., Rodrigues, L. C., Smith, P. G., & Hall, A. J. (2004). MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study. Lancet, 364(9438), 963-969. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17020-7

Wakefield, A. J. (1999). MMR vaccination and autism. Lancet, 354(9182), 949-950. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8

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Jaipal - Details of autism, ASD, Studies showing no link b/w vaccination and autism and Overview of Vaccination vs not vaccination

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Jaipal - Details of autism, ASD, Studies showing no link b/w vaccination and autism and Overview of Vaccination vs not vaccination

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Vaccines and the autism myth - part 1 | Infectious diseases | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy

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Vaccines and the autism myth - part 2 | Infectious diseases | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy

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Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autistic Spectrum Disorder association 

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Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autistic Spectrum Disorder association 

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Details of autism, ASD, Studies showing no link b/w vaccination and autism and Overview of Vaccination vs not vaccination

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Details of autism, ASD, Studies showing no link b/w vaccination and autism and Overview of Vaccination vs not vaccination

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"We are really trying to track down people who would be emerging now with symptoms, both from these two cases who travelled extensively around Melbourne, but also with the third case we need to chase up the passenger list on the flight because they were infectious on arrival in Melbourne," Dr Sutton said.

"The fact that [the infected people] have been to so many places unaware of their diagnosis in a setting where people are in close contact means that we should expect more and that's why awareness of symptoms are important."

The woman and the child were infectious between September 6 and September 13 and were separately at the train stations between Armadale and Southern Cross and Collins Street in the city during this period.

It's believed they became infected at one of the train stations or at the St Kilda library between August 20 and September 1.

People who attended these locations between August 20 and September 1 may already be unwell with measles.

The patients later walked through Chadstone shopping centre, IKEA Richmond and Ballarat.

Locations where the two cases spent time while infectious between September 6 and 13 include:

September 6: IKEA Richmond (11am-1pm)

September 7: Spotlight Carnegie (11.30am-12.30pm), Chadstone Shopping Centre, specifically Kmart (12pm-3.30pm)

September 8: Federation University, Ballarat (Mt Helen Campus)

September 9: Chadstone Shopping Centre (10am-1pm)

September 11-12: Frankston Train line (peak hour) - Armadale Station and Southern Cross Station

September 13: IKEA Richmond (11am-1.30pm)

The traveller returned to Australia on September 12, becoming unwell the next day. He was infectious, therefore, on the flights home and when transiting through Doha and Melbourne.

These flights include one from Bucharest - flight number QR222 - departing on September 12. He stopped over for one hour in Doha, Qatar and then flew to Melbourne on QR904, arriving September 13 in the late afternoon.

Health Department spokesman Bram Alexander said the Health Department was individually contacting passengers sitting in the rows ahead, behind and to the side of the man.

Those who had attended a Federation University Mount Helen campus seminar with the ill woman were also being contacted.

Measles is highly infectious and airborne, and can stay in the environment for up to two hours.

It has an incubation period of between seven and 18 days.

Dr Sutton said symptoms of the measles included a cough, a runny nose, red eyes, followed by a high fever and then a rash that began in the face and spread down the body. He urged everyone to ensure they were vaccinated against the disease.

"If those symptoms are present and you are not aware of your immunisation status or are un-vaccinated then you really need to call ahead to emergency department or GP and make sure you have a mask on while you are being assessed so that you are not putting other people at risk," he said.

"Children who are too young to be immunised are obviously vulnerable until they get that vaccine at 12 months of age and a follow up vaccine at 18 months.

"So if everyone else can be immunised then you don't get these cases which are imported basically from international travel."

Susceptible people who have attended these places are at risk of measles and may have the onset of symptoms anytime from September 13 until October 4.

The adult woman and the traveller are both in a stable condition in hospital, while the baby is recovering at home.

A journalist at The Age

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Neelima Choahan, Daniella Miletic, Marika Dobbin-Thomas

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Baby boy among three infected in Victoria's measles outbreak

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"We are really trying to track down people who would be emerging now with symptoms, both from these two cases who travelled extensively around Melbourne, but also with the third case we need to chase up the passenger list on the flight because they were infectious on arrival in Melbourne," Dr Sutton said.

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Health education module development plan

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Health education module development plan

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The group collectively agreed to create a module development plan which outlines the tasks that must be completed during each subsequent meet up, including the tasks to be completed for this (the first) meet up and submission date. A table of the outline is attached below.

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Frequently asked questions

1: Are vaccines safe?

Vaccines are tested for safety and effectiveness in clinical trials before it’s made available to public. All vaccines in Australia, are marketed and manufactured according to Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) guidelines.

(2) Does MMR vaccine causes Autism?

No.

Wakefield et al. (1999) suggested that MMR vaccine causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 12 children, which results in reduced absorption of important vitamins through gastrointestinal track. This can result in developmental syndrome Autism (Wakefield, 1999). The study was retracted by the British Medical Journal Lancet in 2010.

An independent body in the United States, established that there is no link between the MMR and Autism (Taylor, Swerdfeger, & Eslick, 2014). For further information, refer to MMR vaccine decision aid designed for parents.

(3) Are preservatives in vaccines harmful?

Vaccine uses several preservatives such as Thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, phenol, adjuvants, and additives to prevent fungal and bacterial growth in the vaccine (Hooker et al., 2014).

Thiomersal

Thiomersal is a compound that is partially formed of mercury called ethyl mercury. It has been added in vaccines for about 6 decades to prevent the growth of fungus and bacteria in vaccine. It can be poisonous if it reaches a certain level in the body, which is dependent on factors such as amount of mercury consumed and body weight. People with low body weight are more susceptible to mercury toxicity such as premature babies with low birth weight.

To totally eliminate the effect of mercury consumption, Thiomersal was totally removed from vaccines for children and adolescents.

For more production information for individual vaccine refer to, http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10-tools~handbook10-appendices~handbook10-appendix3#table-a-3-1

(4) Why is it necessary to get immunization?

Vaccine-induced immunity can decline with time, without booster doses. Diseases like MMR, polio, DPT have been eradicated from most parts of Australia but vaccinations against these disease are still necessary as these diseases have sometime recurred.

Recent outbreaks of measles, whooping cough and rubella were seen in Australia.  To avoid these diseases it is necessary to vaccinate our kids to prevent further outbreaks and deaths. Also, diseases against which we vaccinate our children are still present in other countries. So non-immunized or low immunity individual can contract the disease and bring it into the country. If more people are vaccinated, there will be a less chance of spread of particular diseases (Larson et al., 2015).

Hooker, B., Kern, J., Geier, D., Haley, B., Sykes, L., King, P., & Geier, M. (2014). Methodological issues and evidence of malfeasance in research purporting to show thimerosal in vaccines is safe. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 247218. doi:10.1155/2014/247218

Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., . . . Hesitancy, S. W. G. o. V. (2015). Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165-4175. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.037

Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623-3629. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085

Wakefield, A. J. (1999). MMR vaccination and autism. Lancet, 354(9182), 949-950. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8

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Mercury exposure from vaccines

In Australia, thiomersal (an organic compound comprising 49.6% ethyl mercury by weight) (Offit, 2007) has been eliminated from all childhood vaccines since 2000. Before the year 2000, a 6 month old infant vaccine schedule was (Table 1)(Dorea, 2013),

Vaccine | Number of doses | Ethyl mercury (µg) | Total amount in average body (body weight/week)
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT)  | 3 |    175 µg |   1.9 µg/kg
Hepatitis A | 3 |   |
Haemophiliusinfluenza type B (HiB) | 3 |   |

Table 1: Vaccine schedule for a 6 month old.

As shown in table 1, levels were below the World health organization (WHO) limit for ethyl mercury. No evidence of mercury toxicity was seen in infants or adults as stated by Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety and WHO. Many studies have shown, that there is no indication of Autism and neurological abnormalities (Hooker et al., 2014; Kern et al., 2013) resulting from the use of vaccines containing thiomersal as opposed to first study in this area (Wakefield, 1999).

Dorea, J. G. (2013). Low-dose mercury exposure in early life: relevance of thimerosal to fetuses, newborns and infants. Curr Med Chem, 20(32), 4060-4069.

Hooker, B., Kern, J., Geier, D., Haley, B., Sykes, L., King, P., & Geier, M. (2014). Methodological issues and evidence of malfeasance in research purporting to show thimerosal in vaccines is safe. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 247218. doi:10.1155/2014/247218

Kern, J. K., Haley, B. E., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., King, P. G., & Geier, M. R. (2013). Thimerosal exposure and the role of sulfation chemistry and thiol availability in autism. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10(8), 3771-3800. doi:10.3390/ijerph10083771

Offit, P. A. (2007). Thimerosal and vaccines--a cautionary tale. N Engl J Med, 357(13), 1278-1279. doi:10.1056/NEJMp078187

Wakefield, A. J. (1999). MMR vaccination and autism. Lancet, 354(9182), 949-950. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8

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The word document contains references, information on the target audience, the method of delivery of proposed module, the means of dissemination of the health education module and the means and mechanisms to be adopted to evaluate the dissemination, uptake and utilisation of the health education module.

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1: Are vaccines safe?

Vaccines are tested for safety and effectiveness in clinical trials before it’s made available to public. All vaccines in Australia, are marketed and manufactured according to Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) guidelines.

(2) Does MMR vaccine causes Autism?

No.

Wakefield et al. (1999) suggested that MMR vaccine causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 12 children, which results in reduced absorption of important vitamins through gastrointestinal track. This can result in developmental syndrome Autism (Wakefield, 1999). The study was retracted by the British Medical Journal Lancet in 2010.

An independent body in the United States, established that there is no link between the MMR and Autism (Taylor, Swerdfeger, & Eslick, 2014). For further information, refer to MMR vaccine decision aid designed for parents.

(3) Are preservatives in vaccines harmful?

Vaccine uses several preservatives such as Thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, phenol, adjuvants, and additives to prevent fungal and bacterial growth in the vaccine (Hooker et al., 2014).

Thiomersal

Thiomersal is a compound that is partially formed of mercury called ethyl mercury. It has been added in vaccines for about 6 decades to prevent the growth of fungus and bacteria in vaccine. It can be poisonous if it reaches a certain level in the body, which is dependent on factors such as amount of mercury consumed and body weight. People with low body weight are more susceptible to mercury toxicity such as premature babies with low birth weight.

To totally eliminate the effect of mercury consumption, Thiomersal was totally removed from vaccines for children and adolescents.

For more production information for individual vaccine refer to, http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10-tools~handbook10-appendices~handbook10-appendix3#table-a-3-1

(4) Why is it necessary to get immunization?

Vaccine-induced immunity can decline with time, without booster doses. Diseases like MMR, polio, DPT have been eradicated from most parts of Australia but vaccinations against these disease are still necessary as these diseases have sometime recurred.

Recent outbreaks of measles, whooping cough and rubella were seen in Australia.  To avoid these diseases it is necessary to vaccinate our kids to prevent further outbreaks and deaths. Also, diseases against which we vaccinate our children are still present in other countries. So non-immunized or low immunity individual can contract the disease and bring it into the country. If more people are vaccinated, there will be a less chance of spread of particular diseases (Larson et al., 2015).

Hooker, B., Kern, J., Geier, D., Haley, B., Sykes, L., King, P., & Geier, M. (2014). Methodological issues and evidence of malfeasance in research purporting to show thimerosal in vaccines is safe. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 247218. doi:10.1155/2014/247218

Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., . . . Hesitancy, S. W. G. o. V. (2015). Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165-4175. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.037

Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623-3629. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085

Wakefield, A. J. (1999). MMR vaccination and autism. Lancet, 354(9182), 949-950. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8

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Mercury exposure from vaccines

In Australia, thiomersal (an organic compound comprising 49.6% ethyl mercury by weight) (Offit, 2007) has been eliminated from all childhood vaccines since 2000. Before the year 2000, a 6 month old infant vaccine schedule was (Table 1)(Dorea, 2013),

Vaccine | Number of doses | Ethyl mercury (µg) | Total amount in average body (body weight/week)
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT)  | 3 |    175 µg |   1.9 µg/kg
Hepatitis A | 3 |   |
Haemophiliusinfluenza type B (HiB) | 3 |   |

Table 1: Vaccine schedule for a 6 month old.

As shown in table 1, levels were below the World health organization (WHO) limit for ethyl mercury. No evidence of mercury toxicity was seen in infants or adults as stated by Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety and WHO. Many studies have shown, that there is no indication of Autism and neurological abnormalities (Hooker et al., 2014; Kern et al., 2013) resulting from the use of vaccines containing thiomersal as opposed to first study in this area (Wakefield, 1999).

Dorea, J. G. (2013). Low-dose mercury exposure in early life: relevance of thimerosal to fetuses, newborns and infants. Curr Med Chem, 20(32), 4060-4069.

Hooker, B., Kern, J., Geier, D., Haley, B., Sykes, L., King, P., & Geier, M. (2014). Methodological issues and evidence of malfeasance in research purporting to show thimerosal in vaccines is safe. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 247218. doi:10.1155/2014/247218

Kern, J. K., Haley, B. E., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., King, P. G., & Geier, M. R. (2013). Thimerosal exposure and the role of sulfation chemistry and thiol availability in autism. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10(8), 3771-3800. doi:10.3390/ijerph10083771

Offit, P. A. (2007). Thimerosal and vaccines--a cautionary tale. N Engl J Med, 357(13), 1278-1279. doi:10.1056/NEJMp078187

Wakefield, A. J. (1999). MMR vaccination and autism. Lancet, 354(9182), 949-950. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8

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