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The birth rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year or period.

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Already OECD lowest, South Korea's birthrate getting worse

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Government's many measures have had little effect on raising the low birthrate

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Tertiary consumer. noun, Ecology. 1. a carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores; an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers.

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A tertiary consumer eats secondary animals in the food chain

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Tertiary consumers are predators that eat secondary organisms in the food chain, an example of these could be hawks that eat small mammals and birds GCSE

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Secondary succession is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat.

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Secondary succession | Definition, Stages, & Facts

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secondary succession, type of ecological succession (the evolution of a biological community’s ecological structure) in which plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (e.g., farming or road or bu…

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A carnivore, meaning "meat eater", is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging.

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Interpreting Food Webs - ppt video online download

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Energy Diagrams Food Chain- shows a single pathway of energy flow in an ecosystem Food web- shows multiple pathways of energy flow in an ecosystem Energy pyramid shows how energy is lost as you move from one trophic level to the next.

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An animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.

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Scavenging is a great strategy to find food for animals, but it comes with a dangerous side effect - toxins like anthrax or botulism. MinuteEarth uncovers how scavengers gain immunity to these toxins present in their rotting food.

Video Summary

Microbes start to decompose a dead animal within 5 minutes. Microbes release harmful toxins like anthrax or botulism during decomposition, which deter other animals from eating the rotting meat. Scavengers, however, happily feed on these dead animals. To avoid getting sick from these toxins, scavengers employ defenses like antibiotic slime or stomach acid. Additionally, with each meal, a scavenger strengthens its immune system against the toxins. Immunity is then further fostered between scavengers through normal social behavior. Understanding these defenses can help develop human defenses against diseases we don't have vaccinations for.

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Scavengers Eating Ability | Why They Don't Get Sick

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Scavenging is a great strategy to find food for animals, but it comes with a dangerous side effect - toxins like anthrax or botulism. MinuteEarth uncovers how scavengers gain immunity to these toxins present in their rotting food. Video Summary Microbes start to decompose a dead animal within 5 minutes.

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An autotrophic organism that serves as a source of food for other organisms in a food chain. Producers include green plants, which produce food through photosynthesis, and certain bacteria that are capable of converting inorganic substances into food through chemosynthesis.

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Plants engage in photosynthesis by combining carbon dioxide and water with sunlight. This process releases a small amount of water, some oxygen as a waste product and sugars. These sugars contain the energy that originated in the sun; when the plant needs energy, it breaks down these sugars to release the energy.

Photosynthesis largely takes place in small organelles, called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are most common in the cells that make up the plant's leaves, but a few can also be found in the stems and other green structures. Scientists believe that chloroplasts may have initially evolved as free-living bacteria before they became symbiotic components of some plant cells.

Despite the fact that green plants make their own food, some plants, such as the infamous Venus fly trap, consume animals as well. Carnivorous adaptations are common strategies of plants that live in nutrient-poor environments, such as peat swamps. Despite the ingestion of food, these plants still produce sugars through photosynthesis.
Learn more about Biology

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Plants engage in photosynthesis by combining carbon dioxide and water with sunlight. This process releases a small amount of water, some oxygen as a waste product and sugars. These sugars contain the energy that originated in the sun; when the plant needs energy, it breaks down these sugars to release the energy.

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Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited.

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primary succession Storyboard by hannahhearn

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Before a fire 1 yr after a fire- ecological succession begins 1 -3 years after fire, primary species begin to return. 3-5 years small plants and animals

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Primary consumers are herbivores, feeding on plants. Secondary consumers, on the other hand, are carnivores, and prey on other animals. Omnivores, who feed on both plants and animals, can also be considered a secondary consumer.

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Primary Consumer Definition

A primary consumer is an organism that feeds on primary producers. Organisms of this type make up the second trophic level and are consumed or predated by secondary consumers, tertiary consumers or apex predators.

Primary consumers are usually herbivores that feed on autotrophic plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis. Several other feeding strategies are also used by primary consumers: algivores feed on photosynthetic algae; frugivores feed on the fruiting bodies of plants; nectarivores feed on plant nectar; folivores feed on leaf material; granivores feed on grains and seeds while fungivores feed on heterotrophic fungi such as mushrooms. Many primary consumers adopt several different feeding strategies in order to maximize the effectiveness of foraging behavior.

Primary consumers often have specific physiological adaptions that allow them to process the carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis, which can be hard to break down and extract nutrition from; herbivores often have rows of wide, flat teeth are used to rasp, grind and tear tough plant material and woody stems. Many primary consumers also have symbiotic bacteria, which live within a special organ called the cecum and assist with the digestion of plant material.

Primary consumers exist in all biomes and fill a wide variety of niches. They can range from microscopic organisms such as zooplankton to animals as big as elephants.

Examples of Primary Consumers

Ruminants

Ruminants such as cows, sheep, deer, giraffes and goats are herbivore primary consumers, which graze or browse on plant material like grasses, herbs, leaves and twigs. Because the cellulose found in the cell walls of plants is hard to break down, ruminants have adaptions which allow them to acquire the nutrition using fermentation and digestion within four specialized chambers of their stomach.

Cows graze on plant material with a side-to-side motion, grinding the grass against a tough area of skin on the roof of the mouth (instead of top front teeth), called the dental pad. The chewed material is then passed into the first two digestive chambers, the 'rumen' and the 'reticulum', where the food is mixed with saliva and separated into liquid form and solid clumps called 'cud'. The cud is then regurgitated and further chewed, to reduce down the particle size of the food. It is then passed back into the two chambers, where the fibrous cellulose is broken down by protozoans, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. The partly digested material is then moved into the third chamber, the 'omasum', where the liquids are absorbed into the blood stream. Next, the material is moved into the fourth stomach, the 'abomasum'. This chamber is the most similar to the stomach of non-ruminants, and contains gastric acids which further break down the food. Finally, the material is passed to the small and large intestines, where true digestion i.e. the absorption of nutrients and further fermentation occurs.

The complexity of the ruminant stomach demonstrates the difficulties that large animals have in extracting sufficient nutrients from plant carbohydrates. However, the volatile fatty acids and proteins that are produced as a consequence of this system form an extremely important component of the human diet.

Zooplankton

Zooplankton are the microscopic organisms which exists as drifting organisms suspended in the oceans. These include protozoans, as well as metazoans (animals) that are in their juvenile form, such as jellyfish, mollusks and crustaceans

Almost all zooplankton are heterotrophic, which means they acquire their nutrition from the organic carbon produced through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is performed by the primary producers of the oceans, which convert inorganic carbon into usable energy; these are autotrophic algae known as phytoplankton.

Most zooplankton that are primary producers feed by filter feeding. In this feeding strategy, water, containing phytoplankton, is passed over specialized filtering structures and the phytoplankton are filtered out and digested.

Herbivorous birds

Many species of birds are either carnivores or omnivores, and so they occupy higher trophic levels than herbivorous birds. However, many birds feed on only fruit, seeds and berries and so they are at the level of primary consumer within the trophic pyramid

Birds, which specialize on a diet of plant matter, often have morphologically adapted beaks, which allow them to exploit their food source. , Toucans, parrots and parakeets have extremely strong beaks, which help them to crack nuts, which additionally act as a stabilizing device for climbing high trees to reach high-growing fruits. Hummingbirds and other nectarivorous birds usually have very small body sizes, and long, needle-thin beaks, which allow them to access nectar sources deep within the bodies of flowers. Many budgies, canaries and finches have a diet consisting of grains and seeds, so they have short, tough, pointed beaks, which allow them to pick up seeds with great precision.

Primary Producer - An organism that uses energy from sunlight to manufacture its own food.

Secondary Consumer - An organism which eats other heterotrophs, usually called carnivores or omnivores.

Trophic Level - Each of the levels within a food chain, in which animals fill the same nutritional role.

Food Web - The complex system of food chains and nutritional dispersal within an ecosystem.

Quiz

2. Which is not likely to be an adaption to a diet of consuming primary producers?
A. Filtering systems
B. Dental pads
C. Sharp teeth
D. Symbiotic gut bacteria

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Primary Consumer - Definition and Examples | Biology Dictionary

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A primary consumer is an organism that feeds on primary producers. Organisms of this type make up the second trophic level and are consumed or predated by secondary consumers, tertiary consumers or apex predators. Primary consumers are usually herbivores that feed on autotrophic plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis .

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An animal that is hunted and killed by another for food.

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The Philippine Eagle is a bird of extremes. It's the world's largest and rarest eagle, found only in the Philippines. Fewer than 800 individuals remain today, and the future of these iconic raptors - and of an untold number of other species - is tied to the fate of the Philippines' last fragments of old-growth forest.

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An animal that naturally preys on others.

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In Dec. 2016, the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission (CPW) approved two predator management plans in the state - the Piceance Basin Predator Management Plan and Upper Arkansas River Predator Management Plan. Both plans seek to employ the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services to assist in removing mountain lions, black bears, and other carnivores from the state in an effort to increase ungulate populations, including mule deer.

In Jan. 2017, WildEarth Guardians sued CPW, claiming that the predator management plans violated the Colorado Constitution's prohibition against trapping, amongst other claims.This suit, which is still before the court, was then followed by a second lawsuit in Apr. 2017 by WildEarth Guardians and the Center for Biological Diversity in response to Wildlife Service's ultimate decision to authorize the predator management work pursuant to the plans.

The groups claim that Wildlife Services violated the National Environmental Policy Act by failing to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) that adequately analyzes and considers the cumulative impacts of its decision to conduct predator damage management in Colorado. In 2016, Wildlife Services determined through an environmental assessment of predator damage management in Colorado that preparation of an EIS was not required under NEPA because the agency's current actions have the "lowest overall negative environmental consequences" and that future actions will likely not result in cumulatively significant environmental impacts.

Piceance Basin Predator Management Plan

Mule Deer populations in the Piceance Basin, located in northwest Colorado, have been monitored since the late 1940s. Recent data as referenced in the Piceance Basin Predator Management Plan indicates a decline in early winter fawn recruitment for mule deer. The plan for this area proposes monitoring fawn survival in two areas - one implementing predator reduction and a second area with no predator reduction efforts - over a three year period. Predator reduction efforts will focus on black bears and mountain lions, removing an expected 10-20 and 5-10 individuals, respectively, during May and June in the specified birthing areas. Black bears and mountain lions are cited in the plan as being connected to predation of at least 25% of the monitored fawns since 2011.

Information gathered during the next three years will indicate if "predation is most limiting or if maternal or fetal condition predisposes fawns to lower survival and ultimately reduces their recruitment as adults." CPW's criteria to find predator reduction effective would be a 20 percent or greater decrease in fawn predation from black bears and mountain lions along with a subsequent increase in fawn survival of 15 percent or more.

The plan is currently set to take effect on May 1.

Upper Arkansas River Predator Management Plan

In 2014, CPW adopted the Colorado mule deer strategy which identifies predators as a potential limiting factor for mule deer populations. CPW began to develop a project to examine how mule deer populations might respond to mountain lion suppression. A deer data analysis unit (DAU), D-16, located in south Central Colorado was indicated as a potential site where mountain lion suppression could be beneficial for mule deer populations. Managers have found the leading known cause of doe and fawn mortality in D-16 to be mountain lion predation since the DAU was established in 1999.

The project began during the 2016/2017 winter and will be conducted in three stages. During the current stage, which lasts for three years, mountain lions will be suppressed in D-16 and effects will be compared to an adjacent DAU, D-34, where the mountain lion population will be able to "increase towards habitat potential" with approximately 10 percent harvest. In stage two, both mountain lion populations will increase towards habitat potential for three years. In the third stage, the D-34 population will be suppressed while the D-16 mountain lions will be allowed to increase. CPW does not estimate a higher level of take than what would typically be seen by hunting at this time if the project were not taking place. In addition to examining the effects on mule deer populations, the CPW hopes to gain a better understanding for future management efforts and harvest levels of mountain lion populations.

Both plans considered non-lethal alternatives for predator control, pointing to considerable cost and effort to move adults of each species and potential creation of additional challenges for landowners and wildlife managers in the release areas. Known family groups encountered during removal efforts in the Piceance Basin will be translocated.

Other Recent Predator Control Lawsuits Across the Nation

Legal action has also been taken in regards to use of chemicals to control predator and nuisance species. The two primary chemical compounds of concern are M-44 explosive cyanide devices and Compound 1080. M-44 is a spring-loaded device containing sodium cyanide and Compound 1080 is composed of sodium fluoroacetate, typically found in livestock protection collars.

A coalition of organizations - including Western Watersheds Project, WildEarth Guardians, and the Center for Biological Diversity - filed a petition on Mar. 28 requesting the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and Wildlife Services cease use of M-44 devices in Idaho and remove any and all M-44 devices currently deployed in the state.

On Apr. 4, the Center for Biological Diversity, WildEarth Guardians, The Humane Society of the United States, and The Fund for Animals filed a lawsuit against Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the USFWS Acting Director Jim Kurth for inaction to reinitiate consultation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to protect species listed under the Endangered Species Act from sodium cyanide and Compound 1080.

Several attempts have been made to ban use of these chemicals through legislation since the 1970s. Most recently, Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-OR) has introduced H.R. 1817, the Chemical Poisons Reduction Act of 2017, which would prohibit the use of sodium fluoroacetate and sodium cyanide for predator control.
Read TWS' Read TWS' Standing Position on Toxic Chemical Compounds. Technical Review on Management of Large Mammalian Carnivores in North America.

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Predator control at the center of legal actions

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In Dec. 2016, the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission (CPW) approved two predator management plans in the state - the Piceance Basin Predator Management Plan and Upper Arkansas River Predator Management Plan. Both plans seek to employ the U.S.

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In biology, a population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

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World Population Day 2017

New Delhi, July 11: When the World Population Day was established in the year 1989, the world population was recorded at a little over 5 billion. Today, the global population stands at 7.5 billion. Although there has been a significant decline in fertility rate since the World Population Day was marked to address the issues that emerge from an ever-growing population of the world, nearly 80 million people are added to the world's population every year. To bring attention to the issues relating to population, July 11, is celebrated as World Population Day. This year, the theme of World Population Day 2017 is 'Family Planning: Empowering People, Developing Nations'. Did you know that India stands at number 2 in the list of most populous countries?

On World Population Day 2017, we have listed out a few facts on the global population that you should definitely know and work to control, educate and create awareness among people about population control.
ALSO READ: How India And Countries Around The World Are Aiding Family Planning
WORLD POPULATION DAY IN FACTS

1. In 1000 AD, the world population was only 400 million.

2. By 1804, the world population reached 1 billion.

3. The world population reached 7,400,000,000 on February 6, 2016.

4. Today, the world population stands at 7,500,000,000.

5. The top five most populous (approximately) countries are
China: 1,384,200,000
India: 1,318,350,000
The United States of America: 325,386,000
Indonesia: 263,991,000
Brazil: 207,718,000

6. Five least populous countries/territories are
Vatican City: 801
Nauru: 10,084
Tuvalu: 10,640
Palau: 17,950
San Marino: 33,121

7. Nearly 80 million people are added to the world's population every year.

8. By the year 2100, the population of the world would be approximately 11.2 billion.

9. The 7th million baby was born at 07:25 local Indian time in Mall village, Uttar Pradesh. She was named Baby Nargis.

10. Nearly 52 per cent of the world population is under 30 years old.

11. Every second, there are 4.3 births and 1.8 deaths.

12. If Facebook was a country, it would be the most populous in the world. Every month, 1.39 billion people log into their accounts on Facebook.

13. In 1800, only 3 per cent of the world population lived in cities.

14. By 2050, 70% of the world's population will live in cities.

15. In 1900, there were only 12 cities around the world with a population of 1 million. Today, there are nearly 400 cities. 19 cities of the 400 have a population of nearly 10 million.

Today, the United Nations through World Population Day seeks to "focus attention on the urgency and importance of population issues" with the theme Family Planning. On UN's page for World Population Day, it reads: "Around the world, some 225 million women who want to avoid pregnancy are not using safe and effective family planning methods, for reasons ranging from lack of access to information or services to lack of support from their partners or communities. Most of these women with an unmet demand for contraceptives live in 69 of the poorest countries on earth."

To curb the growing population of the world, many countries have come forward with creative ideas to promote the important pieces of information on safe sex, family planning and spacing out births. The Yogi Adityanath government in Uttar Pradesh have decided to launch 'Nayi Pahal' on World Population Day under which it will gist free condoms and contraceptives to the newlywed couples.

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Did you know that India stands at number 2 in the list of most populous countries? On World Population Day 2017, we have listed out a few facts on the global population that you should definitely know. - World Population Day 2017 in Facts

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An animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin.

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Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore Display Set

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Display the main feature of a carnivore, herbivore and omnivore with this handy colourful display. Also features a set of cards with creatures to be sorted into groups. 3 A4 posters and 20 creature cards....

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Niche formerly known as College Prowler, is an American company headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that runs a ranking and review site.

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primary succession Storyboard by hannahhearn

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Before a fire 1 yr after a fire- ecological succession begins 1 -3 years after fire, primary species begin to return. 3-5 years small plants and animals