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He was a British economist who created many economic theories.
His theory of comparative advantage states that countries have specialities, and they should focus on making what they're good at and trade that to other countries. So in theory, everyone will be getting better goods because everyone is buying from specialists. This needs free trade between countries to work, and creates international mass production. His theory is influenced by the industrial revolution because of the time it's created in and the fact that the theory relies on mass production to work.

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Conflict Theory

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Conflict Theory

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were both German philosophers, who would work together to come up with what is today known as Conflict Theory,
Marx and Engels would meet in France, and after befriending one another, would end up working together
Their collaborative works would be published in the mid-19th century
The concept of conflict theory states that the unequal division of wealth and resources will inevitably result in conflict among the population
Marx believed that acceptance of the system as it was was an ideology that was allowed to grow by the richer classes, who wished for the system to remain as it was
Marx and Engels believed that if the system reached such a point where the poorer classes had to somehow be appeased, society could either maintain its capitalist ideas and repeat the cycle, or perhaps adopt a new system, and this idea would pave the way for socialism
Marx and Engels put forth that class conflict is the reason for the majority of historical events, and that the types of events that occur change depending on how the economy is structured
Competition for political and economic power
The Industrial Revolution was a major change in the economy, and Marx and Engels might have observed how certain classes had become discontent with the others, and made their theory based on that
These brewing tensions might have reflected the ones in the past that preceded conflicts, and this might have given Marx and Engels the idea of all conflict being a result of class disparity

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Charles Darwin: Evolution through natural Selection 

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Charles Darwin: Evolution through natural Selection 

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Who were they: was a geologist, biologist.
Where he lived:  The Mount House, Shrewsbury United Kingdom
His theory of Evolution through Natural Selection was established by 1809-1882.

Theory:
-Darwinism stated all species of organisms develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
- Members of a species will compete to survive
- Individuals that are better adapted to the environment survive and reproduce
- The next generation inherit these traits of survival
Natural selection forms the basis for our understanding of how species change over time
-  Example: The Giraffes short neck
- the giraffes with short necks would soon be gone due to the natural selection
- the giraffes with longer necks would be more capable of thriving and surviving because when they eat their necks reach out for tall trees

How the industrial revolution influenced this theory:
- As higher education became common during the industrial revolution, more people were influenced to create new ideas and theories
- influenced by logical ideas of the industrial revolution as seen by his scientific thinking where he used physical observations and appearances to add to his ideas

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Who was Jeremy Bentham?:

Born in Houndsditch, London on February 15, 1748

Was an English philosopher and political radical

He studied Law

Utilitarianism was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)

The Utilitarianism Theory:

The view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good

It’s a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced

A utilitarian view is to maximize the overall good, considering the good of others as well as one's own good

Law should have the best outcome for all of society

Morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, but instead increase happiness or ‘utility’

How the Industrial revolution may have influenced this theory:

The industrial revolution has laws that do not have the best outcome for all people in society, leading to inequality

His theory pushed to alleviate the period’s dreadful living conditions

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Thomas Malthus was a scholar who was known for his Essay on the Principal of Population in 1798. Born on February 13th, 1776, died on December 29th, 1834
Lived in Surrey, England and went to Warrington Academy and Jesus College in Cambridge

Theory:
-Population grew in geometric progression and food production increased in arithmetic progression
-Population growth will exceed agricultural production (there won't be enough food to feed the population)
-Positive/Natural Checks are natural forces that would correct the imbalance. (natural disasters, wars and famines)
Preventative Checks are preventative measures to control population growth (family planning, late marriages, celibacy)
-Irish potato famine of the 19th century is an example. The growing population of Ireland was running out of food.

Industrial Revolution:
-Increase of life expectancy led to major population growth
-Reduced the need for farming (did not predict the food growth that would come with the industrial revolution, ex. GMO)

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Emile Durkheim - Structural Functionalism

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Emile Durkheim - Structural Functionalism

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Who, where, when:
- Emile Durkheim was a sociologist who was well known for his theories on the structure of society
- Born 1858, Died 1917, was alive during the start of the industrial revolution and the end of western civilization (outlaws, farming, and manual labour)
-  Durkheim was of Jewish decent who's family resided in France
Had written many books regarding methods of socialization, suicide and why people are lead to commit it,
- believes that society is in danger due to the development of technology and mechanisation
Explanation of theory:
- Society is an interrelated structure, like a human body.
- This theory believes in social structure, which are patterns of social behaviour
- Each social structure has a social function; the consequences for the operation of society as a whole
-  The structure is held together by shared values, languages and symbols
- Social institutions change whenever one institution does not meet their emotional or physical needs
Industrial Revolution Influence:
-founded on concept of social facts, defined as the norms, values and structures of society
- the labour alienated the workers from society

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Suhanna, Jileanne, Zerru
Who was Herbert Spencer?
- English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and liberal political theorist of the Victorian Era
- Born in Derbyshire, England and died in Brighton, Sussex
- Created idea of Social Darwinism in 1800s

Social Darwinism
- “Survival of the Fittest”
- Believed that human behaviour was designed to strive for self - preservation. “Society existed for its members and not for its benefits”.
- Fittest should survive and weakest should be allowed to “die out”
- Usually white English people were the fittest, and the working class were the weak
- Spencer believed that the rich and powerful became the fittest in society because they were adapted to the social and economic climate.

How was it influenced by the Industrial Revolution?
- According to Social Darwinism, bourgeoisie are the ‘fittest’ in society because they own factories,  they’re the richest in society and are not subjected to the cruel conditions that the workers are.
- The workers would be the ones who die out since they are poorer, and accidents at work such as their limbs being cut off by the machinery.