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Cultural food for thought from a university perspective

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Cultural food for thought from a university perspective

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From the course by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Global Impact: Cultural Psychology

This Course

Video Transcript

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Globalization has brought dramatic changes to the marketplace. A proliferation of global brands brings diverse cultures to a consumer population that is also growing culturally diverse. This course enables students to understand how globalization changes consumers at a psychological level, and provides tools for imbuing brands with cultural meanings-creating iconic brands-that can resonate with global consumers. The focus is on understanding that culture exists in the mind (e.g., values and beliefs) as well as in the environment (e.g., objects, brands, and institutions), and that globalization creates multi-cultural spaces in contemporary societies. Consumers can use the cultural meaning of a brand to build their identities (i.e., assimilate the brand cultural symbolism) or reject the brand's cultural meaning(s) (i.e., exclusionary reactions). The course will help students identify when assimilation vs. exclusionary reactions are more likely to occur, as well as devise strategies for imbuing brands with cultural meanings that can elevate them to the status of cultural icons. Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: * Understand how globalization impacts the psychological responses of consumers in global markets * Understand what culture is and how it manifests itself * Understand how brands acquire cultural meanings * Predict consumers' responses to the cultural meanings in brands * Identify strategies to win-over multi-cultural consumers in globalized markets * Learn how to build an iconic brand This course is part of the iMBA offered by the University of Illinois, a flexible, fully-accredited online MBA at an incredibly competitive price. For more information, please see the Resource page in this course and onlinemba.illinois.edu.

GLOBALIZATION, CULTURE & BRANDS

Globalization has brought dramatic changes to the marketplace. A proliferation of global brands brings diverse cultures to a consumer population that is also growing culturally diverse. This module discusses what globalization is, and how it is connected to four forces: growing multiculturalism, cultural mixing, global competition, and connectivity/co-creation. We will analyze what culture is, how it manifests itself, and how culture varies around the world. We will close this module by acknowledging that brands can be tangible representations of culture that embody the values and ideals of a cultural group.

Meet the Instructors

Professor
Department of Business Administration

My direct observation of globalization is after my comparison to the places I've been.

Coming from China, a rapid globalization place.

And I went to Peru this winter.

When I walk in the mall in Peru,

I just feel exactly the same like I was in China.

That make me very confused and shocked

that it's totally a different country and the history and the culture,

but there are certain places that are so similar.

And I think that's what globalization brings to the current world,

that cheaper technology, and the cost is lower to transport everything,

to move information around,

to let the world share similar things.

It's very good for I think for economy in a way.

But in culture we need to consider more about globalization.

Globalization, although some people say it began long back,

but I feel it's a relatively recent trend especially like starting in

the 1820s and then taking like course in the 1990s.

So I'd say that it is closely related because with internet,

with transportation people are coming together.

It's a lot about cross-cultural exchange.

People are trading. People are investing in different areas.

Lot of exchange of knowledge is happening.

So I think what culture does is while you are distinct from each other,

it also brings you closer and you get to know about the other cultures,

the other practices, other beliefs.

So I think that we are very closely related,

and at times it's strange how you discover that somebody

in US maybe very similar to somebody else in India in terms of certain practices.

That is a very common thing.

I don't know. As A South Korean,

first of all I'm very proud of my country

in terms of globalization of business because we have a lot of companies like Samsung,

Hyundai or automobile, mobile companies who do their business in Africa,

United States, anywhere in the world.

By saying that I think that nowaday

everything is just integrated all together even business, cultures, societies, people.

Because I talk to my mom in South Korea every day, every morning and night.

And I talk to my friend in Netherlands.

And I use multinational product companies.

Product like shampoo, clothes, or my iPhone.

So I feel like globalization is just our everyday behavior.

We go to school and meet people from all over the world.

And even we learn about global marketing, globalization, international management.

So I think globalization is one thing that people cannot ignore in these days.

And one thing that's just involved in everyone's behavior in every daily basis.

The world is a smaller piece because of the internet.

The world is a smaller place because of the internet.

Whatever time it used to take in the past to travel between two countries it no longer

longer takes that much amount of time.

So to leverage these companies have started expanding globally.

You have a manufacturing based out of China,

design out of United States,

and demand satisfaction somewhere else.

Because of this global nature of the supply chain it is imperative

for people to understand the perspectives of people based out of China,

Europe, and North America.

So that's why you need to know about their beliefs,

their cultures, their traditions.

From what I've seen and when I studied in Barcelona and Italy,

it seems that the increment in globalization

is actually leading to more nationalism and more populism.

Like we saw with Trump and like we're seeing in

Europe with Le Pen and those other people.

It makes people fear the unknown because there's

so much traffic going in and out of their countries.

Their national identity seems to be

diluted or there is that perception that it's diluted.

So people strongly associate it with their cultures, right?

Like I said before, like,

they care a lot about it sometimes,

very patriotic or whatever it's part of their culture.

When there's a lot of immigration, that sort of thing,

it seems like it's diluting it.

And so people fear that and there's more nationalism and there's an increment

in you know fear of the foreigner which is really sad.

I would hope that it would be the other way around.

Obviously that like when I traveled abroad to Italy, for example,

or what I learned there is that a lot of what we want is the same things,

just there's a different way to say it not just language but in the way you act.

Right? We all just want to be part of a group.

and accepted, and that sort of thing.

And hopefully I thought that would hopefully lead to more unison,

but it seems that it's that way so far.

Globalization is the buzzword of the 21st century.

But what is globalization?

People often have different opinions about what

globalization means for them. But what about you?

What is globalization for you?

In the next screen you will see alternative definitions of globalization.

I want you to please choose one of

those definitions that better reflect your own opinion.

Just pick the one that you think is the best word.

So when we think globalization,

we think international trade and cultural exchanges.

And this often reminds me of the story of Marco Polo.

You remember that story is

the Venetian merchant of the 13th century that embarked on an epic journey to Asia.

Returning after 24 years.

His trip is not only an example of the history of trade between Asia and Europe,

but also how Europeans gain insights into Chinese culture.

But when we think of globalization today,

we think Marco Polo's voyages and asteroids.

What took more Apollo 24 years to accomplish can now be done in less than a week.

So globalization can be defined as the acceleration

and intensification of economic interaction among the people,

companies, and governments of different nations.

When you choose responses before two, three options,

we could say that all of the above was really the correct answer.

Globalization relates to accelerated international exchange of commerce.

It's also related to interaction between people,

and it's also this notion of multiculturalism or being

aware of how people in different cultures behave and think.

So as nation come closer together in their interaction,

a defining aspect of globalization is exactly this creation of

multicultural space in contemporary societies.

And this is one of the key things we're going to be covering in

this model to understand how in a globalized world,

culture is becoming a more increasingly important concept

to understand consumer behavior.

When we think about globalization,

we can identify four forces connected to this phenomena that impact brand marketing.

The first one is growing multiculturalism.

Second one is increased competition from every corner of the world.

Third one is what we're going to refer to as cultural mixing,

and the fourth one is connectivity and co-creation.

And I'm going to describe next each of these forces in detail.

So the first one is growing multiculturalism.

One of the things that has happened in the last 20 to 30 years,

is that the developed world is becoming more

multicultural due to accelerated migration patterns.

For instance, in the last 40 years in the United States,

we have experienced a 4400 percent growth in the number of immigrants,

which now account for 13 percent of the US population.

So this is a tremendous growth that has accelerated

dramatically particularly in the last 10 and 15 years.

This growth is mainly driven by Hispanic migrants from

Latin America which in some regions of

the country are now the majority of the population.

Although these migrants tend to cluster in the south and southwest of

the United States closer to the Mexican border

where immigration is happening at a faster pace,

they are steadily moving into a sizable group in all regions of the United States.

Multiculturalism is also growing in Western Europe.

With the fall of the Iron Curtain, immigration from

Central and Eastern European countries to Western Europe grew dramatically.

In the early 90s, for example,

the annual flow of migrants was approximately 150000 individuals per

year which is more than twice the combined number of migrants in the prior three decades.

More recently, the inflow of migrants into Western Europe is coming from the Middle East.

This is reflected in the exponential growth of Muslims in France and Germany.

We recently have seen with the crisis in some of the Middle Eastern countries,

how this is becoming a pressing issue in

the politics of Western Europe and particularly in France and Germany.

But multiculturalism is not only being fueled by migrations,

also by the increased cultural curiosity of individuals who

learn about other cultures and can adopt some of their traditions and values.

For instance, cultural curiosity is evident in

the growth of language immersion programs in the United States.

kids with an European-American background are being immersed in programs

taught in a foreign language starting as early as in elementary school.

Programs in Spanish and Chinese are becoming increasingly popular.

And what you find is kids started from

kindergarten to learn the topics in an elementary school in a foreign language.

With this foreign language acquisition,

it also comes along acquisition of cultural understanding

of the cultures associated with these foreign languages.

Cultural curiosity is also fueled by the growth of people who

travel abroad to experience

a new culture which has more than doubled in the last 20 years.

There's been a tremendous growth in

international travel that's now bringing people in contact with

foreign cultures and they start learning about

these cultures and acquiring knowledge about these cultures.

Growing multiculturalism is also fueled by

an emerging middle class in developing countries.

Countries such as Brazil, China,

and India have experienced tremendous growth,

and now people in these countries can afford goods from around the world.

So these are becoming global consumers that were not in

the global market 20 or 30 years ago.

Second force linked to globalization is

the increased competition from every corner of the world.

It used to be that global brands came from the developed world as we

are familiar with American and European companies with a global presence.

However, as developing economies grow,

company from the developed world are well-positioned to become global powerhouses.

For instance, it is projected that in 2050,

China will be the biggest economy in the world,

India will be the third and Brazil will be the fifth.

So, not surprisingly, we should find in the coming years that

companies from these countries should become global powerhouses.

So in the recent years we've seen, for example,

the presence of Embraer a Brazilian company in

the aerospace industry an industry that used to be exclusive for the U.S. and Europe.

If we think about big aerospace companies we think Boeing,

we think Airbus but now we have Embraer making inroads in this aerospace industry.

Or we can also see Indian company Tata that is a big company,

a conglomerate of companies,

that have automobiles or many other consumer products

that now owns Jaguar and Land Rover.

Or Chinese Lenovo which is the biggest personal computer manufacturer in the world.

So we now see that the global marketplace is being inundated by

brands that are coming not only from

the developed world but also from the developing economies.

The third force linked to globalization is the mixing of cultures in the marketplace.

An acceleration in economic interaction between countries,

is blurring the cultural boundaries of

brand ownership and is promoting the juxtaposition of cultures in the marketplace.

For instance, Italian Fiat's acquisition of

Chrysler begs the question whether Chrysler is an American or an Italian brand.

Or Belgium's InBev acquisition of Budweiser might lead us to

question the Americanness of Budweiser an icon of American culture.

Similarly, with the acquisition of the Smithfield Foods,

the pork company maker of the iconic Virginia ham by

a Chinese company one might wonder whether ham and bacon are American anymore.

So this is juxtaposition of cultural meanings in brands due to brand ownership,

is one of the phenomenon that we're going to be investigating in future videos.

Fourth force linked to globalization is increased connectivity and co-creation.

In a highly inter-connected world in which

Internet penetration has grown almost a 1000 percent in

the last 16 years to now include 50 percent of the population as Internet users,

people are becoming increasingly aware of

new trends and developments happening throughout the world.

They are increasingly aware of alternative lifestyles

and traditions which is also causing social change.

Co-creation of meanings is apparent in many campaigns that brands have launched in

the recent years trying to leverage

interconnectivity to get consumers engaged in a cultural conversation.

We're also seeing in the political arena,

in developments that have happened throughout the Middle East

that we're fueled by interconnectivity and social media.

And that's also that is increasingly happening in the developed world too.

What do we learn in this video?

What have we covered in this last minutes?

Globalization is the acceleration and

intensification of economic interaction among the people,

companies, and governments of different nations.

The changes brought about by globalization are evident

in consumers with growing multiculturalism,

in competitors with increase global competition,

and in the context in which companies do

business through cultural mixing and increased connectivity.

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Lesson 1-2 Globalization and the Forces Shaping Consumer Behavior - GLOBALIZATION, CULTURE & BRANDS | Coursera

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Video created by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for the course "Global Impact: Cultural Psychology". Globalization has brought dramatic changes to the marketplace. A proliferation of global brands brings diverse cultures to a consumer ...

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Vickery Meadow Summer Reading Academy - Home

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Vickery Meadow Summer Academy - Dallas, TX. Of all holy works, the education of children is most holy. St. Theophan, The Recluse

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For over a decade Refugee Resources has worked with refugees from dozens of nations to provide literacy training, support, and friendship through their transition into a new life in Dallas. Reading Circle is a program that serves refugee students through developing literacy skills and cultivating mentor relationships in order to share the love of Jesus.

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WWII Museum Teacher Institute

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The Summer Teacher Institute is open to any middle or high school teacher at an accredited public, charter, private, or parochial school who has at least three years of classroom teaching experience as of July 2018 and who will be teaching during the 2018-2019 school year. Teachers of subjects other than social studies may apply, but should explain in their application how they plan to incorporate WWII themes into their curriculum. Media specialists, librarians, curriculum coordinators, and academic coaches are also eligible provided they spend at least half of their time providing direct instruction to students. Applications will be evaluated through a competitive process that will include information on teaching experience, two short written statements, and two letters of recommendation. The Museum seeks to recruit a diverse cohort of 30 teachers.

Participants must be willing and able to travel by air, and must hold a current US passport valid through August 2019. Some of the historic sites included on our Hawaii itinerary are located on military bases with strict identification requirements.
COST:
There is no cost. Participants will receive free lodging, a travel stipend, seminar materials, and most meals free of charge. The graduate credits are also free for those participants who choose to receive them.
IMPORTANT DATES: APPLICATION:
The application window will open Friday, December 1, 2017. Applications must be received by the close of business (5:00pm CST) on Thursday, February 1, 2018.
Applications for this program are now closed. CONTACT US:
Questions about the Summer Teacher Institute? Contact Teacher Programs & Curriculum Specialist Joshua Goodman, PhD, at Joshua.Goodman@nationalww2museum.org or 504-528-1944, ext. 264.

Generous support for the 2018-19 Summer Teacher Institute has been provided by The A. James and Alice B. Clark Foundation.

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Summer Teacher Institute | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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The Summer Teacher Institute is open to any middle or high school teacher at an accredited public, charter, private, or parochial school who has at least three years of classroom teaching experience as of July 2018 and who will be teaching during the 2018-2019 school year.

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This is a great opportunity as well. Take your students with you to different countries.

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Smithsonian Teacher Institute

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Who Should Apply

Middle School (grades 5-8) STEM teachers with an interest in expanding their practice to include informal education techniques. You may apply with colleagues from your school or district as a team. Efforts will be made to enroll a cohort who represents a diverse set of school types, geographic regions, teaching environments, and experiences.

Teachers Will Learn

Participants in the first cohort-and who continue for the entire three-year term--will grapple with the idea of "authentic learning." A major buzz phrase in the formal and informal education communities, authentic learning is a broad construct that could be defined in different ways by different educators. At its root, the authentic learning movement seeks to involve real-world problems, use open-ended inquiry, and engage students in social learning. The cohort will work to define the term as it relates to their practice and design content around it as they progress through the program.

Through hands-on activities, museum tours, visits to other museums, group work, and expertise from museum educators and content experts, teachers will use aerospace science, history, and technology to shape their ideas about authentic learning and bring informal education techniques into their classrooms.

Teachers will propose an independent project to be completed over the two weeks. The project must be substantial (a unit plan, after school club, project for students, etc.) and centered around aerospace or content from the National Air and Space Museum.

We Provide

There is no cost for teachers to participate. Teachers are provided with lodging, food, and travel (to and within DC).

During the institute, teachers will be given VIP museum experiences and access to content experts in both informal education and aerospace content.

Participants will also have opportunities to connect with your cohort and museum staff several times during the school year.

Expectations

Commit to two weeks each summer for three summers.

Propose an independent project and see it through to completion. Present the project to fellow Institute participants and Smithsonian staff. Participants will use approximately one quarter of their time working on projects independently.

Actively participate in sessions led by Smithsonian Institution staff and guests on the marriage of informal and formal learning.

Assist in the evaluation of and iteration upon current educational programming at the National Air and Space Museum.

Year One: Connect at least twice during the school year via videoconference (the Museum will provide the videoconference platform) to reflect and evaluate your practice with your fellow cohort. Present at least one professional development session for teachers in your school or district.

Year Two: Support a new cohort by continuing to participate in reflective practice videoconferences. Present at least two professional development sessions for teachers in your local district or region.

Year Three: Create curriculum and activities for a new cohort and actively mentor new teacher innovators. Present professional development to local teachers in the DC metro area.

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Middle School (grades 5-8) STEM teachers with an interest in expanding their practice to include informal education techniques. You may apply with colleagues from your school or district as a team. Efforts will be made to enroll a cohort who represents a diverse set of school types, geographic regions, teaching environments, and experiences.

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Teacher Seminars | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

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Each summer, the Gilder Lehrman Institute offers academically rigorous Teacher Seminars for K-12 educators. These highly competitive one-week seminars are open exclusively to participants in the Institute's free Affiliate School Program. Check here to see if your school is in the Affiliate School Program.

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Smithsonian Teacher Institute

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Be inspired this summer! Attend one of the Smithsonian American Art Museum's week-long institutes in the nation's capital. Join educators from across the country for an exciting exploration of the connections among American art, social studies, history, and English/language arts.

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The National Endowment for the Humanities

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NEH offers tuition-free opportunities for K-12 educators and higher education faculty to study a variety of humanities topics. Stipends of $1300-$3450 for residential programs and $650-$1725 for virtual programs help cover expenses for these one- to four-week programs. Applications for all programs…

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Free Teacher Institute

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Monticello Teacher Institute: The Barringer Research Fellowship for Teachers of American History | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello

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Fellowships will be awarded to qualified teachers who are employed full-time in a K-12 classroom. The program is best-suited to secondary social studies educators; however, applications are welcome from elementary teachers, librarians, and those interested in making cross-curricular connections to Jefferson's diverse interests and wide-reaching ideas.

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NOTICE REGARDING TRANSPORTATION - CISV is not responsible for transportation to or from any CISV program, event or meeting hosted by our local chapter, or by chapter delegations. Parents are responsible for making personal arrangements for transportation for any member of their family participating in any local program, event or meeting.

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Young people first: child protection and safety in CISV Our commitment to the safety of all our members See our policies and guidance on child protection […]

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Free Teacher Institute

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The George Washington Teacher Institute Summer Residential Programs are 5-day immersive professional development experiences designed to support K-12 educators who teach about the life, leadership, and legacy of George Washington and the 18th-century world in which he lived.

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Free Teacher Institute

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Teacher Institute in Early American History

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The Institute in American History and Content Literacy is designed for American history teachers in New York (enrollment preference is given to teachers from New York City and Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island) who have experience leading reading and writing workshops and want to do pioneer work in developing literacy-rich history curriculum.

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Breakdown by country

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Program Details by Country | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs

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The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) of the U.S. Department of State fosters mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries to promote friendly and peaceful relations. We accomplish this mission through academic, cultural, sports, and p…

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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE2204FE3E14F153E

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GLOBAL CLASSROOM EDUCATOR WORKSHOP

July 23-25, 2018
Location: Region 10 ESC- Spring Valley Location

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wac - iep - teacher opportunities - global classroom

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2012 - WAC - IEP - Teacher Opportunities - Global Classroom - World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth

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WAC - IEP - Teacher Opportunities - Global Classroom

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Students place this ongoing crisis in historical context, view footage from a refugee camp, and reflect on survivor testimony.

The resources I'm getting from my colleagues through Facing History have been just invaluable.

- Claudia Bautista, Santa Monica, Calif

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Students place this ongoing crisis in historical context, view footage from a refugee camp, and reflect on survivor testimony.

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Humanities at Brookhaven College- HUMA-1302-21426 (1154420) Introduction to Humanities II

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Humanities at Brookhaven College- HUMA-1302-21426 (1154420) Introduction to Humanities II

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This course focuses on various cultures and the architecture related to their places of worship. Cultures included are: Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Judaic, Christian, and Islamic. It is entirely online and includes a GIS mapping site of many building locations. Email Adrien Cuellar-McGuire at Adrien@dcccd.edu for more information.
Syllabus below:

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Schools Mapping Software Bundle for Grades K-12 | ArcGIS for Schools

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The ArcGIS for Schools Bundle is available at no cost to individual US K-12 schools, school districts & states direct from Esri. Worldwide, the bundle is available to schools through Esri's network of international distributors.

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Create inspiring, immersive stories by combining text, interactive maps, and other multimedia content. Publish and share your story with your organization or everyone around the world.

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Create inspiring, immersive stories by combining text, interactive maps, and other multimedia content. Publish and share your story with your organization or everyone around the world.

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Videos on music, dance, Sikh turban tying.

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Free travel!

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The Fulbright Program

Led by the United States government in partnership with more than 160 countries worldwide, the Fulbright Program offers international educational and cultural exchange programs for passionate and accomplished students, scholars, artists, teachers, and professionals of all backgrounds to study, teach, or pursue important research and professional projects.

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Fulbright | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs

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The Fulbright Program is the flagship international educational exchange program sponsored by the U.S. government and is designed to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries.

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Join for some AWESOME opportunities!

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Home - World Affairs Council of Dallas/Fort Worth

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Through the Lens of Jordan - by Globalstudiestx

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TOUCH this image to discover its story. Image tagging powered by ThingLink

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Material World: A Global Family Portrait, by Country | Peter Menzel

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Books by Peter Menzel & Faith D'Aluisio All Galleries

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Students can predict which continent based on landmark and picture. Fun to do at the beginning of year and end to see how much they have learned!

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Great clip to show supply and demand! Just over 3 minutes.

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Compares countries freedoms.

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POLITICAL RIGHTS: 33 / 40 (−3)

A. ELECTORAL PROCESS: 10 / 12 (−1)
A1. Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 3 / 4 (−1)
The United States is a presidential republic, with the president serving as both head of state and head of government. Cabinet secretaries and other key officials are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate, the upper house of the bicameral Congress. Presidential elections are decided by an Electoral College, with electors apportioned to each state based on the size of its congressional representation. In most cases, all of the electors in a particular state cast their ballots for the candidate who won the statewide popular vote, regardless of the margin. Two states, Maine and Nebraska, have chosen to divide their electoral votes between the candidates based on their popular-vote performance in each congressional district. The Electoral College makes it possible for a candidate to win the presidency while losing the national popular vote, an outcome that took place in the most recent presidential election. In 2016, Trump won the Electoral College vote, 304 to 227, while finishing nearly three million votes behind Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton in the popular ballot.

Unlike previous presidential elections, the 2016 contest featured a significant amount of interference from a foreign power. The U.S. intelligence community concluded in October of that year that the Russian government was responsible for stealing and leaking internal documents from the Clinton campaign and the Democratic Party. In early January 2017, top U.S. intelligence agencies issued a more comprehensive assessment, finding that the Russian leadership had carried out a broad campaign to undermine public faith in the democratic process, denigrate Clinton, and aid Trump's election chances. It included hacking of multiple targets, such as both major political parties and some electoral boards, as well as propaganda disseminated by Russian state media. Revelations later in 2017 centered on Russian agents' alleged exploitation of leading social media platforms to spread divisive and misleading messages among U.S. voters. Facebook alone reported in October that tens of thousands of such Russian-linked posts may have reached 126 million Americans during the election cycle.

While there was no clear evidence that these tactics altered the outcome of the presidential election, they did alter the campaign environment and the content of the political debate, and harmed public confidence in the integrity of the election process.

Throughout 2017, the Justice Department investigated the possibility that the Trump campaign had colluded or coordinated with the Russian government's efforts. The probe was overseen by FBI director James Comey until May, when Trump fired him. It was then taken up by Mueller, the special counsel appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.

As Mueller's investigation-and parallel investigations by congressional committees-continued, the White House denied that any collusion took place and sometimes cast doubt on whether the Russian government had interfered in the election at all. The new administration took no major steps during 2017 to prevent such interference in future elections.

Score Change: The score declined from 4 to 3 due to growing evidence of Russian interference in the 2016 election campaign and a lack of action by the Trump administration to prevent a reoccurrence of such meddling.
A2. Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? 4 / 4
The Senate consists of 100 members-two from each of the 50 states regardless of population-serving six-year terms, with one-third coming up for election every two years. The lower chamber, the House of Representatives, consists of 435 members serving two-year terms. All national legislators are elected directly by voters in the districts or states that they represent.

The capital district, Puerto Rico, and four overseas U.S. territories are each represented by an elected delegate in the House who can perform most legislative functions but cannot participate in floor votes.

Congressional elections are generally free and competitive, though partisan gerrymandering of House districts is a growing concern. In the 2016 elections, the Republican Party retained control of the Senate with 52 seats. Democrats hold 46 seats, and there are two independent senators who generally vote with the Democrats. Republicans also retained their majority in the House, taking 241 seats, versus 194 for the Democrats. At the state level, Republicans maintained control over the majority of legislatures and governors' posts. Turnout for the 2016 general elections was approximately 56 percent of voting-age citizens, roughly in line with past elections. While Russian interference may have had an indirect effect on congressional campaigns, its impact was most apparent in the presidential contest.
A3. Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? 3 / 4
Critics have argued that the Electoral College system for presidential elections is undemocratic, as it violates the principle that each citizen's vote should carry equal weight. Similar complaints have been made regarding the Senate, which grants each state two seats regardless of population. Defenders of these systems argue that they are fundamental to the United States' federal structure, in which the states enjoy a substantial degree of autonomy, and that they ensure due political attention to all parts of the country's territory.

While state borders are permanent, the borders of House districts are redrawn regularly-typically after each decennial census. In a practice known as gerrymandering, House districts, and those for state legislatures, are often crafted to maximize the advantage of the party in power in a given state. The redistricting system varies by state, but in most cases it is overseen by elected officials, and observers have expressed alarm at the growing strategic and technical sophistication of partisan efforts to capture state legislatures, control redistricting processes, and apply the latest data analysis to redraw maps.

In May 2017, President Trump issued an executive order creating a Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity, with a mission to study and report on the registration and voting processes used in federal elections-particularly those that could lead to improper or fraudulent voting. The commission, which was not tasked with examining issues such as foreign interference or gerrymandering, was widely seen as an effort to follow up on Trump's unsubstantiated assertion that between three and five million votes were cast illegally in the 2016 elections, costing him the popular vote. The commission, chaired by the vice president, included several prominent advocates of greater voting restrictions; its Republican vice chair and de facto leader, Kansas secretary of state Kris Kobach, has repeatedly asserted that voter fraud is a major problem in the United States. That claim is disputed by academic research and bipartisan state-level reports finding that fraud is extremely rare. Democratic members of the commission criticized its leadership for operating in secrecy and denying them basic information about its activities, in apparent violation of federal law.

B. POLITICAL PLURALISM AND PARTICIPATION: 14 / 16
B1. Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? 4 / 4
The intensely competitive U.S. political environment is dominated by two major parties, the right-leaning Republicans and the left-leaning Democrats. The country's "first past the post" or majoritarian electoral system discourages the emergence of additional parties, as do a number of specific legal and other hurdles. However, the two parties' primary elections allow for an array of views and candidates to enter the political system. In the 2016 primaries, Trump, himself an unorthodox Republican with no experience in government, defeated not only mainstream politicians but also opponents whose positions ranged from libertarian to Christian conservative. Clinton won her party's nomination after a powerful challenge by Senator Bernard Sanders, a socialist who subsequently secured changes to the party platform.

A number of independent or third-party candidates have significantly influenced presidential races or won statewide office, and small parties-such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party-have also modestly affected state and local politics in recent years.
B2. Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections? 4 / 4
Despite the domination of political affairs by the two major parties, the United States has one of the world's most dynamic political systems. Power changes hands regularly at the federal level, and while certain states and localities are seen as partisan strongholds, even they are subject to stiff competition and power transfers over time. As of 2017, the Democrats held 15 state governorships, while Republicans held 34, and the balance in state legislatures was similar. The Republicans' slim majority in the U.S. Senate was set to shrink to a single seat in early 2018, after Democrat Doug Jones defeated Republican Roy Moore in a December 2017 special election to fill the seat vacated by Jeff Sessions of Alabama when he became attorney general. The seat was last held by a Democrat in 1997.
B3. Are the people's political choices free from domination by the military, foreign powers, religious hierarchies, economic oligarchies, or any other powerful group that is not democratically accountable? 3 / 4
The influence of traditional party leadership bodies has steadily declined in recent decades, while various interest groups have come to play a potent role in the nominating process for president and members of Congress. This is partly because the expense and length of political campaigns places a premium on candidates' ability to raise large amounts of funds from major donors, especially at the early stages of a race. While there have been a number of attempts to restrict the role of money in political campaigning, most have been thwarted or watered down as a result of political opposition, lobbying by interest groups, and court decisions that protect political donations as a form of free speech.

During the full two-year cycle ahead of the 2016 election, Clinton's presidential campaign raised more than $600 million, compared with Trump's $400 million, according to the Campaign Finance Institute. However, their fundraising efforts were more closely matched during the general election period. While Trump was able to raise more than half of his campaign contributions in the form of donations of $200 or less, outperforming Clinton in that respect, major donors provide an enormous share of U.S. campaign contributions that has grown over time. Fewer than 25,000 individuals reportedly supplied some 40 percent of all contributions in 2016, and a far smaller number of extremely wealthy and prolific donors are especially sought after by candidates, raising concerns about undue influence.

In an unusual move, President Trump filed the initial documents for a 2020 reelection bid on the day of his inauguration in January 2017, and proceeded to raise funds and hold campaign events throughout the year.
B4. Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, religious, gender, LGBT, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities? 3 / 4
A number of important laws are designed to ensure the political rights of racial and ethnic minorities. However, in 2013 the Supreme Court invalidated portions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a measure adopted to deal with racial discrimination in voting procedures. As a result, certain states that previously had to submit legal changes for preclearance by federal authorities were able to adopt election laws without prior review. A number of states, including some that were never subject to the preclearance rule, have enacted laws that require voters to present specific forms of identification, rolled back innovations like early voting that contributed to higher rates of minority participation, or altered polling locations in ways that could disproportionately harm minority voters. Some of these state laws have been struck down by federal courts, but 14 states had new restrictive voting laws in place for the 2016 elections-the first presidential vote since the 2013 Supreme Court ruling.

Religious groups and racial or ethnic minorities have been able to gain a political voice through participation in the two main parties. Leaders of both parties have traditionally made an effort to appeal to all segments of the population and address issues of concern to each, or at a minimum to avoid alienating any major demographic group. The 2016 elections stood out for the unusually divisive rhetoric of candidate Trump. As president, he continued to make statements that were widely considered offensive to Latinos, Muslims, and women, among others, adding to concerns that the interests of these segments of the population were not being protected by the new administration.

C. FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT: 9 / 12 (−2)
C1. Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government? 3 / 4
Despite Republican control of both the presidency and Congress, the legislative process continued to be hampered by political dysfunction during 2017. The legislature again failed to accomplish its core task-drafting and passing the government's annual appropriations bills; instead it adopted a series of short-term, stopgap spending measures to avoid a looming shutdown of government operations. The Trump administration was also unusually slow in filling vacant positions across the higher levels of government departments and agencies, making it difficult for them to operate as intended by law. According to the Partnership for Public Service and the Washington Post, the administration had yet to submit nominations for more than 250 out of 624 key positions requiring Senate confirmation as of mid-December 2017. Only 214 of the nominees for those posts had been confirmed, with the rest awaiting consideration by the Senate. Trump's four most recent predecessors had all completed far more appointments by this time in their presidencies.
C2. Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective? 3 / 4 (−1)
American society is generally intolerant toward official corruption, and the media are aggressive in reporting on such malfeasance. However, Supreme Court rulings in recent years have narrowed the legal definition of political corruption to include only a clear exchange of bribes for government action, making prosecutions more difficult.

In 2017, the Trump administration presented a number of new challenges to existing norms of government ethics and probity. Anticorruption watchdogs criticized President Trump for shifting management of his real-estate development empire to his children rather than divesting ownership or establishing a stronger structural barrier between himself and his businesses. This lack of separation raised concerns that the president was using his office for personal enrichment, or that his official decisions were influenced by his private business interests; pending lawsuits focused on a constitutional rule that forbids officeholders from receiving compensation from foreign governments, which Trump was accused of doing through his businesses. The president, his staff, and special interest groups all frequently visited and held events at Trump-branded properties in the United States during the year, generating publicity and income. Trump's decision to appoint his daughter and son-in-law as presidential advisers prompted similar concerns about their own business interests, as well as accusations of nepotism.

The Trump administration also notably undercut conflict-of-interest restrictions for White House and executive branch appointees. Although the president issued an executive order that limited appointees' ability to shift to lobbying work after leaving government, the same order eased restrictions on lobbyists moving into government, and the administration initially resisted efforts to disclose waivers allowing appointees to skirt the rules that remained. In practice, many Trump nominees received such waivers. Journalistic and congressional investigations routinely found conflicts of interest among appointees, and key officials including the national security adviser and the health and human services secretary were forced to resign over ethical violations; others, such as Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, faced ongoing scrutiny but remained in office.

Score Change: The score declined from 4 to 3 due to violations of basic ethical standards by the new administration, including the president's failure to divest himself of his business empire, his hiring of family members as advisers, and his appointment of cabinet members and other senior officials despite apparent conflicts of interest.
C3. Does the government operate with openness and transparency? 3 / 4 (−1)
The United States was the first country to adopt a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), and the law is actively used by journalists, civil society groups, researchers, and members of the public. While government agencies' performance in responding to FOIA requests has been problematic in recent years, a 2016 reform law was designed to ease disclosures.

A substantial number of auditing and investigative agencies function independently of political influence; such bodies are often spurred to action by the investigative work of journalists. However, the positions that remained vacant during the first year of the Trump administration included nearly a dozen inspector general posts, including at the Defense and Interior Departments.

In 2017, President Trump and administration officials frequently made statements that were either misleading or untrue, and typically failed to correct the record when such statements were challenged by the press and others. The administration was also criticized for operating with greater opacity than its immediate predecessors, for example by making policy and other decisions without meaningful input from relevant agencies and their career civil servants, removing information on certain issues-such as climate change-from government websites, and denying public access to logs of White House visitors. After losing a lawsuit, the administration disclosed partially redacted visitor information for five agencies within the White House complex, but refused to release logs for the White House itself, which had been public since 2009. The president continued to refrain from releasing his personal tax records; aside from Trump, all but one major-party presidential nominee had released at least one year's tax return since 1976, with one nominee releasing a full 30 years' worth of returns.

Score Change: The score declined from 4 to 3 due to a reduction in government transparency, including an unusual pattern of false statements by the administration, the president's failure to disclose basic information such as his personal tax data, policy and other decisions made without meaningful input from relevant agencies and officials, and the removal of information on issues of public interest from government websites for political or ideological reasons.

CIVIL LIBERTIES: 53 / 60

D. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND BELIEF: 16 / 16
D1. Are there free and independent media? 4 / 4
The United States has a free, diverse, and constitutionally protected press. While the print sector has been in economic decline for a number of years, the media environment retains a high degree of pluralism. Internet access is widespread and unrestricted, and news websites now constitute a major source of political news, along with cable television networks and talk-radio programs. News coverage has also grown more polarized, with particular outlets and their star commentators providing a consistently right- or left-leaning perspective.

During the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump was frequently critical of the mainstream media, often using inflammatory language to accuse them of bias. As president, he maintained a drumbeat of attacks on individual journalists and established outlets, describing them as-among other things-the "enemy of the American people." The administration took no concrete action to implement the president's more specific threats, such as reducing legal protections for the press or revoking broadcast licenses, though some observers speculated that there were political motivations behind the Justice Department's decision to block a merger involving the parent company of CNN, a news network that had drawn the president's ire. The department said it was concerned about reduced competition and harm to consumers.
D2. Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private? 4 / 4
Despite increased hostility from political figures as well as their supporters on social media, the mainstream media-the principal national television networks and major newspapers-have devoted considerable resources to coverage of national politics. Outlets like the New York Times, the Washington Post, and CNN have conducted investigations into the business affairs of Trump and his associates, closely examined allegations of collusion between the Trump presidential campaign and the Russian government, and regularly assessed the accuracy of the administration's claims. In the context of this robust coverage and growing public concern about pressure on media freedom, digital subscriptions for leading newspapers have increased, and ratings for cable news networks have surged.

The United States has a long tradition of religious freedom. The constitution protects the free exercise of religion while barring any official endorsement of a religious faith, and there are no direct government subsidies to houses of worship. The debate over the role of religion in public life is ongoing, however, and religious groups often mobilize to influence political discussions on the diverse issues in which they take an interest. The Supreme Court regularly adjudicates difficult cases involving the relationship between church and state.
D3. Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination? 4 / 4
Hate crimes and assaults based on religion are generally prosecuted vigorously by law enforcement authorities. FBI statistics have shown sharp increases in hate crimes against Muslims in recent years, though crimes targeting Jews still accounted for the largest share of incidents related to religion.
D4. Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution? 4 / 4
The academic sphere has long featured a high level of intellectual freedom. While it remains quite robust by global standards, this liberty has come under some pressure in recent years. University students at a number of campuses have obstructed guest speakers whose views they find objectionable by shouting them down or holding strident protests. In the most highly publicized cases, students and nonstudent activists have physically prevented presentations by controversial speakers, especially those known for their views on race, gender, immigration, and other sensitive issues. University faculty have also reported instances of harassment-including on social media-related to curriculum content, textbooks, or statements that some students strongly disagreed with. As a consequence, some professors have allegedly engaged in self-censorship.

Americans generally enjoy open and free private discussion, including on the internet. Civil libertarians, many lawmakers, and other observers have pointed to the real and potential effects of National Security Agency (NSA) data collection and other forms of government monitoring on the rights of U.S. citizens. However, the USA Freedom Act of 2015 banned the bulk collection of citizens' telephone and internet records, and in 2016 the FBI abandoned a controversial attempt to force the technology firm Apple to break through its own security features-designed to protect user communications-as part of a terrorism investigation. A broader debate about possible restrictions on encryption technology remains unresolved. Ongoing concerns about state surveillance have been partly displaced by new attention on foreign hacking as well as user intimidation on social media.
E1. Is there freedom of assembly? 3 / 4
E. ASSOCIATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL RIGHTS: 10 / 12

In general, officials respect the right to public assembly. Demonstrations against government policies are frequently held in Washington, New York, and other major cities. In response to acts of violence committed in the course of some past demonstrations, local authorities often place restrictions on the location or duration of large protests directed at meetings of international institutions, political party conventions, or targets in the financial sector. In 2017, some local police departments continued to face allegations of excessive force against demonstrators protesting fatal police shootings of black suspects, particularly in and around St. Louis, Missouri, where a federal judge issued an injunction restraining police crowd-control tactics in November. Separately, authorities in Washington, DC, were criticized for bringing harsh criminal charges against dozens of people who were arrested during January protests against Trump's inauguration; prosecutors argued that many defendants were culpable for rioting and vandalism committed by a larger group even if there was no evidence of their individual participation in those acts.
E2. Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights- and governance-related work? 4 / 4
In the year's most dramatic incident, an August rally of white supremacists in Charlottesville, Virginia, resulted in violent clashes with counterprotesters. One woman was killed when a participant in the white supremacist rally drove his car into a group of counterprotesters. An investigation found that local police were ill-prepared for the event and failed to prevent confrontations between the two groups. President Trump sparked further controversy when he argued that "both sides" bore responsibility for the violence and sympathized with the white supremacist groups' pretext for holding the rally: preventing the removal of statues depicting commanders who fought for the proslavery Confederacy during the Civil War.
E3. Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations? 3 / 4
U.S. laws and practices give wide freedom to nongovernmental organizations and activists to pursue their civic or policy agendas. Organizations committed to the protection of civil liberties, immigrants' rights, equality for women and minority groups, and freedom of speech have become more active since Trump's election; they frequently mounted campaigns and filed lawsuits during 2017 to block actions by the administration that they considered harmful.

Federal law guarantees trade unions the right to organize and engage in collective bargaining. The right to strike is also guaranteed. Over the years, however, the strength of organized labor has declined, and just 6.5 percent of the private-sector workforce were represented by unions in 2017. While public-sector unions have higher rates of membership, with 34.4 percent, they have come under pressure from officials concerned about the cost of compensation and pensions to states and municipalities. The overall unionization rate in the United States is 10.7 percent. The country's labor code and decisions by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) during Republican presidencies have been regarded as impediments to organizing efforts. Although the board was sympathetic to unionization during Barack Obama's presidency, its membership is now dominated by Republican appointees who have begun to reverse Obama-era rulings. Union organizing is also hampered by strong resistance from private employers. In 2017, Kentucky and Missouri became the 27th and 28th states to adopt "right-to-work" legislation, which weakens unions by allowing workers who benefit from union bargaining efforts to opt out of paying union dues or fees.
F1. Is there an independent judiciary? 3 / 4
F. RULE OF LAW: 12 / 16

The American judiciary is largely independent, though politicization is a growing concern for a variety of reasons. The courts regularly demonstrated their autonomy during 2017, for instance by repeatedly blocking or limiting executive orders issued by the Trump administration. However, Trump in some cases responded by verbally attacking the judges responsible in strikingly personal terms. The president also issued a pardon for Joe Arpaio, a well-known former Arizona sheriff who had been convicted of contempt of court for defying a judge's order to cease racially discriminatory enforcement tactics affecting the Latino population.

The pace and quality of judicial appointments under Trump also raised questions about politicization. Republican leaders in the Senate had stalled many federal judicial nominations in the final years of the Obama administration, resulting in an unusually large number of vacancies at the beginning of 2017. The most prominent was a seat on the Supreme Court that the Senate had held open during 2016 by refusing to hold hearings on Obama's nominee. In April, the Senate confirmed Trump's nominee for the position, Neil Gorsuch, but only after the Republican leadership changed Senate rules that had required a supermajority to end debate on Supreme Court nominations, allowing the confirmation to proceed with a simple-majority vote. By year's end, Trump had filled 12 vacancies on federal appellate courts as well, a record for the modern era that far exceeded the three and six appellate judges appointed by Obama and former president George W. Bush in their first years, respectively. A series of nominees for federal district judgeships withdrew in December after senators, civil society groups, and the media pointed to their lack of qualifications or extreme views, suggesting that the administration's vetting process was rushed or inadequate.
F2. Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters? 3 / 4
In many states, judges are chosen through either partisan or nonpartisan elections, and a rise in campaign fundraising for such elections over the last two decades has increased the threat of bias and favoritism in state courts.

While the United States has a strong rule-of-law tradition, the criminal justice system's treatment of minority groups has long been a problem. Black and Latino inmates account for a disproportionately large percentage of the prison population. Civil liberties organizations and other groups have also argued more broadly that there are too many Americans in prison, that prison sentences are often excessive, that too many prisoners are relegated to solitary confinement or other maximum-security arrangements, and that too many people are incarcerated for minor drug offenses. Although the U.S. incarceration rate has declined somewhat in recent years, it remains easily one of the highest in the world.

A left-right political coalition calling for reforms to address mass incarceration emerged in recent years, but it has apparently fallen apart under the Trump presidency. In May 2017, Attorney General Sessions issued a directive ordering federal prosecutors to seek the most serious charges and lengthiest sentences available, including mandatory-minimum prison terms, in drug and other cases. This reversed an Obama administration policy that discouraged prosecutors from charging certain categories of defendants, including nonviolent drug offenders, with crimes that could lead to excessively long prison sentences.
F3. Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies? 3 / 4
Many critics of the incarceration problem point to abuses and deficiencies at other stages of the legal process. Media reports and analyses in recent years have drawn new attention to the extensive use of plea bargaining in criminal cases, with prosecutors employing the threat of harsh sentences to avoid trial and effectively reducing the role of the judiciary; deficiencies in the parole system; long-standing funding shortages for public defenders, who represent low-income criminal defendants; and the practice of imposing court fees or fines for minor offenses as a means of raising local budget revenues, which can lead to jail terms for those who are unable to pay. In December 2017, Sessions retracted a 2016 Justice Department document that had set constitutional guidelines to help state and local authorities reform abusive practices regarding fees and fines.

Mass shootings and Islamist terrorist attacks remained a concern during 2017, as did high murder rates in certain cities. However, the overall U.S. homicide rate, 5.4 per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2016, is relatively low by regional and historical standards, and crime rates appeared to be falling in most large cities in 2017, in keeping with a long-term trend of declines since the 1990s. The year's deadliest shooting incident occurred in October, when a 64-year-old habitual gambler opened fire on a crowd in Las Vegas, Nevada, killing 58 people; his motive was unknown. In November, 24 people were killed while attending church in a small Texas community by a man with a history of violence and mental illness. In the most lethal attack linked to Islamist terrorism during 2017, an immigrant from Uzbekistan killed eight people with a rental truck in New York City in October, having declared allegiance to the Islamic State militant group in a note.

The increased policy focus on the criminal justice system in recent years has coincided with a series of widely publicized incidents in which police actions led to the deaths of suspects, many of whom belonged to racial and ethnic minorities. Most high-profile cases involved black civilians, though Native Americans are reportedly killed by police at a higher rate than any other group. A number of these confrontations have been captured on video, appearing to show unjustified use of force by the officers in question. When officers involved in fatal shootings have been brought to trial, however, the cases have typically ended in acquittals-a pattern that continued in 2017. Under President Obama, the Justice Department imposed changes in policing practices on a number of municipalities, but the Trump administration reversed this policy, with Sessions ordering a review of all such interventions on the grounds that they could harm police morale and safety and detract from crime-fighting responsibilities. Among other ongoing criminal justice concerns, the incidence of violence and rape in U.S. prisons and jails remains a serious problem.
F4. Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population? 3 / 4
Use of the death penalty has declined significantly in recent years. There were 23 executions, in eight states, in 2017-up from 20 in 2016 but down from a peak of 98 in 1999. The death penalty has been formally abolished by 19 states; in another 16 states where it remains on the books, executions have not been carried out for the past five years or more. The most recent federal execution was in 2003. Of particular importance in this trend have been the exoneration of some death-row inmates based on new DNA testing, states' inability to obtain chemicals used in lethal injections due to objections from producers, and legal challenges to the constitutionality of the prevailing methods of lethal injection. The Supreme Court has effectively ruled out the death penalty for crimes other than murder and in cases where the perpetrator is a juvenile or mentally disabled, among other restrictions.

The United States is one of the world's most racially and ethnically diverse societies. In recent years, residents and citizens of Latin American ancestry have replaced black Americans as the largest minority group, and the majority held by the non-Latino white population has declined. An array of policies and programs are designed to protect the rights of individuals against discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, and other categories, including in the workplace. However, women and some minority groups continue to suffer from disparities in various social indicators and overall economic standing. For example, although women constitute almost half of the U.S. workforce and are well represented in many professions, the average compensation for female workers is roughly 80 percent of that for male workers. A popular social media campaign in late 2017 encouraged victims of sexual harassment and assault in the workplace-mainly women-to speak out about their experiences. The phenomenon led to the sudden downfall of many powerful men in the worlds of politics, business, news, and entertainment, but it also underscored the scale of the problem in American society.

Federal antidiscrimination legislation does not explicitly include LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) people as a protected class, though many states have enacted such protections. The government bans discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in federal employment and among federal contractors. The Trump administration reversed a 2016 guidance document that had directed schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms and other facilities matching their gender identity, and argued that existing legal protections against sex discrimination did not cover sexual orientation or gender identity, as some courts and government agencies have claimed. In July 2017, Trump announced a ban on transgender people serving in the military, but federal courts blocked the move from taking effect in response to lawsuits, which were ongoing at year's end.

The Trump administration attempted to change U.S. immigration policy on a number of fronts. Beginning in January 2017, the president issued a series of three executive orders barring travel from a group of Muslim-majority countries on security grounds, twice revising the original order in response to lawsuits claiming that the bans were blatantly discriminatory. In December, the Supreme Court allowed the third version to take effect as legal challenges continued. It barred entry to most citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, and Chad, as well as most citizens of North Korea and some officials from Venezuela. The administration also implemented stringent new refugee policies that resulted in the admission of far fewer refugees, and a smaller proportion of Muslim refugees, than before, and proposed new rules that would sharply reduce legal immigration. The administration's drive to deport undocumented immigrants had mixed results. By the end of the fiscal year in late September, total deportations had declined due to the continuation of a longer-term drop in apprehensions at the border, but deportations of those arrested within the country rose sharply, as the administration rescinded Obama-era enforcement priorities that focused on certain categories of undocumented immigrants, such as those with felony convictions. In September, Trump announced that in six months he would end an Obama policy protecting undocumented immigrants who entered the country as children from deportation, asking Congress to resolve the problem through legislation.
G1. Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education? 4 / 4
G. PERSONAL AUTONOMY AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: 15 / 16
G2. Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors? 4 / 4
There are no significant restrictions on freedom of movement within the United States, and residents are generally free to travel abroad without undue obstacles.
G3. Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance? 4 / 4
Property rights are widely respected in the United States. The legal and political environment are supportive of entrepreneurial activity and business ownership, which has contributed to the relatively successful integration of immigrants into American society.
G4. Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation? 3 / 4
Individuals generally enjoy equal rights in divorce and custody proceedings, and there are no undue restrictions on choice of marriage partner, particularly after a 2015 Supreme Court ruling that all states must allow same-sex marriage. The practice had already become legal in most states through court decisions, legislative action, or referendums. Rape and domestic violence remain serious problems, and the applicable laws vary somewhat by state, though spousal rape is a crime nationwide. Numerous government and nongovernmental programs are designed to combat such violence and assist victims. In the past several years, a series of new state laws have reduced women's access to abortion without overtly breaching prior Supreme Court decisions protecting those rights, and some have survived judicial scrutiny, adding to state-by-state variation in access.

The "American dream"-the notion of a fair society in which hard work will bring economic and social advancement, regardless of the circumstances of one's birth-is a core part of the country's identity, and voters tend to favor government policies that enhance equality of opportunity. In recent decades, however, studies have shown a widening inequality in wealth and a narrowing of access to upward mobility. One key aspect of inequality is the growing economic gap between Americans with university degrees and those with a high school degree or less; the number of well-compensated jobs for the less-educated have fallen over time as manufacturing and other positions are lost to automation and foreign competition, and successive governments have failed to improve access to education and training in response. Many states and municipalities have enacted substantial hikes in the minimum wage, but workers face a variety of obstacles to stable and remunerative employment, including inadequate public transportation, high costs of living in economically dynamic regions, and a preference among many companies for fragmented and unpredictable shift work. Employment and income statistics have slowly improved amid general economic growth in recent years, but the gains are clustered disproportionately at the highest income levels.

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The United States is arguably the world's oldest existing democracy. Its people benefit from a vibrant political system, a strong rule-of-law tradition, robust freedoms of expression and religious belief, and a wide array of other civil liberties.

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Too many young Americans are unable to make effective decisions, understand geo-spatial issues, or even recognize their impacts as global citizens. National Geographic created Geography Awareness Week to raise awareness to this dangerous deficiency in American education and excite people about geography as both a discipline and as a part of everyday life.

Each year more than 100,000 Americans actively participate in Geography Awareness Week. Established by presidential proclamation more than 25 years ago, this annual public awareness program encourages citizens young and old to think and learn about the significance of place and how we affect and are affected by it. Each third week of November, students, families and community members focus on the importance of geography by hosting events; using lessons, games, and challenges in the classroom; and often meeting with policymakers and business leaders. Geography Awareness Week is supported by access to materials and resources for teachers, parents, community activists, and all geographically minded global citizens.

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Too many young Americans are unable to make effective decisions, understand geo-spatial issues, or even recognize their impacts as global citizens. National Geographic created Geography Awareness Week to raise awareness to this dangerous deficiency in American education and excite people about geography as both a discipline and as a part of everyday life.

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Modernize workflows with Zoom's trusted collaboration tools: including video meetings, team chat, VoIP phone, webinars, whiteboard, contact center, and events.

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West Wing Map Scene

One cuss word, 🤬, but kids hear it all the time at home. I just tell them they will hear a cuss word so don’t make a big deal about it. It explains the difference between a Mercator map, Peter's projection map and the Robinson map.

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Global Collaborations & Connections Sign-Up

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Global Collaborations & Connections Sign-Up

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You do not need VR glasses. The kids just use their phone or Ipads.

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Experience the best in Virtual Reality storytelling directly on your computer, smart phone, or VR headset.

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Great Read-Aloud book for Sub-Saharan Africa

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Great Read-Aloud book for Sub-Saharan Africa

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Connect on Twitter or Instagram!

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How wealthy are you compared to the the rest of the world?

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The Miniature Earth . 2010 edition . Official version

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If The World Were 100 People | GOOD Data

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You can compare two countries at a time. Multiple areas of interest broken down by category.

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United States vs. Mexico - Country Comparison

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Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions.

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If students learn this song they will learn all the countries in the world.

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Funding for teacher travel

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Fund for Teachers strengthens instruction by investing in outstanding teachers' self-determined professional growth and development in order to support student success, enrich their own practice, and strengthen their schools and communities.

I believe in the power of education.

I believe in the power of my commitment.

I believe in the potential of my students and the future they must build.

I believe that we all seek the same horizon, where dreams drift just beyond our line of sight-knowable only to the small voice inside us that says "What if?"

I help my students still themselves to hear that voice.

I teach them to read their surroundings, home their distant shore.

I guide them through challenging circumstance and see each sunrise as a new opportunity. And through all this, I do not lose sight of my own horizon.

I continue to seek that which builds my own experience and equips me better to move through the world as a constant force for equity, achievement and change for the better.

I am a life-long seeker and purveyor of knowledge.

I am a Fund for Teachers Fellow.

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grants for teacher professional development

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Fund For Teachers®: Investing in prek-12 teachers' professional development.

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Fund for Teachers strengthens instruction by investing in outstanding teachers' self-determined professional growth and development in order to support student success, enrich their own practice, and strengthen their schools and communities. I believe in the power of education. I believe in the power of my commitment.

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Awesome photojournalist book on current issues FOR TEACHERS, not students

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Awesome photojournalist book on current issues FOR TEACHERS, not students

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what matters: the world's preeminent photojournalists and thinkers depict essential issues of our time

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photography / photoessays & documentaries

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What Matters: The World's Preeminent Photojournalists and Thinkers Depict Essential Issues of Our Time

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For more than a century, photography has revealed truths, exposed lies, advanced the public discourse, and inspired people to demand change. Socially conscious pioneers with cameras transformed the world-and that legacy lives on in this eye-opening, thought-provoking, and (we hope) action-in...

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Misprinted Pencils - 144 per box - Item No: 293

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ForTeachersOnly.com is an online catalog offering a wide variety of teaching supplies, personalized pencils, motivational awards, sharperners, erasers, math, science, books, educational games, and much more. All online orders recieve a 5% discount. We offer many products for year round holidays like National Teacher Appreciation Week, Valentines Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.

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This is a isolated tribe in Africa that a musician set their words to music

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Deep Forest - Full Album - 1992 - The First Album

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We use this on most units, students love to compare and contrast to our culture.

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These digital breakouts help students learn history and geography content. This reflects my experience as a Social Studies teacher. As I collaborate with teachers in other content areas, I will continue to add those as well. It is highly recommended that you play the breakouts before your students do.

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Can put in 360 videos and check for understanding as you go.

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Nearpod: Foster a love of learning in every student

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Create active learning experiences students can’t wait to be a part of.

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In this fast-paced information age, how can Americans know what's really important and what's just a passing fashion? Now more than ever, we need a source that concisely sums up the knowledge that matters to Americans -- the people, places, ideas, and events that shape our cultural conversation. With more than six thousand entries,The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy is that invaluable source.
Wireless technology. Gene therapy. NAFTA. In addition to the thousands of terms described in the original Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, here are more than five hundred new entries to bring Americans' bank of essential knowledge up to date. The original entries have been fully revised to reflect recent changes in world history and politics, American literature, and, especially, science and technology. Cultural icons that have stood the test of time (Odysseus, Leaves of Grass, Cleopatra, the Taj Mahal, D-Day) appear alongside entries on such varied concerns as cryptography, the digital divide, the European Union, Kwanzaa, pheromones, SPAM, Type A and Type B personalities, Web browsers, and much, much more.
As our world becomes more global and interconnected, it grows smaller through the terms and touchstones that unite us. As E. D. Hirsch writes in the preface, "Community is built up of shared knowledge and values -- the same shared knowledge that is taken for granted when we read a book or newspaper, and that is also taken for granted as part of the fabric that connects us to one another." A delicious concoction of information for anyone who wants to be in the know, The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy brilliantly confirms once again that it is "an excellent piece of work . . . stimulating and enlightening" (New York Times) -- the most definitive and comprehensive family sourcebook of its kind.

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In this fast-paced information age, how can Americans know what's really important and what's just a passing fashion? Now more than ever, we need a source that concisely sums up the knowledge that matters to Americans -- the people, places, ideas, and events that shape our cultural conversation.

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Making students think differently about American culture.

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Great story about a music program in Paraguay that is getting kids off the streets, and all of their instruments are made out of trash.

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great resources to learn about how the US prints their money.

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How the GridPals Movement Started | Flipgrid

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Fun interactive game that kids absolutely love! Try the free trial!

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HMH Classcraft pairs ELA and math content with research-based lesson plans resulting in reduced educator planning time and increased student engagement.

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World Cultures Training Google Drive Folder

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World Cultures Training Google Drive Folder

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Great place that you can use for free, must pay to keep track of grades.

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Students portfolios are automatically constructed. Teachers get a live window into classroom performance, and can adapt lessons to student needs in real time.

All stakeholders can observe progress against learning goals over time, whether districts are using self-published curriculum, Exploros OER curriculum, or an educational publishing partner's curriculum.

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Exploros | Engage Students, Map Learning Progress, Improve Outcomes

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Students portfolios are automatically constructed. Teachers get a live window into classroom performance, and can adapt lessons to student needs in real time. All stakeholders can observe progress against learning goals over time, whether districts are using self-published curriculum, Exploros OER curriculum, or an educational publishing partner's curriculum.

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Shark Tank Activity