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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/protectionism.asp
Investopedia - govt actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often with the intent of protecting local businesses and jobs from foreign competition

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https://theconversation.com/economic-history-shows-why-trumps-america-first-tariff-policy-is-so-dangerous-92715

With Trump as president, he promotes an 'American First' policy, which strives for unilateralism in trade.

Based on American history, Trump seems to have a false understanding of how the economy worked.

There will be major changes if the American chooses to behave freely. Since America is a large-nation, then it would affect other countries in the smallest ways possible. On top of that, America would lose its power in the world trade system.

Trump has already withdrawn United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This was not a good move as it increases the difficulty for American companies to compete in their markets.

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Donald Trump's take on Aluminium and Steel in US

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Donald Trump's take on Aluminium and Steel in US

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01 Mar, 2018
- heightened fears of a global trade war
- Trump feels that US has been mistreated badly (dumping of Chinese steel on American markets), thus he promised to take retaliatory action to protect US steel jobs during his presidential campaign in 2016.
- China can retaliate against US tariffs on steel by targeting imports of American agricultural produce to China, such as soybeans.
(CAUSE TRADE WAR)

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Donald Trump has announced a swathe of new tariffs on steel and aluminium imports to the US, in the latest protectionist demarche from the White House that will raise already heightened fears of a global trade war.

The President said on Thursday that steel imports face a 25 per cent levy while aluminium will be marked up by 10 per cent from next week.

What Trump's Davos speech means for prospects of a global trade war

The move was unveiled at a meeting of US metal industry representatives.

"You'll have protection for a long time. You'll have to regrow your industries, that's all I'm asking," Mr Trump told them.

"People have no idea how badly our country has been mistreated."

During the presidential election campaign in 2016, Mr Trump continually railed against what he claimed was the dumping of cheap Chinese steel on American markets - and promised to take retaliatory action to protect US steel jobs.

China has indicated that it could retaliate against US tariffs on its steel exports by targeting imports of American agricultural produce to China, such as soybeans.

The latest move by Donald Trump follows a decision in January by the US to impose tariffs of up to 50 per cent on imports of washing machines and solar panels from China and South Korea.

The US Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross t old the World Economic Forum last month that the US was "coming to the ramparts" to protect itself, in what he said was an already raging global trade war.

The US tariffs would adversely impact the UK's struggling steel industry.

The Daily Telegraph reported that Business Secretary Greg Clark and the International Trade Secretary Liam Fox have made private representations to Washington about the issue.

Brexiteers have been pinning their hopes on securing a new free trade deal with the Trump White House, despite its protectionism, after the UK leaves the European Union.

Employment in American steel plants has been falling since the 1960s, but economic studies suggest most of this is due to productivity improvements by manufacturers rather than competition from cheap imports, suggesting there is little likelihood that protectionist measures will actually help to bring back jobs.

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Donald Trump unveils new tariffs on steel and aluminium imports to US

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Donald Trump has announced a swathe of new tariffs on steel and aluminium imports to the US, in the latest protectionist demarche from the White House that will raise already heightened fears of a global trade war.

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22 Feb, 2018
US had three options
1. Tariffs on Aluminium and Steel - price hikes to cover tariffs would threaten jobs in construction, oil and gas, and car manufacturing (many Americans are employed in these industries, then in the production of steel and aluminium.)
2. Quota on Imports (would ensure that it fell by the intended amount, exporters to US may even raise prices, but this would hit Canada the hardest) - im still figuring out why
3. Tariff on steel imports from some countries, the other countries will be let off with quotas equal to their exports to America

https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2018/02/22/donald-trump-mulls-restrictions-on-steel-and-aluminium-imports

31 May, 2018
Tariffs on Aluminium and Steel imports from Canada, Mexico and the EU.
- 25% tariff on US steel imports
- 10% tariff on US Aluminium imports

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BOSTON (Reuters) - A federal judge in Boston on Monday rejected a bid by the Trump administration to dismiss a lawsuit alleging that its decisions to end temporary protections for immigrants in the United States from Honduras, Haiti and El Salvador were racially motivated.

U.S. District Judge Denise Casper in Boston ruled that a group of immigrants and two organizations could move forward with a lawsuit challenging the administration's termination of the protective status enjoyed by thousands of people from those three countries.

She said the lawsuit's allegations about "statements of animus" by officials including President Donald Trump coupled with claims about a shift in policy "allege plausibly that a discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor in a decision."

The lawsuit cited statements it said showed Trump's "dislike and disregard for Latino and black immigrants," including reported remarks in January by Trump saying immigrants from Africa and Haiti come from "shithole countries."

"Plaintiffs have successfully made out their prima facie case," Casper wrote.

The U.S. Justice Department, which represented the administration in court, had no immediate comment. It had argued that the courts lack jurisdiction to review the decisions at issue.

Temporary protected status, or TPS, offers protection from deportation to immigrants already in the United States, including those who entered illegally, from countries affected by natural disasters, civil conflicts and other problems.

The Trump administration has shown a deep skepticism toward the temporary protected status program and has moved to revoke the special status afforded to thousands of immigrants from El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Sudan.

About 400,000 immigrants from countries designated for temporary protected status live in the United States, including 262,500 from El Salvador, 58,550 from Haiti and 86,000 from Honduras, according to the lawsuit.

In May, the Department of Homeland Security said it would end temporary protections for Hondurans in January 2020. Haitians and Salvadorans are set to lose their special statuses in July 2019 and September 2019, respectively.

The lawsuit was filed by 14 immigrants from those three countries and two non-profit organizations, Haitian-Americans United and Centro Presente.

The complaint contends the administration's actions violate the U.S. Constitution's equal protection and due process provisions.

"The judge in this case made clear that TPS recipients have viable constitutional claims and that they deserve a day in court," said Iván Espinoza-Madrigal, the executive director of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice, which represented the plaintiffs.

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judicial process / court cases / court decisions

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U.S. judge allows lawsuit over end of immigrant protections to proceed

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A federal judge in Boston on Monday rejected a bid by the Trump administration to dismiss a lawsuit alleging that its decisions to end temporary protections for immigrants in the United States from Honduras, Haiti and El Salvador were racially motivated.

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Trade war impact on Agriculture industry

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Trade war impact on Agriculture industry

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- Due to the escalation of the trade war between Trump and china.
- china has declared that hey would impose tariffs on U.S soy bean imports
- Soybean futures dropped 2.3 percent and hit their lowest price in a year as farmers prepared for disruption to the $12 billion worth of soybean shipments they send to China annually
- Soybeans will be hit the hardest as china is by far their biggest buyers

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-soybeans/u-s-farmers-brace-for-impact-of-china-trade-war-soy-at-one-year-low-idUSKBN1JB2ZK

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https://www.globaltradealert.org/global_dynamics

United States has implemented a total of 1505 interventions that are harmful for the economy.

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1. Obama decided that US should impose tariffs on Chinese Tires coming into the US to help employment in the US. It saved 1,200 jobs. For that number of jobs saved, it costed the US 1.1 billion, which means that each job costed $900,000.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/10/23/how-obamas-tire-tariffs-have-hurt-consumers/?utm_term=.d1e60a5cf347
2. From the 35% tariff, although 1,200 jobs in the tire industry, it affected the employment in the US in another industry, being the retail industry. There were 2,500 retail jobs that were lost. The reason behind this was because of the high consumer cost from purchasing tires, causing consumers to cut back on spending resulting in job loss.
http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-tariffs-trade-analysis-20160724-snap-story.html
3. From the imposition of the tariff, China decided to impose retaliatory tariff on Chicken imported from the US into China. ChThis anti dumping tariffs reduced exports by $1 billion in the US poultry industry.
https://piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/us-tire-tariffs-saving-few-jobs-high-cost
4. Tariffs aided to reducing the number of tires imported from China, but that only caused increase in imports from other countries like Japan, Canada and Mexico
http://blog.investingnote.com/trade-tariffs-slump-china-us-stock-market/
http://www.datamyne.com/blog/trade-policy/chinese-tire-tariffs-run-down/

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20 Jul, 2018
On top of implementing tariffs on Aluminium and Steel, Trump has also threatened huge tariffs on imports of EU cars and car parts.

This extent of the trade war will be disastrous.

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The European Commission has warned that Donald Trump's decision to extend his trade war to imported cars would have a "disastrous" economic impact and that the EU would retaliate.

The US earlier this year imposed levies of up to 25 per cent on US imports of European-made steel and aluminium and the US President has also threatened large tariffs on imports of EU cars and car parts, a trade worth around €50bn a year.

"At least on steel and aluminium, the world is undeniably facing challenges as a result of global over-capacity - the root cause of which is China. But similar moves on cars would be disastrous," said Cecilia Malmstrom, the EU's trade commissioner, in a speech to the German Marshall Fund in Brussels on Thursday.

The US car factory exposing the contradictions of Trump's trade war

Earlier this month the Commission published an analysis suggesting that US car import tariffs would have an initial negative impact on US GDP of around $14bn.

But such levies would also have a severe impact on European car firms such as BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler and Volvo which export heavily to the US market.

Germany shipped 640,000 cards to the US in 2017.

Volvo recently opened a new car assembly plant in South Carolina, creating 1,500 new jobs. But the plant's engines are imported from Europe, meaning they would be hit by a tariff on car imports.

BMW, which also has a large plant in South Carolina, has warned that new tariffs would put jobs at risk.

In her speech, Ms Malmstrom pointed out that many European car firms manufacture cars in the US which they then export around the world, including to Europe, meaning that new tariffs could harm US exports.

After Trump imposed levies on EU steel earlier this year, the EU hit back with levies on items such as Florida orange juice, Harley-Davidson motorcycles and Levi's jeans.

Ms Malmstrom said that there would be further retaliation on cars.

"If the US would impose these car tariffs that would be very unfortunate. We are preparing together with our member states a list of rebalancing measures there as well. And this we have made that clear to our American partners. It is done in the same way as with steel and aluminium," she said.

Ms Malmstrom is due to travel next week to Washington, along with the Commission's President, Jean-Claude Juncker, to discuss ways to end the trade war with President Trump and members of Congress.

Trump claims that EU tariffs on US car exports of 10 per cent, versus the US import tariff rate of 2.5 per cent, is strong evidence of trade being rigged against American manufacturers.

Last month he said on Twitter that: "Based on the tariffs and trade barriers long placed on the US and it great companies and workers by the European Union, if these tariffs and barriers are not soon broken down and removed, we will be placing a 20 per cent tariff on all of their cars coming into the US."

Despite the car import tariff disparity, the US import tax on trucks, of 25 per cent, is much higher than the EU's.

Trump has also been escalating his parallel trade conflict with China.

The yuan slumped to a one-year low on Thursday as fears heightened about the effects on the world's second-largest economy grew.

Volvo announced on Thursday that it would move production of its XC60 SUV for the US market from China to Europe in order to avoid Washington's existing tariffs on imported Chinese-made vehicles, although this would not stop them being hit hard by any new EU car part import tariffs.

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New car import tariffs from Trump would be economically 'disastrous', European Commission warns

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The European Commission has warned that Donald Trump's decision to extend his trade war to imported cars would have a "disastrous" economic impact and that the EU would retaliate.

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- The government in the united states gives vast subsidies to the Agriculture industry to protect from fluctuating prices of agricultural goods and also rise the competetivity of the exports
- However this has casesd the world price of agricultrual goods to be pulled down as the US is exporting their goods at a lower price
-developing countries is harmed by the subsidies the US gives to their farmers as they are unable to profit form exporting their product now.
https://farm.ewg.org/region.php?fips=00000&statename=UnitedStates
https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/-picking-on-the-poor-how-us-agricultural-policy-hurts-the-developing-world_15192995761.pdf
- Trade remedies are implimented by the US government to protect domestic producers form unfair trading practices of foreign producers. In 2016, the U.S. issued anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders on $6.6 billion of imports, including agricultural products
https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/on-trade-remedies-us-barks-but-where-is-the-bite
- However, from the foreign producers' point of view, the trade remedies is used to supress the competitors and sacrifies the consumers benefit to the interest of local producers
https://www.cato.org/publications/trade-policy-analysis/protection-made-order-domestic-industrys-capture-reconfiguration-us-antidumping-policy