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According to Marshall Brain, bacteria cells can be easily "manipulated [into producing]  these chemicals so that they are easily harvested in vast quantities for use in medicine" (Brain).
In other words, through biotechnology, bacteria is used to produce insulin. People with diabetes often have an issue regarding their pancreas. According to Department of Health & Human Services, Pancreas is a body organ with two functions. The first is digesting food - specifically protein - and that is known as the exocrine pancreas. The second is the endocrine pancreas, and its use is for producing insulin (Department of Health & Human Services). According to the Hormone Health Network, insulin "allows cells in muscles, fat, and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood" (Hormone Health Network). That means the production of insulin can be affected or diminished by problems with the health or stability of the pancreas functionality.

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Insulin by Hormone Health Network

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First things first. Why is this even important? Why is it relevant to people? Who is affected by this? Who is benefits from this?

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First things first. Why is this even important? Why is it relevant to people? Who is affected by this? Who is benefits from this?

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According to the International Diabetes Federation, 1 in every 11 adults around the world has diabetes. By 2040, the number is expected to rise to 1 in 10 (Daily Diabetes).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2012, over 9 percent of the United States population had either type A or type B of diabetes (Diabetes Daily).
According to the Canadian Government, diabetes is a growing disease, with the highest rate of increase over the past few decades. In Canada, diabetes is the 7th most common cause of death (Diabetes Daily).
According to Health Line, in 2012, 1.5 million individuals lost their lives due to the disease.

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The process of producing insulin is quite lengthy but can be broken down. What is the process to undertake in order to produce insulin from modified bacteria?

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The process of producing insulin is quite lengthy but can be broken down. What is the process to undertake in order to produce insulin from modified bacteria?

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Your Genome, in their article "What is Genetic Engineering", simplifies the procedure by breaking it down into eight steps. First and foremost, a plasmid is drawn out of the bacteria (e-coli) cell. Your Genome has a very clear definition of plasmid; it states plasmid is "A small circle of genetic material, typically DNA in bacterial cells, physically separated from chromosomal DNA that replicates independently. Plasmids are used as vectors to transfer genes between cells" (Your Genome). After the plasmid is extracted, it is cut by molecular scissors, and a smaller piece of it is picked. The gap now found within the plasmid is filled with insulin (Your Genome). According to Your Genome, after the modified plasmid is inserted in a new bacteria cell, the cell starts the division process in which it produces more insulin. In order for the cells to produce massive amounts of insulin, the bacteria is grown with enough nutrients to keep dividing. The more the cell divides, the more insulin it makes (Your Genome). When the cells is ready, the mixture is filtered to leave the insulin only. The insulin is finally cleaned and cleansed and packaged for diabetic patients to receive (Your Genome).

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The Genetic Engineering Process by Your Genome

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Wait.. Who does this hurt? How is this harmful to others?

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Wait.. Who does this hurt? How is this harmful to others?

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Although some may say that using biotechnology for production of insulin will hurt the bacteria cells, that is not the main ethical issue in the debate of insulin. Before the use of bacteria found in human beings for the production of insulin, natural insulin from animals such as pigs and cows were used. In order to reach the insulin in the pancreas, the animals were slaughtered. There were, and still are, major ethical concerns regarding the killing of these innocent animals. The other main reason for biochemistry to be used for production of human insulin is a that animals are not fit matches to human bodies. That leads into the next point. The health risks of using animal insulin.

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Different animal species do not have the same genetic make-up as humans, and therefore, the concept of animal insulin being used for human purposes poses certain concerns regarding the effects of the foreign drug in humans' systems. Although different individuals' bodies react to the insulin in different ways, overall, the match of animal insulin in human beings' bodies causes harms, while artificial human insulin has been proved to work more effectively (Dobson).

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Insulin Shot by Pick Board

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According to Diabetes Daily, 415 million adults around the world have diabetes. Upward of 540 thousand children have type 1 diabetes (Diabetes Daily). The risk of death is 50% higher for people with diabetes, than those without (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Type 1 is the one that requires insulin shots earlier on in the process, and more urgently. Type 2 often needs insulin as well, but on differing conditions (North Wales Daily Post). Below, I will use statistics from three countries to present the impacts of use of biotechnology for production of insulin for use as a medicine for diabetes.

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According to North Wales Daily Post, "over 59,000 people in Wales, depend on insulin for their daily survival" (North Wale Daily News).

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According to Diabetes Daily, 208 thousand individuals under the age of 20 have been diagnosed with type 1 o type 2 of the disease. As mentioned before, 29 million adults are diagnosed.

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Diabetes in the United States by Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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China has, both, the biggest number of people with diabetes, and the highest percentage of people with diabetes as a part of the population. 11.6% of Chinese adults have diabetes. In total, adding up to 114 million people (Diabetes Daily). In total, around one third of the entire diabetic population live in China.

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Without the use of biotechnology for modification of bacteria cells for production of insulin for use in medicine, millions of people would not have access to a healthy genetic match which means there are major health risks and a high chance of death in the diabetic community. Millions of people rely on the drug for survival, without it, their lives are in immediate danger.

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What Is Diabetes by THA Group

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Could certain cultural background affect the risk of diabetes

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Could certain cultural background affect the risk of diabetes

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Diabetes Daily claims that "Non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native adults are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with some form of diabetes as non-Hispanic white adults" (Diabetes Daily). The evidence above points to the idea that certain races are more likely to have the disease could be reasoned in many different ways. An interesting cultural diabetes relation to examine could potentially be cultural poverty rates. According to a research done by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, the percentage of white citizens in the United States to live under the poverty line is 9%, while that of the Hispanic population is 20%, over twice the percentage. The percentage of blacks living under the poverty line in the United States is 22%. According to Diabetes In Control, male-adults earning under a 15 thousand dollar salary per year, have a likelihood to get diabetes twice as high as those with a salary of over 80 thousand dollars per year. A research done by the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) in Canada discovered that living in poverty increases the chance of having diabetes by 26%. Adding up all of these ideas, Hispanics and blacks have a higher probability of having diabetes, and a higher percent under the poverty line, and due to the fact that those under the poverty line are more likely to have diabetes all the facts line up perfectly and show that ethnicity and perhaps even culture could, to an extent, affect the likelihood of individuals to have diabetes.

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Money money money, must be funny, in a rich man's world

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Money money money, must be funny, in a rich man's world

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The original patent of insulin as medicine was sold for 3$ because the scientists, Fredrick Banting and Charles Best, behind the breakthrough wanted the remedy to be accessible for all patients and wished the prices would remain low (Tsai). However, with the newer technologies discovered regarding human-modified insulin and the ever-growing greed of human-beings, and other factors such as drug-companies, pharmacies, and insurance-companies, the cost has increased dramatically. In 2014, the insulin industry was a 24$ billion one, and the estimated projection is 48$ billion by 2020 (Tsai). According to Allison Tsai, in 1991 the cost of a unit of insulin was under 7 dollars and increased in over 8 dollars until 2014.

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According to David Spero, there are several main issues causing the soaring prices of insulin including: the "captive market". Since the buyers depend on insulin for survival, there is barely any room for negotiation or bargaining. Anther reason is the lack of competition. Spero claims there are only three main manufacturers of insulin in the United States, and thus, there is not enough competition to keep the prices decent. 245$ dollars is the amount of money summed up by lost wages, lost work, and cost of medicine for those diagnosed with diabetes ( Center for Disease Control and Prevention).

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The Insulin-Payment Journey by Diabetes Forecast

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There are 415 million adults and 540 thousand children with diabetes worldwide. The vast majority of those patients require insulin. As discussed in the HEALTH column, artificial human insulin is more fit for humans than animal insulin. Therefore, millions of diabetes patients use the technology for everyday survival.

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Animal insulin has been the source of insulin for decades, however, it has considerable side effects and is not as recommended for patients as the genetically modified human bacteria insulin.

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China has the highest population of diabetic patients, with a growing number. Still, diabetes is a growing disease that is spread across the globe.

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Diagnosis of Diabetes by GTA Fitness

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With every diabetic individual saved, our society is improved. We all have a potential to succeed and help the world become a better place, and biotechnology is a fairly new and special way to save one another.

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It saves their lives, their family-members' lives, and their friends' lives. Everybody is influenced by their loved ones' health stability.

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The goal is the same: to save human lives. The procedure is very different. While bacteria undergoes a complex process to become modified human insulin, animal insulin does not have to be modified because it already is insulin.

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“9 Factors That Affect How Insulin Works.” Pick Board, 1 Aug. 2017, fidim.org/9-factors-that-affect-how-insulin-works/.

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Cnorwood. “Our Blog - November 14 Is World Diabetes Day.” THA Group, 14 Nov. 2013, www.thagroup.org/november-14-world-diabetes-day/.

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Control, Diabetes In. “Poverty a Leading Cause of Type 2 Diabetes, Studies Say.” Diabetes In Control. A Free Weekly Diabetes Newsletter for Medical Professionals., Diabetes In Control. A Free Weekly Diabetes Newsletter for Medical Professionals., 24 Nov. 2010, www.diabetesincontrol.com/poverty-a-leading-cause-of-type-2-diabetes-studies-say/.

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- Department of Health & Human Services. “Pancreas.” Better Health Channel, Department of Health & Human Services, 21 Aug. 2014, www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pancreas.

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- “How Many People Have Diabetes?” Diabetes Daily, www.diabetesdaily.com/learn-about-diabetes/what-is-diabetes/how-many-people-have-diabetes/.

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- “Insulin.” Hormone Health Network, www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/insulin.

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Mr. Dobson.

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North Wales Daily Post. “How the Discovery of Insulin Changed Lives of People with Diabetes Forever.” Daily Post, DPNW, 18 Apr. 2013, www.dailypost.co.uk/news/local-news/how-discovery-insulin-changed-lives-2673302.

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“Poverty Rate by Race/Ethnicity.” The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 22 Sept. 2017, www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/poverty-rate-by-raceethnicity/?currentTimeframe=0.

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- Santos-Longhurst, Adrienne. “Type 2 Diabetes Statistics and Facts.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 27 Feb. 2017, www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/statistics.

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Spero, David. “The Cost of Insulin.” Diabetes Self-Management, Diabetes Self-Management, 31 Aug. 2016, www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/the-cost-of-insulin/.

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Tsai, Allison. “The Rising Cost of Insulin.” Diabetes Forecast, Mar. 2016, www.diabetesforecast.org/2016/mar-apr/rising-costs-insulin.html.

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- “What Is Genetic Engineering?” Your Genome, 17 Feb. 2017, www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engineering.