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Monaco is an example of a modern city-state because it
A)is a city and surrounding territory with its own independent government
B)has survived for centuries in an important and ancient urban hearth
C)has historical connections to the Italian city-states of the Renaissance
D)is located entirely within the boundaries of the independent nation of Italy
E)is a self-governing city that has never fully gained independence from Italy

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Changes in infrastructure within cities had very important effects on the urban structure and in fact the earliest urban centers were known as pedestrian cities, cities that were shaped by the distances that people could walk but in advance with transportation methods such as trains, busses, and cars, had profound effects on the growth and shape of cities.

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-City-states- The most successful of the earliest agricultural settlements
-Urban Hearths- Area’s generally associated with river valley’s in which seasonal floods and fertile soils aided the production of an agricultural surplus
-Metropolitan Area- A collection of adjacent cities across which population density is high and continuous
-Metro Area- A shorter name for Metropolitan Area
-Metropolitan Statistical Area- Another way to define a city.
-Micropolitan Statistical Area- Cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

-Nodal Region- one way in which a city is defined or focal point in a matrix of connections
Social heterogeneity-  when a social group has diverse traits
-Time-space compression- the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same.
-Borchert’s Model- A model used to describe urban growth based on tr
Pedestrian cities- shaped by the distances people could walk
-Streetcar suburbs- communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel shaped city.
-Urban System- an interdependent set of cities within a region.

-Rank-size Rule- a commonly observed statistical relationship between the population sizes and population ranks of a nation's cities.

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City-states consisted of a city and the area surrounding it.A city-state has its own government and the surrounding areas receive services and protection from the city.City-states function separately from other city-states.Many City-states emerged in locations around the globe but mostly river valleys.

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Rank-Size Rule is something that describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop. What ever rank of a city within an urban system will predict the size of that city and a rank-size distribution includes cities of all all sizes in the systems. Some countries as examples of rank size rule include the United States, Canada, Australia, and India

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In the gravity model there is one basic ide represented. This idea states that two large places are close together the will have a greater interaction than two smaller places that are farther apart.

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Geographer John Borchert developed Borchert's Model to describe urban growth based on transportation. He divided urban history into four periods, which he called epochs. Each epoch had effects on the shape,size,density, and the spatial arrangements of cities.

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A common way to define cites is through population characteristics. Most commonly cities will have a more diverse population than in smaller, more rural areas. One simple reason for this is because cities are usual centers for immigration.Most immigrants will have greater luck in finding people like them when looking in the city.

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A city is the territory inside officially recognized boundaries. This definition helps determine population, taxing residents, and establishing government rules. Most large cities today share boundaries with other cities, but they are visible only on maps.

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As cities grew, many people developed more skills other than producing food. City residents depended on farmers for food, in return people in cities focused on supplying services for those who lived there.Early cities specialized in particular services, some became administrative centers, others became religious centers and university towns.

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A Metropolitan Area is a collection of adjacent cities across which population density is high and continuous and call also be referred to as Metro Area. Large cities in the world such as Tokyo, Japan, Mumbai, India, Paris, France, etc. are considered Metropolitan Areas due to population density.