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I feel that Krashen's theory can apply to ALL students in your classroom, starting with...
1. Encourage students acquiring knowledge/skills and not getting too worried about rules at first
2. Allow students enough wait time to think! Processing takes time!
3. Give students feedback, but not too much at once. Focus on baby steps to improvement! This comes from setting realistic, attainable learning goals.
4. Help students sort information by using a logical and natural order. This can alleviate some confusion or getting too much at once.
5. Know your students, where they are coming from, and how to make them most comfortable. Knowing that students who are stressed will have a hard time performing will help me as a teacher make assessment decisions on how to best showcase that student's abilities.

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Krashen, Stephen D.  Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition.  Prentice-Hall International, 1987.

Krashen, Stephen D.  Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning.  Prentice-Hall International, 1988.
Freeman, D. F. (2011). Between Worlds.  Portsmouth, NH: Greenwood Publishing Group.

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Acquisition and Learning looks different for children vs. adults. Adults tend to get caught up on the rules and wanting to be accurate, so they find some comfort in learning the rules. Children naturally acquire language as they develop and have much less of an affective-filter that hinders them trying out language skills.

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I feel that understanting the filters of students really boils down to having a positive classroom environment and strong student rapport. Knowing how my students interact with others and how they filter in the classroom will change how I can assess these students so they may best show off their skills.
There are many factors that impact a student's filter: motivation, comfort in the space, confidence, anxiety, etc. are all important to think about and acknowledge.
In simple terms, the lower the filter a student has, the more comfortable and prepared they are to learn. Students with a high filter will have larger barriers to overcome that can impede learning.

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Natural order is based on the ideas that we need to teach students grammatical lessons in a logical order so they can be the most meaningful without being overwhelming. It is unreasonable to teach all the language rules at one time, or at a young age.
"Krashen points out that the implication of the natural order hypothesis is not that a language program syllabus should be based on the order found in the studies. In fact, he rejects grammatical sequencing when the goal is language acquisition."

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Input is related to acquisition of a language. At student improves when they receive feedback on their performance, especially in real time so they make corrections. This can be written, verbal, or even social cues.
I find it really interesting to think about feedback in a manner that will not overwhelm the language learner. Sometimes we want to provide feedback to fix ALL the issues at once, but this can be too much! It may be better to offer smaller goals at a time.
The idea of offering feedback in an "i + 1" model makes a lot of sense to me!

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Extroverts tend to under-use their monitor function... hence blurting out in class or lack of filtering
Introverts and perfectionists tent to be over-users, where they want to craft the perfect response
Lack of self-confidence can sometimes also be related to over-using the monitor function

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The monitoring hypothesis explains that the student is constantly monitoring their language usage based on what they have previously learned. A student may need time to work through their own understanding of content in order to respond to a question.

I think this relates well to experiential learning and constructivism, where students are building their own udnerstanding of the material at their own pace and in their own way. It may take students time to adjust your question (as a teacher) to what they know and how to dictate their answer while following grammatical rules.

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Monitor is one of the most interesting portions of the language theory to me

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"The product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge 'about' the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules."

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"The product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language. It requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act."

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Krashen suggests there are TWO independent routes to learning a language.
He notes that both are important to fully understanding and communicating effectively within a language, but you cannot solely have one or the other.
He also explains that "acquisition" is slightly more important to the learner than "learning"

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1. Acquisition-Learning

2. Monitor

3. Input

4. Natural Order

5. Affective-Filter

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- Expert in the field of linguistics
- Writer of over 100 books
- Widely known and well accepted theorist for language acquisition