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Define: Tactics and Strategy: appropriateness of actions within specific game context. Being able to create scenarios or plays to benefit the player or team.

Own Definition: Is coming up with certain actions, plays that will allow for a beneficiary affect on the player or team to allow for success.

Example: An example and strategy in basketball is to play early offence, this means that your constantly running on fast breaks and play at a faster pace then your opponents. Ideally this will tire them out and give you easy fast break points. Usually defence will be out of positioned which gives you more offence players in relation to defenders

Why is it important is skill learning?
Tactics and strategy give you a goal and play style that will increase your chances in being effective in your sport. It gives you an idea of your role and how to play within a specific style , if it weren't for strategy you would be a headless chicken playing what you think is right. It gives you a better opportunity in beating your opponent.

Digital Example:
here you see it at UCLA where their strategy is to get running as fast as possible and use long passes and easy layups to score.

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Define: Changing to improve the result or outcome.

Own Definition: Is changing and realizing patterns that you are able to learn from and improve your current situation. Creativity is you own twist on the game specific skills and scenarios that you are able to create a variable difference for higher succession

Example: Adaptability, understanding a persons defence is basketball is vital. If a team is playing man to man defence you are wanting to force alot of screens to allow for mis communication amongst the opposing team. if a team fails to miscomunicate it allows for attackers to exploit it.
Creativity in basketball can be the way you finish your layups. If your shooting a high layup so defenders cant block it or putting a certain spin on it due to your position

Why is it important in skill learning?
Adaptability is important to improve your chance of succession, in a sense that you are always going to face different opponents in which they are stronger and more different then previous teams. It is important to recognize the following actions that may occur and change your play style for effectiveness.
Creativity is always important as you dont want to become predictable when you are playing sports, you want to constantly keep the defenders guessing what your going to do. Creating new styles that dont make you become stagnic and boring.

Digital Example: Heres a video of Kyrie Irving who has mastered the skill of adapting and creativity. Constantly adapting to different defenders and his flare of creativity makes hi one of the hardest players to defend in the NBA

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"LAYUP GOD" Kyrie Irving Finishing and Ball Handling Highlights ᴴᴰ

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Define: Being aware and being able to read the play and making sense of what going of what’s going on.

Own Defiintion: the understanding of spatial awareness , what is going on among st your surrounding, this pay be viewing of players, where they are , how they are moving in relation to you. This allowing you to read and react to the following visual information.

Example: Will be simply just viewing players on a basketball court. Where they are? Are they in the three point line? How many defenders are there? how much space do I have.

Why is this important to skill learning? this is important because understanding what among your environment allows you to react and co ordinate your movements in relation. Seeing where opposing team mates are, where your team mates are is important in developing your skills.

Digital Example:
Here you see it with lebron james and his awareness of where his team mates are at all times.

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Define: Managing independent and inter-dependent parts that control movement in a complex system that work together. In the human body, a degree of freedom is a plane of movement.

Own Definition: degrees of freedom is the movement of body parts . The degrees of freedom are made of 3, Pitch YAW and Roll and 8 different movements Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Flexion, Horizontal Extension, Internal Rotation, External Rotation.

An Example: Would be a golf swing which use a various  amount of movements throughout the body

Why is it important to skill learning?
Degrees of freedom within a individual can be important through the more degree of freedom an individual has on there body the more they are able to manipulate certain skills. Such as having limited movement within your shoulder rotation may prohibit the ability to throw effectively, fast accurate and strong. However stretches and yoga may help with the degrees of freedom.

Digital Example:

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How To Fix Your Golf Swing Plane (PGA PRO EXPLAINS!)

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Skill is Situated, Distributed and Social

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Skill is Situated, Distributed and Social

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DEFINE: A social skill is any competence facilitating interaction and communication with others where social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning these skills is called socialization. Skill is situated in social setting like games. As the broader who play, regulate and enjoy the game are ones who determine the social settings

SKILL IS DISTRIBUTED: over the body, other people and the tools used in game situations.

SKILL IS SITUATED: We suggest that skill is a specific form of competency inseparable from its context.

In clarifying this idea we have found it useful to distinguish between action,

technique and skill.

Examples:
Situated:
An example of this is provided by considering the pass in rugby.

The actual act itself is relatively simple and involves the throwing of the ball to a team-mate. Passing a rugby ball can be done in a variety of contexts from backyard fun with friends to high pressure game play in competition.

Social:
Can be social leagues at your local rec center or playing a pick up game of basketball with your friends. Your not playing for anything but playing for fun and enjoyment.

Distributed:

The skill of the forehand is distributed

over body in the sense that the whole body is involved in highly coordinated way to ensure balance, stability and power throughout the movement created.

Own Definition:
Skill can be distributed, situated and social. In terms or social skill is doesnt have to be the best player or the worst its someone who is enjoying the idea of the sport they are playing within. Situated skill is the idea of where the performative and difficulty of skill differ. Skill can be performed in the back yard and you would only need to do simplistic passes to be skillful but in a high intensity all blacks game the skill level will be heightened and the skill required to pass a ball to multiple players well being defined needs to be factored in.
Distributed can be the idea of players are selective of what shoes they play in as this will enhance them to perform certain activities they need to do in a high level. Like basketball players they will wear clean basketball shoes so it allows them to travel and various distances in a fast collective manner.

Why is it important to skill learning?
Thes factors are important to skill learning as it only shows that skill can be examined through various forms and that learning specific skills for situated scenarios is important in the sense that in high intense games the level of skill is heightened and variable change has to be understood to be skillfull,  however this isnt the same with a social game.

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Define:a limitation or restriction.

Own Definition: Constraints main revolve around the Task, Performer and Environment, It can both afford or limit interactions of the learner.

Example:
Task, Can be the rules of a game , to the size of the pitch,
Environment, can be the are of which the players are playing on, grass on a field to hardwood within a gym.
Performer, can be the height of individual, fitness levels.

Why is it important in skill learning?

Understanding the constraints within skill is important due to the fact that it forces you to play within a set environment, use the rules to mold a game, understanding you as performer also allows you to do specific things strongly or not.  It can be important in skill learning as you can place constraints to help afford players, An example of this would be placing adjusting the hoop height for little kids that will afford them score with higher succession.

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Define: The study of relationships between living organism and the physical environment, for example players, court, field.

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Define: Emergence is process in which things come in to being as a result of relational dynamics

Own Definition: Emergence is the result of the end of the relation dynamics.

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Define:  The study of the process of interaction between elements and the things that emerge from such interaction. Interaction, Connectivity, Systems, Degrees of freedom, Complexity, Emergence.

Own definition: Relational dynamics is made up of 6 areas, and play its own part in defining relational dynamics.

Example: Interaction, can be the number of interacting elements, e.g players
Connections are the connections that elements hold.
Systems are the systems in which elements play within
Degrees of freedom: Can be movements that certain body parts move: Pitch, Yaw, Roll, Movement:Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Flexion, Horizontal Extension, Internal Rotation, External Rotation.
Complexity: Complexity is broadly defined but can be the more elments the more complex it becomes,
Emergence is the idea that things come to be through relational dynamics.

Why is it important to skill learning?
Relational dynamics is important to skill learning as it healps look at ideas in which make sports context complex.

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Define: Self organisation, well interacting with environment, your job within the greater team environment.

Own Definition: is self organizing and playing your specific role, which is usually to play through your strengths in order to fulfill team success.

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Define : Effects of non linear connections, Review actions of the opposing team that you can add into your system

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Define: internalization of children play, through experience we build imagination of possibilities.

Own Definition: Imagination of possibilities is the idea that through playing we become aware of certain scenarios and create and imagine plays that can occur.Through this we figure out what works and what doesn't.

Why is it important to skill learning?
Imagination is important to skill learning as we are able to render ideas and possibilities that may be useful through in game text. Our creative patterns allow us to learn important and corrects skills that can work through games. This can be an act and reaction that you come up with and create scenarios that you can also come up with.

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Define:relating to time.

Own Definition: Timing when to do it, in sequential order.

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Define:the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Own Definition: Holistic Environment. Moving dfrom individual skill practices to skill games. Taking account to the whole environment.

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Define: a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model.

Own Definition: Mental structure  you form when a new though or idea occurs.

Example: This can be adapting fundamentals of specific skill. Like we all know how to throw a ball, adding on information through schema like a specific spin to the throw to curve is building upon knowledge for the skill.

Why is it important in skill learning?
The Schema theory is important in a sense that we draw upon prior knowledge and experiences to create new experience. This important in a sense that it develops specific skills to become more complex.

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Define: using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive.

Own Definition: Without having to think about it

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Define:using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive.

Own Definition: Second nature, not consiously aware what we are doing. Skill can be developed and become intuitive.

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Define: Original, Nature

Own Definition: Born with, something that is inate to us as humans. E.g becoming bipedal walkers , co-coordinating arms with legs as we walk. Skill is not innate but ability is.

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Define: Our body is conscious of where we are in space. A kin-aesthetic consciousness via our preceptors. Constantly refined, full body awareness and more than just muscle memory.

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Define: A state of learning. Habits surrounding the learning skill. Cultural practices included. Habits and accepted practices you develop as you continuously play

Own Definition: habitus is the idea that you are influenced by external factors like cultural and social practices.

Example: An Example of Habitus can be the deeply ingrained idea that Pacific islanders are big , so there for that should naturally go and play rugby due to there physical attributes.

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Define: The act of moving

Own Definition: How you move, for example walking

Why this term is Important to Skill Learning: This term underpins essentially everything that is required in sports or in skill. When learning a new skill you learn the movements from the first step in your legs to movements to the arm and so on. Movement is the idea of co-coordinating your body to do the things that you require to do. Understanding the correct order of movements in a kinetic chain can also maximise force and efficiency.

Digital Example:

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Movement Education In Physical Education (1961)

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Define:Situated learning essentially is a matter of creating meaning from the real activities of daily living . . . Situated learning . . . suggests that learning takes place through the relationships between people and connecting prior knowledge with authentic, informal, and often unintended contextual learning.

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Connectivism is a learning theory promoted by Stephen Downes and George Siemens. Called a learning theory for a digital age, it seeks to explain complex learning in a rapidly changing social digital world. In our technological and networked world, educators should consider the work of thinkers like Siemens and Downes.

Own Definition: is the learning theory that looks at the digital word as inputs for knowledge that students can examine.

Example: Examples of connectivisim
can be, Social Media, The Internet, Youtube, Google scholar to name the few.

Why is it important to skill learning?
This can be important as we can use apps like YouTube to understand bio-mechanics and techniques of specific skills. Its also a great domain in understand perspectives on how players may do the things they do. great for tutorials if your wanting to learn a new skill.

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Define: Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.

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Define: eaning in relation to the interaction between their experiences and their ideas.

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Define: Cognitivism is the study in psychology that focuses on mental processes, including how people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct their attention to one stimulus rather than another. Psychologists working from a cognitivist perspective, then, seek to understand cognition.

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Define: Learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how knowledge is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.

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Define: the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught

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Define: The theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns.

1. treatment involving the practical application of the theory of behaviourism.

Own Definition:
My understanding of behaviourism looks at reward and punishment. Its the idea that you are given information by the teacher is result this is what you learn. Its often an older way of teaching and often only looks at limited view or perspectives as information is taught.

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Define: The way perceptual and motor development are coupled with each other. For example, babies coordinate their movements with perceptual information to learn how to maintain balance, reach for objects in place, and move across various surfaces. Intermodal Perception.

Own definition: Is percieving visual information  and responding with movements to the percieved information.

Skill Learning Example: An  example of this would be in basketball, you learn to respond to perceptual information for the better of the team, An example of this would be if the big man gets a rebound you would see the rebound, him grabbing it and as the point guard you would start running towards the oppositions goal and start the fast break.

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Impact of Perception on Action in Team Sports

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Define: Motor learning is when complex processes in the brain occur in response to practice or experience of a certain skill resulting in changes in the central nervous system that allow for production of a new motorskill.

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Define:A particular movement or action which is acquired through an immense amount of practice and experience. Acquisition can be defined roughly as: -An asset or object bought or obtained. Therefore Skill Acquisition can be defined as: -The ability to learn, develop and control skills to perform better in our sports.

Example: An example can be constantly shooting a basketball to gain consistency through repition and practice.

Own Definition: Skill acquisition is basically learning a new skill through practice. This may be through practices and repetition of a specific technique to make it autonomous.

Why is it important in skill learning? Sill aquisition is important due to the idea of mastering a skill to become the most efficiant in the game or sport you desire to become good at. Hard work and practice effectively benifits your overall skill.

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Define:the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

Own Definition: The environment is the area around the individual,  adapting to your environment

Example:
The environment can be the the pitch you play you perform on. This can be grass on a field, or the wood within the basketball court.

Why is it important to skill learning? Understanding the area in which you are situated in is important as understanding it allows you to have an advantage over the other players. You are able to use the environment to its best. for example understanding the boxing ring in boxing is crucial to be able to evade and trap fighters in corners and against the ropes.

Digital Example:

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Areas Of The Basketball Court | What Are These Lines! For Beginners

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Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) is a theory of motor development that can be applied to the management of children with Cerebral Palsy. This theory proposes that movement is produced from the interaction of multiple sub-systems within the person, task and environment

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Define:A complex system is any system featuring a large number of interacting components (agents, processes, etc.) whose aggregate activity is nonlinear (not derivable from the summations of the activity of individual components) and typically exhibits hierarchical self-organization under selective pressures.

Definition:

1. The number of interacting elements in a system:  In other words, the more people in a social network (or lesson), the more complex it becomes.

2. The number of connections between elements: A social network becomes more complex as people make more connections and interact with more people in that network.

3. The diversity of interacting elements: A social network becomes more complex as we add different people into the mix. If everyone was the same, it would be easy, the more different they are, the more complex the system.

4. The degree of change and adaption over time: The longer a system is together and evolving in response to the environment, the more complex it becomes.

A description of a system that is in between order and chaos.

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Define:  the qualities or properties of an object that define its possible uses or make clear how it can or should be used.

Own Definition:  My own definition is, is perceptual information an individual takes of their environment and uses it to their advantage this can be objects within play. It enhances performances to the individual.

Why is it important in skill learning:
Affordances are important in skill learning due to the fact your able to understand cues with in game context that benefit you in sports and enhance the level of skill. Understanding what will afford you during a game make give you an advantage over opponents.

Digital Example:

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Define: Cognitive development is Jean Piaget's theory. Through a series of stages, Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.

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Theorists: Vygostky, Social Cultural Approach to Cognitive Development

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Theorists: Vygostky, Social Cultural Approach to Cognitive Development

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Define: Vygotsky's theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition (Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning."

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Define:Skillful, skilled, expert refer to readiness and adroitness in an occupation, craft, or art. Skillful suggests especially adroitness and dexterity: a skillful watchmaker. Skilled implies having had long experience and thus having acquired a high degree of.

Own Definition: Skillfulness is the idea that you are able to do your craft at the highest degree.

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Define: a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure.

Own Definition:  Technique is the way you perform an action or movement.

Skill Learning Example: Having the correct technique allows you to optimizes your chances and gives you highest chances of succession. Good technique is vital for alot of sports such as basketball and having the correct technique when shooting, like a straight elbow to the basket improves chances of succession

Skill Learning Example: Will be the biomedical withing your basketball shot, the coordination in movement.

Digital Example:

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How To Shoot A Basketball Better | The Hop

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Define: The activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something : the activity of someone who learns. : knowledge or skill gained from learning.

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5 elements to how we assess skill.

Technical Competence: patterns of movement , movement fluidity
Performance Outcome: successful outcome of actions of individual and / or group of players

Perceptiveness of the environment: being aware and being able to read the play and making sense of what going of what’s going on.

Tactics and Strategy: appropriateness of actions within specific game context. Being able to create scenarios or plays to benefit the player or team.

Adaptability or Creativity : Changing to improve the result or outcome.

What this means in my own words? This basically means the way we assess skill is broken up into these 5 different aspects.

Digitial Example:

Heres a a video that breaks down Floyd Maywethers skill and looks at every aspect of skill, and how hes mastered boxing to highest level.

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Floyd Mayweather's Perfect Defense Explained - Technique Breakdown