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The filing system was changed at Abe's work and he frequently gets confused.

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Coon, D., Mitterer, J. & Martini, T. (2019) Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior. United States of America: Cengage.

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We learned consequences affect your entire life. The actions you take to manage the consequences can strongly influence your day to day life. We believe that as Abe continues forward with his therapist, he will work towards reducing his anxiety and depression.  We hope Abe's self-image increases, which would also improve his self-esteem. Abe's anger issues and aggressive behavior towards his wife will hopefully decrease. His goal setting in the work place will help to build his motivation in a positive  way. In conclusion, we all agree that Abe can live a productive and fulfilling life.

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Abe self-stereotypes himself because he is always worried about how people perceive him and his loss of his leg from the accident.
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 555)

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Abe is aggressive towards his wife because he is frustrated at himself.

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Abe has low self-esteem because he is lacking in confidence at work by having poor attendance but his supervisor is trying to improve his self-esteem by praising him with food when Abe meets goals.
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 382)

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Abe  has a low self-image as he feels people see him as handicapped since the accident.
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 401)

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The role of Abe's therapist is to lead him through his therapeutic process as he works to overcome his anxiety of the accident. This is a type of therapy determined as Directive Therapy.

(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 485)

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Based on the case file, this is how Abe rates on the Big Five Scale:
-Abe is more introverted than extroverted (is described as quiet and lonely)
-Abe is less agreeable than he is agreeable (wife describes him as unfriendly and tense)
-Abe is striving towards being conscientious (he is setting achievement goals, striving to be hard-working,  and organized)
-Abe is high in neuroticism (he is anxious and always on edge)
-Abe is not open to experience (he is uncreative and down-to-earth, but he is trying new experiences i.e. taking online classes)
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 392)

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We chose the Abe Smith case study. Abe Smith was in a car accident and lost his leg due to texting and driving. He endures chronic pain since the accident. Mr. Smith has anxiety and depression and it shows during his work performance and his marriage. Mr. Smith has colorblindness. He also suffers from memory loss, which effects his ability to retain memories for only a few moments. Mr. Smith is now struggling with work, socializing, stress, and anger.

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Abe suffers from chronic pain and since he complains frequently his attitude lowers his pain tolerance.

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Abe is probably a pessimist because he sees the worst in things.

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Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Schlee, K. A., Monson, C. M., Ehrensaft, M., & Heyman, R. (1998). What's Love Got To Do With It?: Perceptions of Marital Positivity in H-to-W Aggressive, Distressed, and Happy Marriages. Journal of Family Violence, 13(2), 197-212.

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The need to achieve is a drive to excel in one's endeavors. Abe's therapist encourages him to take online classes so he can gain self-worth and feelings of contributing to society. Abe's characteristic of nAch is lower than most. He isn't as driven as some people to achieve his goals. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 331)

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Abe demonstrates lack of motivation at work by frequently showing up late and calling in sick. His manager begins setting attendance goals to help motivate him to earn lunch for his team based on his attendance. Abe begins showing motivation when working with others.

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Abe gained 20 pounds after the accident. This could be caused by the stress, anger, and sadness he felt after the crash.

(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 321)

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"Martial violent men may be overly dependent on their wives...[and] become excessively fearful of rejection and/or abandonment" just as Abe treats his wife unkindly after watching violent television but with the fear of rejection is working on improving his actions. (Langhinrichsen-Rohling,  Schlee, Monson, Ehrensaft, , & Heyman, 1998, p. 198)

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Abe has no motivation to complete goals.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Assuming Abe's mother was neglectful and showed no attachment to him, this would effect the interaction with others while also effecting his healing and development process.

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Abe does not do good at work due to the effects of the crash. "Many adults derive much of their identity from their work." Because Abe is struggling in work, he sees himself as a lesser person.

(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.91)

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Abe has social development deficiencies. He does not have close friends but due to his lack of self-esteem works better as a team instead of alone. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.100)

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Due to Abe's loss of leg he has had to experience a "decline of life satisfaction and can complicate...[his] personal development." (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.95)

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Parenting Styles: Had Authoritarian Parents 

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Parenting Styles: Had Authoritarian Parents 

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We believe his low self-esteem is due to his mom telling him he was not good enough as a child. She might have used a withdrawal of love and lacked nurturing qualites.

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Generativity is expressed by an emotional balance with oneself as well as with others. Failure to meet this standard results in the feeling of stagnation, which is defined when "life loses meaning, and the person feels bitter, dreary, and trapped." Abe may demonstrate stagnation because he lost his leg and it seems he allows his pain to negatively effect his performance at work. He also expresses rage towards his wife, which places him in the bitter category.
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.101)

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Abe always seeking quiet and calm environment.

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The hypothalamus is about the size of a grape and regulates specific behaviors: hormone release, rage, sleep, emotion, etc. Abe has trouble sleeping as well as controlling his emotions. He also struggles with anger after watching violent television shows.  (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.75)

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Zec, R. F., Zellers, D., Belman, J., Miller, J., Matthews, J., Ferneau-Belman, D., & Robbs, R.  (2001). Long-Term Consequences of Severe Closed Head Injury on Episodic Memory, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(5), 671-691

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Has trouble remembering information for more than a few seconds

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Has trouble remembering information for more than a few seconds

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Information not moving from sensory to short term memory.
- According to a study, years after attaining a CHI (closed head injury), patients show an increased loss in learning and remembering abilities. ( Zec, Zellers, Belman, Miller, Matthews, Ferneau-Belman, Robb, 2001)

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The amygdala is associated with rapid processing and strongly related to fear and the memories of fearful experiences. Abe instantly becomes fearful when he hears the song or a similar song that was playing when he was in the car accident. This fearful experience and panic is triggered by the amygdala.  (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.76)

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The medulla contains centers essential for control of heart rate. When Abe hears the same song or song similar to the one playing during his car accident his heart rate elevates. This is due to the medulla which controls vital life functions.
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.74)

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Abe can not remember the accident due to it being buried in the unconscious. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.247)

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meditation
Concentrative meditation: Mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought (like breathing)
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 167 )

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Sleep deprivation can cause inattention, irritability, increased pain sensitivity and general discomforts which Mr. Smith has due to his lack of sleep. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.171)

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Abe will earn lunch for co-workers when he reaches an attendance goal. This shows positive reinforcement because the supervisor wants to increase the frequency of his attendance and is adding the reinforcer of lunch. (Coon,, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 203)

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NS(neutral stimulus)- Song
UCS(unconditioned stimulus)- Car crash
UCR(unconditioned response)- pain, fear, heart rate
CS(conditioned stimulus)- Song
CR(conditioned response)- fear, heart rate, pain
(Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.198)

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Abe perceived that the car appeared farther away than really was because he was distracted by his cell phone. In an instant his perceptual expectancy thought he could make it before the car hit. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 148)

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The car accident that Abe was in was caused because he had inattentional blindness due to texting on his phone and not paying attention to his driving. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 122)

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People with colorblindness cannot perceive any colors, which makes it difficult for Abe to do simple activities such as driving because he has to train himself to know which brightness of light is to stop or go. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p.128)

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Abe complains of having chronic pain in the area where he lost  his leg. It is most likely related to Phantom Limb Pain, which involves sensations of feeling as if the missing limb is still there although it is not. (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2019, p. 136)