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The Separatists were a strict Puritan creed within English Protestantism. United by their dislike of the Church of England, the Separatists wanted to either do away with the Church or sever all ties with it. The Separatists’ arguments with the Church of England were straightforward: too many elements of Roman Catholicism remained in the Protestant Church, and the Church wasn’t enforcing religious beliefs forcibly enough. The Separatists felt persecuted within their own country.

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Roger Williams was an English colonist who founded the colony of Rhode Island. He was born in England and came to America in 1631.

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Peter Stuyvesant was the son of a Calvinist minister and a director in the Dutch West India Company. In 1645, he was named Director General of all Dutch colonies in North America and the Caribbean. This included the colony of New Netherland, located in what is now New York State. When Stuyvesant arrived in the colony’s capital city of New Amsterdam in 1647, he found the colony in a weak state. He immediately began issuing rules and regulations. For example, he regulated taverns and exposed smuggling operations. The people of New Netherland had been accustomed to ineffective leaders, and they found Stuyvesant’s manner arrogant and his decrees harsh. Nevertheless, they worked with him to establish the city’s first municipal government in 1653.

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John Rolfe was a colonial official and planter who played a vital role in the economic success of the Jamestown colony. In the early years of the Jamestown settlement, the colony failed to yield any profits for the investors, the Virginia Company of London. In 1612, finding that the local tobacco he had encountered in Virginia was too bitter, Rolfe began to cultivate seeds he had obtained in the West Indies. The crop thrived in Virginia and enjoyed large-scale exports to England. It was a huge cash crop for the colony. The economic success of Rolfe’s tobacco helped to stabilize the once struggling colony.

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Like many other early American colonists, Anne Hutchinson was born in England. She came to America in 1634 and settled with her husband and children in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson had her own beliefs about religion. She felt that a relationship with God was a personal one and that you didn’t need to go to church to maintain that relationship

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The Virginia Company was the English company that founded the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. The previous year, King James I gave the company a charter to create a colony somewhere between current-day North Carolina and New York State on the east coast of North America. The company sent about 105 colonists to America. They arrived in May 1607 and founded Jamestown on the mouth of the James River near the Chesapeake Bay.

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One of a region's most important crops, typically constituting a major portion of the region's diet. Grains, legumes, and starchy foods like potatoes are common staple crops in many regions of the world.

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In general, these churches differ from the Catholic Church in that they place greater focus on the Bible, while teachings and practices from other sources are rejected. Protestant churches do not consider the pope the head of the church. They have pastors or ministers who are allowed to marry and are not seen as being so different from ordinary people. Services in Protestant churches are usually simpler than Catholic services.

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A person who travels to a holy place as an act of religious devotion. 2 capitalized : one of the English colonists who founded the first permanent settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620.

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Mercantilism, also called "commercialism,” is a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metals. It is often considered an outdated system.

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The Mayflower Compact was an agreement created by the passengers on the Mayflower. The Mayflower was the ship that carried the English settlers known as the Pilgrims to North America in 1620. The Mayflower Compact was the first government document to be signed in the land that became the United States.

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The Massachusetts Bay Company was a joint stock trading company chartered by the English crown in 1629 to colonize a vast area in New England extending from 3 mi (4.8 km) miles north of the Merrimack River to 3 mi miles south of the Charles River.

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A joint-stock company is a business owned by people called shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion to the number of their shares (certificates of ownership). ... This means the shareholders are only liable for the company's debts to the value of the money they invested in the company.

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The Dutch West India Company was a trading company. It had a monopoly on trade with Africa, the Americas, and every place in between.

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Economists use the term commodity to refer to a particular kind of good. Commodities are usually agricultural products, minerals, or other raw materials.

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A colony is an area of land or a settlement that is ruled by another country. From the 1400s through the 1600s, European powers became interested in establishing colonies in the Western Hemisphere. At this time, Europeans believed that gaining control of large amounts of natural resources would provide great wealth, so they wanted control of the colonies to provide those resources.

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The church of England has been the official church of England for about 450 years.

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A man who herds and tends cattle on a ranch, especially in the western U.S., and who traditionally goes about most of his work on horseback.

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Triangular trade is a term that describes the Atlantic trade routes between three different destinations, or countries, in Colonial Times.

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The Atlantic slave trade was the selling of African people as slaves by Europeans that happened in and around the Atlantic Ocean.

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The activity or process of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services.

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Definition of mission. the organized work of a religious missionary.

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Middle Passage was the route of the former slave trade of Africans across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas. An example of the Middle Passage is the route the original African slaves were forced to follow..

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Indentured servant. A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country.

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An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease that quickly infects a large number of people. When an epidemic spreads over a wide area, it is called a pandemic.

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All the physical surroundings on Earth are called the environment. The environment includes everything living and everything nonliving. ... People, animals, plants, and all other living things rely on the nonliving parts of the environment to survive.

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Encomienda was a Spanish labor system. It rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people.

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Conquistadors is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense.

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A person who is a customer, client, or paying guest, especially a regular one, of a store, hotel, or the like.

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One-fourth of a circle. 2 : any of the four parts into which something is divided by two imaginary or real lines that intersect each other at right angles.

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A water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America; Europeans since the 16th century had searched for a short route to the Far East before it was successfully traversed by Roald Amundsen (1903-1906)

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Open disobeying or fighting against the leaders in charge; open rebellion against lawful authority. synonyms: rebellion, uprising similar words: revolt.

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Being or relating to a rig used especially on the north coast of Africa and characterized by a triangular sail extended by a long spar slung to a low mast lateen.

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Journey or excursion undertaken for a specific purpose. b : the group of persons making such a journey. 2 : efficient promptness : speed. 3 : a sending or setting forth.

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The Spanish word for conqueror is conquistador. ... These conquistadors sailed to the Americas to conquer the native peoples, to spread Christianity, and to look for gold and other treasure.

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A device having a magnetic needle that indicates direction on the earth's surface by pointing toward the north. 2 : an instrument for drawing circles or marking measurements consisting of two pointed legs joined at the top by a pivot.

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To go completely around especially by water circumnavigate the earth also : to go around instead of through : bypass circumnavigate a congested area.

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Any of several sailing ships specifically : a small 15th and 16th century ship that has broad bows, high narrow poop, and usually three masts with lateen or both square and lateen sails.

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A compact instrument used to observe and calculate the position of celestial bodies before the invention of the sextant.

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According to the beliefs of Native American cultures in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Canada, a totem is a guardian or ancestor that watches over people.

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A tepee was a cone-shaped tent used by some Native American groups for shelter.

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an American Indian settlement of the southwestern US, especially one consisting of multistoried adobe houses built by the Pueblo people.

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Natural resources are substances, materials, and living things that occur on or within the earth and that have economic value.

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From the Bronze Age until the Viking Age, burial mounds could be placed on top of the remains of three-aisled longhouses.

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a large chamber, often wholly or partly underground, in a Pueblo Indian village, used for religious ceremonies and other purposes.

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The term Iroquois is used to identify a specific Native American tribe. It also identifies a group of several different Native American tribes who all spoke the Iroquoian language and lived in parts of what are now New York and Pennsylvania.

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An empire is a large group of territories and people who are ruled by a single sovereign leader or nation.

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Algonquian is the name of a family of Northeast Native American languages. Its speakers include the Penobscot, Massachuset, Mohican, Shawnee, Miami, and Illinois tribes. Collectively these tribes are called Algonquin.

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The system of checks and balances is used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch. For example, the Executive Branch can veto bills from the Legislative Branch, but the Legislative Branch can override the veto.

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the act of amending or correcting. a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.)

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A constitution is a set of rules that guides how a country, state, or other political organization works

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First 10 Amendments to the Constitution. James Madison was a strong supporter of the Bill of Rights. They were part of the compromise that ultimately resulted in the passage of the Constitution.

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making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it; "the ratification of the treaty"; "confirmation of the appointment" Similar Words: confirmation.

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Any group of people living together in a country, state, city, or local community has to live by certain rules. The system of rules and the people who make and administer them is known as a government.

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for English Language Learners. : a way of reaching agreement in which each person or group gives up something that was wanted in order to end an argument or dispute. : something that combines the qualities of two different things.