# data[].attributes.body
Thomas Hooker was a pastor who came to America in 1633, landing in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

# data[].attributes.body
The Separatists were a strict Puritan section within English Protestantism. United by their dislike of the Church of England, the Separatists wanted to either do away with the Church or sever all ties with it. The Separatists’ arguments with the Church of England were straightforward: too many elements of Roman Catholicism remained in the Protestant Church, and the Church wasn’t enforcing religious beliefs forcibly enough. The Separatists felt persecuted within their own country.

# data[].attributes.body
Roger Williams was an English colonist who founded the colony of Rhode Island. He was born in England and came to America in 1631.

# data[].attributes.body
Peter Stuyvesant was the son of a Calvinist minister and a director in the Dutch West India Company. In 1645, he was named Director General of all Dutch colonies in North America and the Caribbean. This included the colony of New Netherland, located in what is now New York State. When Stuyvesant arrived in the colony’s capital city of New Amsterdam in 1647, he found the colony in a weak state. He immediately began issuing rules and regulations. For example, he regulated taverns and exposed smuggling operations. The people of New Netherland had been accustomed to ineffective leaders, and they found Stuyvesant’s manner arrogant and his decrees harsh. Nevertheless, they worked with him to establish the city’s first municipal government in 1653.

# data[].attributes.body
John Rolfe was a colonial official and planter who played a vital role in the economic success of the Jamestown colony.

# data[].attributes.body
Like many other early American colonists, Anne Hutchinson was born in England. She came to America in 1634 and settled with her husband and children in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson had her own beliefs about religion. She felt that a relationship with God was a personal one and that you didn’t need to go to church to maintain that relationship.

# data[].attributes.body
The Virginia Company was the English company that founded the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

# data[].attributes.body
A staple crop is a crop that is most commonly grown in a particular region. Staple crops can be food sources that are used to feed a great number of people, such as rice in China

# data[].attributes.body
The term Protestant Church refers to several different section of Christianity that began to split off from the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation, which took place in the 1500s. The Reformation was a protest against abuses in the Catholic Church. It led to the creation of numerous new churches, known as Protestant churches.

# data[].attributes.body
The word pilgrim means someone who takes a long journey, usually to a religious site—a journey known as a pilgrimage.

# data[].attributes.body
Mercantilism is an economic theory that was practiced by European powers saying that you should export more than import.

# data[].attributes.body
The Mayflower Compact was a document drawn up by the Pilgrims who sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower. It was signed on November 21, 1620, before the Pilgrims landed and left their ship.

# data[].attributes.body
The Massachusetts Bay Company was the British joint-stock company that founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

# data[].attributes.body
These companies were backed by the throne, meaning that the king or queen had granted permission to the colonists, as well as a land grant. Stock was sold to wealthy investors, and their money was used to start the colony. Over time, if the colony was successful, money was returned to the investors. This method of colonization helped the colonies run efficiently because many people were invested in their success. The Jamestown Colony, in Virginia, was a joint-stock company, run by the London Company.

# data[].attributes.body
The Dutch West India Company was a trading company. It had a monopoly on trade with Africa, the Americas, and every place in between.

# data[].attributes.body
Economists use the term commodity to refer to a particular kind of good. Commodities are usually agricultural products, minerals, or other raw materials.

# data[].attributes.body
A colony is an area of land or a settlement that is ruled by another country.

# data[].attributes.body
The church of England has been the official church of England for about 450 years.

# data[].attributes.body
Vaquero is the Spanish word for a cattle herder, and vaqueros in Mexico were the first cowboys in North America.

# data[].attributes.body
The triangular trade was a series of transatlantic trade routes that—when plotted on a map—roughly resembled triangles.

# data[].attributes.body
The forced migration of millions of captured and enslaved people from Africa to the Americas is known as the transatlantic slave trade.

# data[].attributes.body
The act or process of buying, selling, or exchanging commodities, at either wholesale or retail, within a country or between countries.

# data[].attributes.body
A mission is an organized effort by Christians to spread their religious faith. In the 1600s and 1700s, the term was used to described settlements in North America that were established by Spanish Catholic priests to spread their religion to Native Americans

# data[].attributes.body
The Middle Passage was a term used to describe the middle part of an enslaved person’s journey from Africa to the Americas.

# data[].attributes.body
An indentured servant is a worker who agrees to provide a service for a specified time in return for some form of payment.

# data[].attributes.body
An epidemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that affects an unusually large number of people and lasts for a long time.

# data[].attributes.body
The natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity.

# data[].attributes.body
The encomienda was the system that the Spanish government used to try to control Native Americans in the American colonies in the 1500s.

# data[].attributes.body
The conquistadors were powerful soldiers on a mission to gain wealth and territory for the nation of Spain by conquering other people

# data[].attributes.body
A quadrant is a tool that allows people to accurately measure the altitude of the sun or a star above the horizon. It is made of an arc that shows angle measurements up to 90 degrees and a movable radius to measure the angle of the sun above the horizon.

# data[].attributes.body
A patron is an individual or a group who provides financial, moral, or political support to someone in need. In Latin, patronus means “defender, protector, advocate.”

# data[].attributes.body
Beginning in the late 1400s, European explorers searched the land and waters of North America for the Northwest Passage. This sea route, if it existed, was said to connect the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

# data[].attributes.body
A mutiny is an active rebellion or resistance to a military authority by someone who is under the command of that authority

# data[].attributes.body
The lateen sail represented a significant breakthrough in water transportation.

# data[].attributes.body
An expedition is a journey taken for a specific purpose.

# data[].attributes.body
They were called conquistadors, which in Spanish means "conquerors." The conquistadors were powerful soldiers on a mission to gain wealth and territory for the nation of Spain by conquering other peoples.

# data[].attributes.body
A compass is a navigational tool for finding direction on Earth's surface. The oldest and most common type of compass is the magnetic compass.

# data[].attributes.body
Circumnavigate means "to travel, or navigate, all the way around something."

# data[].attributes.body
Used by Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the 1400s to 1600s, caravels were small sailing ships. The ships were light, fast, and more maneuverable than many other ships of the time.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

# data[].attributes.body
Astrolabes are ancient scientific instruments used by astronomers and mariners.

# data[].attributes.body
Totem poles had seven main uses, some of which include marking a grave, identifying a home’s owner, or guarding the remains of dead ancestors. They could also be made to mock people who had fallen into disgrace.

# data[].attributes.body
A tepee was a cone-shaped tent used by some Native American groups for shelter. This type of housing was most common in the Plains region of the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
Pueblo comes from the Spanish word for “village.” The Pueblo Indian emerged around 100 CE. This group settled in the region that spanned from central Utah to northern Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
Natural resources are substances, materials, and living things that occur on or within the earth and that have economic value. These can include natural gas, fish, and forests. A natural resource has economic value only when people learn how to use or extract it.

# data[].attributes.body
A longhouse was a type of home that a number of different Native American tribes built, especially tribes who lived in the forests of the Northeast. A longhouse was made of a framework of poles that the Native Americans then covered with sheets of bark.

# data[].attributes.body
A kiva is a room used by Puebloans for religious rituals and political meetings, many of them associated with the kachina belief system. Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo peoples, kivas are square-walled and underground, and are used for spiritual ceremonies.

# data[].attributes.body
The Iroquois League was a confederation of five Indian nations, including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora joined the confederation in 1722. They had migrated from North Carolina to New York.

# data[].attributes.body
An empire is a large group of territories and people who are ruled by a single sovereign leader or nation. Throughout history countries or groups of people have built empires by using their military, or the threat of military power, to conquer other territories.

# data[].attributes.body
Algonquian is the name of a family of Northeast Native American languages. Its speakers include the Penobscot, Massachuset, Mohican, Shawnee, Miami, and Illinois tribes. Collectively these tribes are called Algonquin.

# data[].attributes.body
counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.

# data[].attributes.body
a change or addition to a legal or statutory document

# data[].attributes.body
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

# data[].attributes.body
sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.

# data[].attributes.body
an agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.

# data[].attributes.body
a set of rules that guides how a country, state, or other political organization works.

# data[].attributes.body
the governing body of a nation, state, or community