# data[].attributes.body
“Now I am old-fashioned. A woman, I consider, should be womanly. I have no patience with the modern neurotic girl who jazzes from morning to night, smokes like a chimney, and uses language which would make a billingsgate fishwoman blush!” - Agatha Christie

This quote stands out to me is in 1920 most of te women in 1920 were flappers and she is saying that she is not one of them. this show me that there is some people don't like the flapper

# data[].attributes.body
this is when the first car built. and every surrounding ford and his model T. The model T changed many of the American life

# data[].attributes.body
Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people. As the Depression deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it.

# data[].attributes.body
Harding’s refreshing idea that they should get more and the taxman less—radios, air conditioners, zippers, talking movies, and even sliced bread became popular during the 1920s. Coolidge continued Harding’s policies, and the United States increased its industrial dominance throughout the world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Definition

Laissez faire is the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government. It comes from the French, meaning to leave alone or to allow to do. It is one of the guiding principles of capitalism and a free market economy. It is the belief that each individual's self-interest to do better, strong competition from others, and low taxes will lead to the strongest economy, and therefore, everyone will benefit as a result.

Brief History

Laissez faire is often associated with the well-known economist Adam Smith and his book Wealth of Nations (1776), which noted that human beings are naturally motivated by self-interest, and when there is no interference in their economic activities, a natural and more efficient balance in society exists.

In the 18th century, French economists became upset with taxes and subsidies that were being imposed on their businesses. They believed that governments should leave the individual businesses alone, except when social liberties were infringed upon. In the 19th century, this philosophy became mainstream in the U.S. It wasn't long after this that the 'free market' approach started to display problems, such as large gaps in distribution of wealth, poor treatment of workers, and lack of safety in the workplace. By the mid-19th century, governments in most advanced countries became more involved in protecting and representing the safety and concerns of workers and the general population. This was the beginning of many of the factory laws and consumer protection laws that are being established and modified today.

Notable Events and Dates

There are several notable events in the evolution of laissez faire economics.

Laissez faire support hit a high point in the 1800s with the Industrial Revolution.

Public opinion during the presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson started changing to support more government involvement and a less laissez faire approach, and to curb the abuses of child labor, long factory hours, and poor working environments.

Laissez faire became popular again during the strong economy of the 1920s but fizzled after the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression in the 1930s.

In the 1970s and '80s, Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher both stressed the importance of laissez-faire, as evidence mounted around the inefficiencies in state-run government and policies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
laissez faire economics: definition & examples - video & lesson transcript | study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Laissez Faire Economics: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Laissez faire is the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government. It comes from the French, meaning to leave alone or to allow to do. It is one of the guiding principles of capitalism and a free market economy.

# data[].attributes.body
the "Lost Generation" refers to a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The "Lost generation" is a term popularized by Ernest Hemingway and credited to Gertrude Stein. It refers to the persons who came of age and were called to service during the "Great War." Many of the writers of the "lost generation" had gathered in Paris during the 1920s, and formed a literary circle that experimented with a modernist style and expression. See Wikipedia for more details.

Because this subject can technically include many authors, I've felt the need to limit this introductory post in some way. I've listed below details and books by some of the main authors of the American expatriate "lost generation." These authors were part of the movement in Paris. The following authors link to more information below.

Other authors that may be considered lost generation are listed without book lists. Their names link to a Wikipedia page about them so you can do further research if you'd like to read one of these authors for the tour. These authors may not have been expatriates in the tight circle of "lost generation" writers, but they still may be considered "lost generation."

If you want to read someone not on these lists, I ask that at least the author you choose to read is an American who was writing in the 1920s or 1930s. The work does not need to have been written in the 1920s (it may have been written sooner or later than that), but since those are the active years of the "lost generation," the author you choose to read should have been a writer during those years.

Tentative tour dates are March 21 to April 1. Sign up will remain open until the March 2.

Sign up is now closed. If you'd still liked to join the tour, send an email to rebecca[at]rebeccareid[dot]com and we'll fit you in.

Living from 1874 to 1946, Gertrude Stein was an American writer and art critic who lived in Paris for most of her life. She was central to the expatriate literary circle in Paris and is credited with defining the "lost generation."

Tender buttons: objects, food, rooms (1914) read online
"One of my very favorite books to read aloud for pleasure on sunny lazy weekend mornings over breakfast, or late into the evening with wine. The linguistic equivalent of putting on a jazz album or painting the room a new color-gratifies the senses." Ifjuly at LibraryThing

Geography and Plays (1922). "A generous collection of poems, stories and plays-all dating from 1910-1920. Wide range of the author's styles reveal Stein as philosopher, poet, portraitist, dramatist and short story writer, as the investigator of the nature of language, and much more." Summary from Amazon.
"Yes. Geography and Plays. Since I'm not quite ready for the density in "how to write" but I'm past the autobiography, this was perfect." Dawnpen at LibraryThing

Four Saints in Three Acts (libretto, 1929: music by Virgil Thomson, 1934). Opera, ground-breaking for form, content, and its all-black cast. Summary from Wikipedia.

Useful Knowledge (1929). "[T]his private remembrance ... is both tender and humorous. War, Woodrow Wilson, Chicago, Sherwood Anderson-such is the range of her intimate concerns." Summary from Amazon.

How to Write (1931).

They must. Be Wedded. To Their Wife (1931)

Operas and Plays (1932)

The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933). A fictionalized memoir of Paris told through the lens of Stein's secretary.

"I can't say whether this book could be completely "autobiographical" or biographical - somehow it's hard for me to imagine Toklas actually teaching Hemingway how to bull-fight, for instance - but it does give a flavor of the Paris full of artistic and literary expatriates in the 1920s and for the several years afterwards. But, it's not an easy book to stay with for a long period of time; and ... better taken in small doses." Valerie at Life is a Patchwork Quilt

"Important literary and artistic figures abound. Aside from the sheer energy of Stein's writing, a historical glimpse into Bohemian life of the time makes the book essential." AlextheHunn at LibraryThing

Blood on the Dining Room Floor: A Murder Mystery (1934). A murder mystery in which a writer is looking for inspiration.
"Did you know that Gertrude Stein wrote a Murder Mystery? No neither did I until I came across this book. Did she in fact write a Murder Mystery? Well I've just read this book which tells me that I've just read one, but I'm still not sure! Help, I'm starting to sound like Stein herself. ... Weird though the whole thing is, there is nevertheless something lurking here which works." Devenish at LibraryThing

Lectures in America (1935). Essays prepared for her lecture tour of the U.S. in the 1930s.
"Lectures in America is among the most lucid of her prose work; perhaps I should say it is among the most easily accessible of her books in general." Frumiousb at Amazon

The Geographical History of America or the Relation of Human Nature to the Human Mind (1936). "Both the plays and the history of America are presented here in her own inimitable style. For the serious literati." Summary at Amazon.

Picasso (1938). Memoir/biography of Picasso.
"Stein does not overindulge herself, however, and imparts a generous amount of lucid thought on how Picasso created and from what and whom he drew his influences. She progresses chronologically through his periods-the blue, the rose, the harlequin, Cubist, calligraphic, etc., up to the point she was writing. This plus salient insights into society, war, creative artists and the 20th century in general make the volume quite a deal in a small package (50 pages)." C. Ebeling ctlpareader at Amazon

Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights (1938). An avant-garde opera libretto.

Ida: A Novel (1941). "This is the story of Ida, whose life consists mainly of resting, because she is always tired; of talking to herself; and of getting married, time after time." Summary from Amazon.
"This seemingly nonsensical book has a magical lyricism, a genius, that surfaces stronger and stronger with each reading. Her every paragraph is composed of triple entendres that are fraught with humor and meaning." A Customer at Amazon.

The Mother of Us All (libretto, 1946: music by Virgil Thompson 1947). Opera chronicling the life of Susan B. Anthony.

Works with no summaries or reviews found: White Wines, (1913). An Exercise in Analysis (1917). A Circular Play (1920). Three Sisters Who Are Not Sisters (1943), libretto. Wars I Have Seen (1945). Reflections on the Atom Bomb (1946) online version. Brewsie and Willie (1946). Last Operas and Plays (1949). The Things as They Are (written as Q.E.D. in 1903, published 1950). Patriarchal Poetry (1953). Alphabets and Birthdays (1957)

Ernest Hemingway lived from 1899 to 1961, producing most of his work between the 1920s and mid-1950s. He is known for his understated writing style. Living in Paris in the 1920s, he was a key part of the expatriate lost generation.

Fiction

The Torrents of Spring(1926). A spoof of the world of writers.
"When I read that it was a parody, I thought I might not get it, since it had been a long time since I'd read any of the authors he was targeting. Instead I found myself laughing out loud." LaLoren at Amazon

Stories.

Men Without Women: "Men Without Women covers a lot of the same ground of his novels... there's the bull-fighting, and the boxing. There's the relationships between men and women, there's the effect of war, of being too old. I'm constantly surprised how well Hemingway pulls off heart-wrenching and emotional with so few words. I can't say that I had a favourite out of the short stories, but when I was finished, I almost felt exhausted." Fluttering Butterflies

In Our Time: "So, up until very recently, I'd always avoided Ernest Hemingway because I assumed that his books were basically all macho bull-fighting. Which is a ridiculous assumption to make, but that's the way my brain seems to work. I develop these completely irrational prejudices and for the most part, stick to them. ... I'm dumb because I didn't give him a chance sooner. I'm dumb because I was stubborn for so long. ... My favorites were varied-I especially loved "The End of Something", "The Battler", "Indian Camp" and "Soldier's Home."" Bookshelves of Doom

Nonfiction

Green Hills of Africa(1935). Hemingway's journals of a safari in East Africa in the 1930s.
"Green Hills of Africa is lush with descriptions of landscape, people, animals, hunting ... and killing. Whilst I enjoyed the dialogue, the slanted critiques of writers, and the journey through the landscape, I found the gratuitous killing very difficult to deal with. ... Which does lead on to the way in which Hemingway presents himself within the book: the man had a massive ego." Desert Book Chic

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) coined the term Jazz Age, and his writings are prime examples of that age.

This Side of Paradise (1920). A story of the morality of post-WWI youth, focusing on love corrupted by greed and status-seeking.

Stories.

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. "While 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button' is an interesting story, it is dated in it's language and cultural sense ... This is a short story that I very much wish had been fleshed out into a novel. It leaves out so much detail and is over so quickly." In the Shadow of Mt TBR

Bernice Bobs Her Hair. "We enter his world of glittering young things through a young buck, striding about at a party and commenting to himself on the people he sees. While this sets a generally frivolous mood, there are some luminous Fitzgerald touches." A Striped Armchair

Babylon Revisited. ""Babylon Revisited" is told mostly in dialogue. It takes a bit to figure out exactly what has happened to our lead character as he is very misleading in his conversations and may in fact be in bad faith himself. ... If you are a fan of the work of Fitzgerald or are interested in American literature in the 1930s, you really will be rewarded by this story. The Great Gatsby is for sure a canon status work and I would also include this wonderful story." The Reading Life

T.S. Eliot is an American who later immigrated to England. He was part of the expatriate generation in Paris in the 1920s.

The Waste Land. "The Waste Land is like a giant crossword puzzle. You can read pretty much anything and everything into it and there are so many angles to take - personal, universal, political, mythological - take your pick. ... My advice to anyone wanting to engage with and enjoy The Waste Land is to not expect to understand it in the usual sense. ... Listen to the words, the voices - like a chorus. Let it wash over you - like music..." Vulpes Libris

Four Quartets. "The main theme is time, which is explored in convoluted ways and here is where Fiennes' reading helps, by making the repetitions less tangled. There is almost a Zen attitude to the progression of Self, how a person changes, whether they are aware of it or not." Vulpes Libris

"This poet rattled the universe and simultaneously whispered solace in our ears like few others have done." Grady Harp at Amazon

Ezra Pound (1885-1972) was a major figure in the modernist poetry movement, especially his development of imagist poetry.

"Pound's work encompasses entire cultures, eras, and languages. It is a work of poetry, an economic treatise, a defense of Italian fascist politics, and a commentary on Modern Culture. The only way Pound could get all his ideas down was to enumerate them in a "poem of some length." And it is long. There's truth in advertising when considering the Cantos as an epic." The Driftless Area Review

"Ezra Pound's work is exciting and really important for poets writing today. It's impossible to see how we got to where we are now without reading Ezra Pound." Katie at Amazon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The American Lost Generation Sign Up " The Classics Circuit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The "Lost generation" is a term popularized by Ernest Hemingway and credited to Gertrude Stein. It refers to the persons who came of age and were called to service during the "Great War." Many of the writers of the "lost generation" had gathered in Paris during the 1920s, and formed a literary circle that experimented with a modernist style and expression.

# data[].attributes.body
mid-to-late ‘20s, Chicago’s prominence as a center for jazz would wane, and New York, already the center of the music industry, would be the magnet drawing musicians from other parts of the nation. At the same time Kansas City, with its many nightclubs, cabarets and dance halls, created a haven for jazz musicians in the South and Midwest.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Instrumental Jazz Mix : Cafe Restaurant Background Music

# data[].attributes.body
He was the founder of psychoanalysis. He talks about sexual desire and the human head. Freud related to Sanger because they both talk about the control of sexual heath.

# data[].attributes.body
the radio helped the American listen to music and entertainment. the radio brings the information to the American people faster. the radio gave birth to electronic stuff.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Radio in the 1920s

Emergence of Radio in the 1920s and its Cultural Significance

Most radio historians asert that radio broadcasting began in 1920 with the historic broadcast of KDKA. Few people actually heard the voices and music which were produced because of the dearth of radio receivers at that time. The public, however, was overcome by a radio craze after the initial broadcast. Radio became a product of the mass market. Manufacturers were overwhelmed by the demand for receivers, as customers stood in line to complete order forms for radios after dealers had sold out. Between 1923 and 1930, 60 percent of American families purchased radios. Families gathered around their radios for night-time entertainment. As radio ownership increased, so did the number of radio stations. In 1920, KDKA was not actually the only operating radio station, but it remains a benchmark in most accounts. And by 1922, 600 radio stations had sprung up around the United States. Chicago's first radio station, KYW, begun in 1921 by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, was the first specialized radio station, broadcasting exclusively opera six days a week. The radio station experienced immediate popularity and continued to be a favorite in Chicago. After the opera season ended, the station owners saw the need to diversify their programming. They began broadcasting things like popular music, classical music, sporting events, lectures, fictional stories, newscasts, weather reports, market updates, and political commentary. Radio stations like KYW enhanced a sense of community among different ethnic groups as each group could listen to programming suited to their interests and needs. However, the advance of radio technology also created a tension between modernity and the traditions and habits of Americans.
The rapid spread of radio listeners and programs lead to inevitable confusion and disruption. Radio waves were up for grabs, as stations competed with one another for time and listeners. Many programs overlapped. Listeners of one program were frequently interrupted by overlapping programs. In addition, the public, the government, and emerging radio corporations viewed radio as a means of public service, rarely as a vehicle for personal profit. Radio manufacturers alone experienced financial gain from the radio boom. Radio announcers, deejays, and stations worked on a non-profit basis. Advertising was not introduced until later in the 1920s, changing the public service face of radio, to one of private gain.
The federal government hesitated to regulate the airwaves. Radio stations, listeners, and emerging broadcasting corporations all asked the government for some sort of intervention to end the free-for-all that radio had become. The government responded slowly, gradually passing laws to govern the radio. The Federal Radio Commission was set up in 1926; the Radio Act of 1927 organized the Federal Radio Commission. This Act became the basis for the Communications Act passed after the rise of television. As the government spent more time investigating radio stations, apportioning time to different groups and programs, and monitoring the growth of the radio industry, they became more and more comfortable with the responsibilities of regulation. These federal bodies eventually ceased to doubt their right to regulate.

Radios in the 1920s

Crystal radios, like the one at left, were among the first radios to be used and manufactured. These radios used a piece of lead galena crystal and a cat whisker to find the radio signal. Crystal radios allowed many people to join the radio craze in the 1920s because they were easy to make from home. xMany boys' magazines encouraged young boys to make their own radios, and included step-by-step instructions for the crystal radio. All necessary supplies could be purchased for as little as six dollars. However, the sound in the earphones was very weak and often interrupted by static. Early radio's, including crystal radios, needed antennas to operate well. The most frequently used antenna was the inverted L. For more information on this and other antenna, clickHERE. While manufacturers tried to improve the crystal radio, one inventive young man, Edwin Armstrong, worked at improving the radio all together. He worked to implement the De Forest Audion tube into the radio. This was also known as a vacuum tube. Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced the crystal. Armstrong's first model of a radio using vacuum tubes was called the Radiola Superheterodyne. After companies succeeded in finding an inexpensive method of producing these tubes, they introduced a vacuum tube radio to the market in 1924. Sounds came through more clearly even over great distances. The additional innovation of the transistor allowed radios to become small and portable.

This radio, using a 250 watt spark transmitter, was built by Moe Smith VE1XG. Smith's innovation paved the way for radio manufacturers Pilot, Federal, Patterson, and more. It was one of the first radios to use peanut tubes but was incredibly loud to use. For more information on peanut tubes and radio technology in Canada, clickHERE. Overwhelming volume was a consistent problem with early radio. Even after the antenna was used to decrease radio static, listeners were still often "blasted" by noise when they switched stations; the switch from a distant frequency to a nearby station resulted in a dramatic increase in volume. The invention of the automatic loudspeaker in 1928 improved this problem immensely.
This is a Roger's Batteryless Receiver Model 130, built in 1925. It is typical of radios in the twenties in that it is battery operated and has three dials and five identical tubes. The move to battery powered radios resulted in an enormous upsurge in public popularity of the radio. Radios could more easily be incorporated into the decor of private homes. It furthered the mass consumption of the radio, producing new demands for this technology. This radio is very similar to the Stewart Warner 300, of 1925, seen below.

This radio is crafted in the cathedral style. Other radios were made in the tombstone style or in the crystal radio style, shown before. Radios were made in either plastic, wood, or metal.
For further examples of each, click HERE.

Are you interested in buying, selling, collecting, or just browsing for other early radios?

Radio Advertisements of the 1920s
; HERE. To return to the Main Page of the Chicago Radio Show, click HERE.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Radio in the 1920s Emergence of Radio in the 1920s and its Cultural Significance Most radio historians asert that radio broadcasting began in 1920 with the historic broadcast of KDKA. Few people actually heard the voices and music which were produced because of the dearth of radio receivers at that time.

# data[].attributes.body
Car were everywhere in the 1920, thank to Ford and his model T. the American back then when to a lot of trouble because of the depression and the world war.

# data[].attributes.body
25 events

# data[].attributes.body
The lyrics are an answer to the audience about the artist's over-consumption of wine, women and song. This piece of music shows the popularity of jazz and alcoholism issues.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fats Waller - Ain't Misbehavin' - Stormy Weather (1943)

# data[].attributes.body
Tyrus Raymond, nicknamed The Georgia Peach, was an American Major League Baseball outfielder. Sports such as baseball became a major activity and interest for Americans. Citizens commenced paying matches to watch teams compete.

# data[].attributes.body
Several deficits of price changes happened, especially from 1920 to 1922. The rest of the decade was regular and stable in accordance with up and downs.

# data[].attributes.body
High Tariffs
Anti Union
Laissez Faire
Trickle Down Policies

And no, it doesn't stand for those words down there.

# data[].attributes.body
"Return to Normalcy" demanded for a come back to the old days as the "Roaring Twenties" was a decade filled with modifications.This slogan demonstrated the fatigue of the wave of reforms and WWI.

# data[].attributes.body
An artistic movement of cultural, social, and artistic explosion that occurred in Harlem, NY. This Renaissance was also named the "New Negro Movement" by Alain Locke. James Weldon Johnson and Zora Neale Hurston contributed to this movement similarly to Locke.

# data[].attributes.body
This party's leadership, public service and manifestations led them to enact many Amendments, laws, Congressional acceptance and positions for women. The women advocated for women's suffrage and worked to demolish other parties who didn't support women.

# data[].attributes.body
Motion pictures became an enormous business and a capital investment totaling over two billions. The Jazz Singer was such a significant movie because it sparked the commencement of sound films, as it was the first synchronized sound film.

# data[].attributes.body
Lindbergh's non-stop transatlantic flight proved the whole world that a plane was capable of crossing mountains and oceans in at fast speed. All Americans were awed at how it was now possible to cross a large amount of land and water and observe how it looks like from the sky and the stars.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Charles Lindbergh - From New York to Paris 1927

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic on May 20-21, 1927 is seen as one of the most important events of the 20th century, but memories have dimmed and, in an age when jet airplanes routinely cross the Atlantic Ocean with hundreds of passengers, we have lost sight of its significance.

# data[].attributes.body
The relationship between business and government might have looked like a friendly one. To Coolidge, a factory also became a temple where he improved his workers' wages but also his business at the time. He favored to keep taxes down without much of the government's regulation.

# data[].attributes.body
Brewing and distilling for sale became illegal, the state and federal government were expanded, social connections between men and women increased, and one of the culture of immigrant and working-class culture was erased.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This video is about the prohibition that I used to show to my friends in APUSH

# data[].attributes.body
The National Origins Act of  1924 is a law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The Immigration Act resulted in an increase in existing tensions between US and other nations. Despite the increased tensions, US Congress decided that conserving the racial composition of the country as that was the priority over foreign ties.

# data[].attributes.body
The flappers were a generation of young western women. they wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, and listen to Jaz. This is one of the trend back in the day for women. this trend end when the world war 1 end.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the early examples of widespread protests and mass movements to attempt releasing convicted persons. This case exposed the inadequacies of both the legal and law enforcement system.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A brief history of Italian American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti who were both executed in 1927. Sources: http://www.akpress.org/2006/items/anarchisminamericaakpress http://www.psfp.com/

# data[].attributes.body
in 1924 Tennessee past the butler act, which teacher can not teach anything that denies the story of the creation of man. Scopes was a teacher, he ignores the law and teaches his students. When word got out he were put into trial.

# data[].attributes.body
this raid targeted immigrants. the Attack cover 30 cities and towns in 23 states. they beat, arrested, and deported the suspected terrorists. The Palmer raid was primarily due to national security. This show that most of the laws that were created were unconstitutional. this violate the first amendment "freedom of religion".

# data[].attributes.body
Al Capone was a gangster. He was a bootlegging, prostitution and gambling dominated the organized crime scene. Capone was responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters. This started the age of gangster and mobs in America.

# data[].attributes.body
The rebirth, rise, and resurgence of the 1920's KKK were due to the massive rise in immigration, the movement of African-Americans from the south to the northern cities, race riots, strikes,  problems caused by industrialization and Urbanization. The KKK attacked the immigrants and the African-American

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. - Born in the ashes of the smoldering South after the Civil War, the Ku Klux Klan died and was reborn before losing the fight against civil rights in the 1960s. Membership dwindled, a unified group fractured, and one-time members went to prison for a string of murderous attacks against blacks. Many assumed the group was dead, a white-robed ghost of hate and violence.

Yet today, the KKK is still alive and dreams of restoring itself to what it once was: an invisible empire spreading its tentacles throughout society. As it marks 150 years of existence, the Klan is trying to reshape itself for a new era.

Klan members still gather by the dozens under starry Southern skies to set fire to crosses in the dead of night, and KKK leaflets have shown up in suburban neighborhoods from the Deep South to the Northeast in recent months. Perhaps most unwelcome to opponents, some independent Klan organizations say they are merging with larger groups to build strength.

"We will work on a unified Klan and/or alliance this summer," said Brent Waller, imperial wizard of the United Dixie White Knights in Mississippi.

In a series of interviews with the Associated Press, Klan leaders said they feel that US politics are going their way, as a nationalist, us-against-them mentality deepens across the nation. Stopping or limiting immigration - a desire of the Klan dating back to the 1920s - is more of a cause than ever. And leaders say membership has gone up at the twilight of President Barack Obama's second term in office, though few would provide numbers.

Joining the Klan is as easy as filling out an online form - provided you're white and Christian. Members can visit an online store to buy one of the Klan's trademark white cotton robes for $145, though many splurge on the $165 satin version.

While the Klan has terrorized minorities during much of the last century, its leaders now present a public front that is more virulent than violent. Leaders from several different Klan groups all said they have rules against violence aside from self-defense, and even opponents agree the KKK has toned itself down after a string of members went to prison years after the fact for deadly arson attacks, beatings, bombings and shootings.

"While today's Klan has still been involved in atrocities, there is no way it is as violent as the Klan of the '60s," said Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center, an advocacy group that tracks activity by groups it considers extremist. "That does not mean it is some benign group that does not engage in political violence," he added.

Historian David Cunningham, author of "Klansville, U.S.A.: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-Era Ku Klux Klan," notes that while the Klan generally doesn't openly advocate violence, "I do think we have the sort of 'other' model of violence, which is creating a culture that supports the commission of violence in the name of these ideas."

Klan leaders told the AP that most of today's groups remain small and operate independently, kept apart by disagreements over such issues as whether to associate with neo-Nazis, hold public rallies or wear the KKK's trademark robes in colors other than white.

So-called "traditional" Klan groups avoid public displays and practice rituals dating back a century; others post web videos dedicated to preaching against racial diversity and warning of a coming "white genocide." Women are voting members in some groups, but not in others. Some leaders will not speak openly with the media but others do, articulating ambitious plans that include quietly building political strength.

Some groups hold annual conventions, just like civic clubs. Members gather in meeting rooms to discuss strategies that include electing Klan members to local political offices and recruiting new blood through the internet.

It's impossible to say how many members the Klan counts today since groups don't reveal that information, but leaders claim adherents in the thousands among scores of local groups called Klaverns. Waller said his group is growing, as did Chris Barker, imperial wizard of the Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Eden, North Carolina.

"Most Klan groups I talk to could hold a meeting in the bathroom in McDonald's," Barker said. As for his Klavern, he said, "Right now, I'm close to 3,800 members in my group alone."

The Anti-Defamation League, the Jewish protection group that monitors Klan activity, describes Barker's Loyal White Knights as the most active Klan group today, but estimates it has no more than 200 members total. The ADL puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000.

The Alabama-based SPLC says there's no evidence the Klan is returning to the strength of its heyday. It estimates the Klan has about 190 chapters nationally with no more than 6,000 members total, which would be a mere shadow of its estimated 2 million to 5 million members in the 1920s.

"The idea of unifying the Klan like it was in the '20s is a persistent dream of the Klan, but it's not happening," Potok said.

Formed just months after the end of the Civil War by six former Confederate officers in Pulaski, Tennessee, the Klan originally seemed more like a college fraternity with ceremonial robes and odd titles for its officers. But soon, freed blacks were being terrorized, and the Klan was blamed. Hundreds of people were assaulted or killed within the span of a few years as whites tried to regain control of the defeated Confederacy. Congress effectively outlawed the Klan in 1871, leading to martial law in some places and thousands of arrests, and the group died.

The Klan seemed relegated to history until World War I, when it was resurrected. It grew as waves of immigrants arrived aboard ships from Europe and elsewhere, and grew more as the NAACP challenged Jim Crow laws in the South in the 1920s. Millions joined, including community leaders like bankers and lawyers.

That momentum declined, and best estimates place Klan membership at about 40,000 by the mid-'60s, the height of the civil rights movement. Klan members were convicted of using murder as a weapon against equality in states including Mississippi and Alabama, where one Klansman remains imprisoned for planting the bomb that killed four black girls in a Birmingham church in 1963.

Cunningham, the historian, said the Klan dwindled to nearly nothing during the 1970s and '80s, when the SPLC sued the Alabama-based United Klans of America over the 1981 murder of Michael Donald, a black man whose beaten, slashed body was hanged from a tree. In an odd twist, Donald's mother wound up with the title to the Klan's headquarters near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, because the group didn't have the money to pay the $7 million judgment awarded in the SPLC suit.

KKK leader Brent Waller was raised in Laurel, Mississippi, in the shadow of the civil rights-era Klan. He has boyhood memories of flaming crosses and of Sam Bowers, a Klan boss who served six years in prison for his role directing the murders of three civil rights workers in 1964, and who later was convicted of killing a civil rights leader in 1966.

Rather than a white robe, Waller, 47, wears a snow-white suit and orange tie when in public on Klan business and insists on donning sunglasses in photos to protect his identity.

Stopping immigration, not blocking minority rights, is the Klan's No. 1 issue today, Waller said. His group operates by the KKK rulebook called the "Kloran," which was first published in 1915. Various versions of the book are now online, and an edition posted by the University of Wisconsin library states in part: "We shall ever be true in the faithful maintenance of White Supremacy and will strenuously oppose any compromise thereof in any and all things."

The current hot-button issue for Klan members - fighting immigration and closing US borders - is one of the most talked-about topics in the presidential election. Klan leaders say Donald Trump's immigration position and his ascendancy in the GOP are signs that things are going their way.

"You know, we began 40 years ago saying we need to build a wall," Arkansas-based Klan leader Thomas Robb said.

Years ago, the group Robb heads near Harrison, Arkansas, changed its name from the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan to the Knights Party USA, mainly to get away from the stigma associated with the Klan name. It now presents itself as more of a political or Christian entity.

"There is a lot of baggage with the name," said Rachel Pendergraft, Robb's daughter, who leads the group with him. "You say the name 'KKK' and a lot of people have a narrative in their minds of what it is about, what it does. The name resonates with people, whether it is good or whether it is bad."

Despite trying to rebrand itself in many ways, 150 years later, the Klan has not stepped away from burning crosses, though it rarely does so in public. Instead, the "lightings," as members call them, are held on private property away from law enforcement and demonstrators.

In April, Klan members and other white supremacists held two rallies on the same warm Saturday in Georgia. As the sun set, about 60 robed Klan members and others holding flaming torches gathered in a huge circle in a field in northwest Georgia to set a cross and Nazi swastika afire.

"White power!" they chanted in unison.

"Death to the ungodly! Death to our enemies!"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. - Born in the ashes of the smoldering South after the Civil War, the Ku Klux Klan died and was reborn before losing the fight against civil rights in the 1960s. Membership dwindled, a unified group fractured, and one-time members went to prison for a string of murderous attacks against blacks.

# data[].attributes.body
this was the first car were ever build. Production allowed the price of the touring car version to be lowered from $850 in 1908 to less than $300 in 1925. He tried to bring down the price of the car. the wealthy people called him a traitor because now everyone can use/have the car.

# data[].attributes.body
A dispute between labor and management about difficult working conditions, long hours and low wages. This strike proved to be a failure for the steel workers.
In the aftermath of WWI, the Seattle General Strike and Boston Police Strike were also grand union revolts.