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The arrival of the Europeans effected the Malay in a significant way. This was the main source of the Spice Trade. The Dutch began to slowly invade the trade. They gained control over it and forced the English out of the market. While the mainland was unsuccessful, Europeans had a strong impact on the islands and coastline.

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The Portuguese occupied the Moluccan because they were the main source of spice production. The Dutch had a stronger military because they spent more on their military than Portugal did. Therefore, the Dutch were able to gain control of the trade and it shifted from the Portuguese to them. Then, they created the Dutch East India company to challenge the English.

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The political systems in Africa was mainly monarchy. Lineage groups, or government ruled by a village or family were also used. Europe did not have a lasting impact on the political system of Africa.

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The effects of the slave trade caused depopulation in certain areas. The youngest and strongest men and women were effected the most. African civilizations wanted control of tribes so they could then be sold which eventually lead to war. Benin was greatly effected by the slave trade. Many people lost faith in their gods, population had a dramatic decrease, warfare increased, there were more raids, human sacrifice became common, and art deteriorated.

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Throughout worldwide trade, countries began to reach new economic heights because of specialization. Countries focused on items they had an advantage in receiving. For example, the Dutch and Portuguese focused on the spice trade while Spain and England focused on sugarcane, cotton, and tobacco. All of them are looking for old and silver. With each country trading specific things, the wealth in each country began to rise.

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The fifteenth century Europeans began to explore the world in multiple different ways. Portugal sent fleets to explore area in the south along the west coast of Africa. A new source of gold was discovered there. Later, Portugal heard of a route to Inda around the southern tip of Africa. Vasco de Gama went around the cape through the Indian Ocean to reach the coast of India. There spices were newly introduced to Portugal. They went to invade and take control of the spice trade. Ports were set up around newly explored placed in Europe to continue the spice trade. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who reached Cuba although he thought he was in Asia. He claimed territory in Americas for Spain throughout his four voyages.