# data[].attributes.body
The course Caribbean Civilization was profound in many way. The history lesson might have been a painful one to endure but the message is one we should all be aware of. We as a Caribbean people take so much for granted. I love being a Caribbean woman with African heritage and I also love the diverse cultures that help make up the Caribbean. The music, festivals and cultural practices. I know that we will continue to develop because as long as courses like these exist we will become even more conscious of who we are and continue to pave a solid foundation for the younger ones to come.

# data[].attributes.body
ACTIVITY 6.1

Select four reasons and explain how you think they give you a different identity. Provide examples of your points if possible.

·         My parent’s daughter: By my name I am identified by being part of a particular family, which is the St Mathe.

·         National identification card: my ID card identifies me as a citizen of St Lucia

·         Race: My race identifies me as a black woman with possible ancestors from the West African coast.

·         Language: Identifies me as an English speaking woman who is more than likely from English speaking country, my accent represents the country I am from.

# data[].attributes.body
ACTIVITY 6.1

Select four reasons and explain how you think they give you a different identity. Provide examples of your points if possible.

·         My parent’s daughter: By my name I am identified by being part of a particular family, which is the St Mathe.

·         National identification card: my ID card identifies me as a citizen of St Lucia

·         Race: My race identifies me as a black woman with possible ancestors from the West African coast.

·         Language: Identifies me as an English speaking woman who is more than likely from English speaking country, my accent represents the country I am from.

# data[].attributes.body
ACTIVITY 3.2

How many foreign nations are mentioned as coming into the Caribbean:

·         Dutch

·         French

·         British

Which islands are mentioned as being reliant on agriculture?

·         St Vincent and the Grenadines

What other economic activity seems dominate?

·         Tourism

What two islands that can be included to the list are:

·         Cuba and Haiti because of their culture and geographical make up.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assessment 1 - Part 2 Online Discussionby Dania Lemon - Saturday, 1 October 2016, 10:15 PM

# data[].attributes.subject
Assessment 1 - Part 2 Online Discussionby Dania Lemon - Saturday, 1 October 2016, 10:15 PM

# data[].attributes.body
When reading my fellow colleagues work I noted that most if not all had a lot in common I also had a wider understanding of the chapter. It was quite clear that due to the different situations plantation life was not that easy for slaves nor slave owners. The slaves where work around the clock to produce fine quality sugar for their master and due to the pressure and labor slaves started decreasing  rapidly, with this the owners had to continuously purchase slaves and also borrow some to try maintain their plantation. There were many different factors for the acquisition and allocation of slaves in the 18th century as I have some listed below by my fellow colleagues. I also noted that one of my colleagues saying that while cost of slaves went up plantation owners started trying to reproduce slave on their own plantations but this was also a failed plan. So that also pushes to borrow/rent slaves from another plantation. Cost -in the earlier part of the 18th century it was more economical to purchase slaves to work on the plantation than too rent slaves from another plantation (jobbing), since in the long term the recurrent expenditure was one the plantation owners/managers wanted to avoid. Productivity - in order to get as much work possible from a slave, he/she worked from daybreak until late at night. A slave was given several tasks too complete in one day such as ploughing the cane fields, planting the young sugar cane plants, getting rid of diseased crop and pests. Various diseases among the slave population - some slaves were brought from Africa with illnesses which did not improve once they got to Jamaica due to the work load, poor living conditions, poor diet, which at times lead to death. Allocation - there were various reasons why the slaves were allocated various tasks/jobs and it could not have been summed up better than this, Samuel Martin an 18th century Antiguan planter likened the overseeing of a sugar plantation to a "well constituted machine, compounded of various wheels turning different ways, and yet all contributing to the great end proposed; but if any one part runs too fast or too slow in proportion to the rest, the main purpose is defeated. The teen/adult slave -were given the bulk of the labor intensive work such as working the cane fields from ploughing, planting and reaping of the crop. They were also tasked with the factory work which includes processing of the cane to sugar. The elderly or ill slaves - were tasked with less tedious work, which also included taking care of the animals and their pens, being butlers in the main houses and so on.  Due to these plus other factors caused the buying and sharing/renting of slaves in the 18th century
References:

“Beyond Massa” By Dr John F Campbell

.

# data[].attributes.body
"St. Lucia Vacation Deals | JetBlue." JetBlue Getaways. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016

# data[].attributes.body
Divali also known as the Festival of Lights is celebrated by the Hindu population in Trinidad and Tobago. It represents light over darkness in which small clay lamps filled with oil and a wick are lighted.  These clay lamps are called Dias.
The East Indians came to Trinidad as Indentured Labourers they also brough their religious celebrations with them."Diwali in Trinidad and Tobago." Diwali in Trinidad and Tobago,Trinidad and Tobago Diwali Festival,Diwali in Trinidad & Tobago,Hindu Festivals in Trinidad & Tobago. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016

# data[].attributes.body
"'Indian Arrival Part of T&T History', It's More than a Celebration-Kumar Mahabir." The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.coolmonsblog.com/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines-travel-guide/

# data[].attributes.body
Line, Carnival Cruise. "Grenada." Carnival Cruise Line. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
"Jamaica Villa Rentals." Jamaica Villas | Holiday Rentals and Luxury Villa Vacation - CaribbeanWay. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.southtravels.com/america/trinidadandtobago/

# data[].attributes.body
Dominica."Dominica 2016: Best of Dominica Tourism - TripAdvisor." Dominica 2016: Best of Dominica Tourism - TripAdvisor. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
@RepeatingIslands. "French Still Rulers of Rudeness but Caribbean People Most Polite in Skyscanner Poll." Repeating Islands. N.p., 03 Apr. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2016

# data[].attributes.body
Streethypenewspaper.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Woman applying bleaching cream to her skin."AP: Skin Bleaching a Growing Problem in Jamaica - News ..." Jamaica Observer, 11 Apr. 2011.

# data[].attributes.body
After the abolishion of slavery the then freed
African slaves refused to work on the plantations especially for the low wages. Thus East Asian labourers were brought in to as bonded labour to fill this gap."Striking Women." Indentured Labour from South Asia (1834-1917) | Striking Women. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.
"The West Indies." The West Indies. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Question 2

Application of learning in Caribbean Civilization to students’ understanding of their SOCIAL or geographical environment.

In the region environment it is essential that students are able to correlate their Caribbean civilization with modern society festivals and events.   In Dominica, one major event that most residents look froward to is Carnival.   In addition to carnival as an island, the promotion and preservation of the Creole language is essential.  In that regard, the island is known for the World Creole Music Festival and the Jazz and Creole festival which should not be confused with the St Lucia Jazz Festival.   The World Creole Music Festival was given special focus to musical genres with roots in various forms of musical fusion from various countries from the Creole speaking world while the Jazz Festival is a fusion of jazz music and Creole music.   In the other Caribbean islands although we share similarities in festivals like carnival and jazz and music festival they are still differentiating factors.  According to gocaribbean.about.com “Carnival in the Caribbean has a complicated birth right, tied as it is to colonialism, religious conversion, and ultimately freedom and celebration.”

For instance, Dominica and Trinidad and Tobago celebrate carnival at the same time it is two different experiences.    In Trinidad and Tobago, the island’s carnival is known as the biggest street party on Earth.    According to the Caribbean Civilization FOUN 1101 Trinidad and Tobago carnival brings people together of diverse backgrounds.  The island’s carnival is a mixture of cultural expressions which reflect African, European and Asian influences for instance the calypso and soca music and the use of the steel pan.  The tradition of Trinidad’s carnival dates back to 1785 when it was introduced by the French settlers. However, for the African people, carnival became a way to express their power as individuals, as well as their rich cultural traditions. Following the abolishing of slavery the freed Africans began to host their own carnival celebrations in the streets that grew more and more elaborate, and soon became more popular.

References

"CARNIVAL IN TRINIDAD: CELEBRATE THE CARIBBEAN WAY." Carnival in Trinidad - Trinidad & Tobago - The True Caribbean - Trinidad & Tobago - The True Caribbean. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2016.

"A Brief History of Carnival in the Caribbean." About.com Travel. N.p., 2016. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

"History of Carnival." History of Carnival. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Carnival in the Commonwealth of Dominica (left) - Carnival in 1908 on King George V Street (Right) - Carnival in 2015 on the same King George V Street.  Pictures compliments Dr Lennox Honychurch

# data[].attributes.headline
Maroon Emancipation Statue in the Capital City of Roseau, Dominica 

# data[].attributes.subject
Maroon Emancipation Statue in the Capital City of Roseau, Dominica 

# data[].attributes.body
In the 18th century the use of enslaved Africans as the labour force on plantations was essential for the efficient operation of the sugar plantations.  The first English people to practice slavery on a large scale were the sugar planters of Barbados, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands. “The term “chattel” slavery has often been used to describe the type of enslavement practiced in the Caribbean.”  (Unit 4 p.3).  The acquisition of labour for the plantation was done in a variety of ways.  The enslaved persons needed for labour on the planation were acquired at the Kingston Harbour in Jamaica.  At this point the slaves endured the middle passage and were brought from West Africa to the habours where they were sold to a plantation owners or an absentee owner.  One factor which influenced the acquisition labour on the plantation was the cost of the enslaved people.  It is noted that slave purchase initially was the cheapest form of labour.  “In Jamaica an enslaved person costing around thirty-five pounds sterling in 1750 increased in value to about fifty sterling in the period 1783 – 1791 and to about seventy pounds sterling by 1800.” (Campbell 2012).  Apart from the purchase of the enslaved persons on the habour the plantation owners also acquired “jobbing slaves”.   These jobbing gangs were work gangs made up of enslaved people who were owned by a white manager. These gangs were rented out to assist estates wherever their labour was need.   This alternative was less costly for the plantation. However, planters such as Simon Taylor justified the need to purchase more enslaved persons “to do away with the hiring of Negroes”.    In addition to sugar the production of rum on the plantation placed a greater stress on the available labour pool.  Therefore, the planters were always pressured to make the available labour adequate to meet the demands of the plantation.  The production of sugar in Jamaica required a large labour input.  Hence, the slaves were subdivided into two main work gangs.  The first gangs were seen as the prime field hands.  This gang was subjected to the most demanding aspect of the work on the plantation.  Whilst those assigned to the second gang performed the lighter tasks on the plantation.  In this gang they were based more in physical prowess than any other trait such as age or gender.  Those assigned to the second gang were children, adults physically constrained by age or sickness.   Additionally, those in the second gang were assigned to the pens.   The pens were the area of the plantation where the cattle and other draught animals were kept.  According to the text the duties in the pen were less strenuous. As previously noted the enslaved persons were purchased to work mainly on the sugar plantations.  Although it is also noted that the enslaved persons were also given specialist positions to maximize he available labour, “The group included head drivers, skilled craftsmen, houseboys, cooks and nannies”.  (Beyond the Massa p. 71).  Furthermore, some of the enslaved were made privileged due to the imbalance of the labour pyramid.

References:

Campbell, J.F. (2016). Beyond the Massa: Sugar Management in the English Caribbean 1770 – 1834.  22 Belair Rd - Wellesley, Massachusetts: Calaloux Publications.

The University of the West Indies. (2016) Caribbean Civilisation: Unit 4.

# data[].attributes.body
"Slave Ship Discovery." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
"The windmill dated 1760 at Estridge plantation, St Kitts" International Slavery Museum.

"Sugar Mills." Sugar Mills - International Slavery Museum, Liverpool Museums. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.headline
"What was the work day for a slave"? "Sunrise to... Sunset."

# data[].attributes.subject
"What was the work day for a slave"? "Sunrise to... Sunset."

# data[].attributes.body
" I got humbled when I found out how hard people worked in the sugar plantations". Dr. Joy Degruy: Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Every Black Person Needs To Know This About Thomas Jefferson and American History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Every Black Person Needs To Know This About Thomas Jefferson and American History

# data[].attributes.headline
This was My First Time Doing A  Book Report... I Found it To Be Very Challenging.

# data[].attributes.subject
This was My First Time Doing A  Book Report... I Found it To Be Very Challenging.

# data[].attributes.body
Beyond Massa Book Report.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection - Very satisfied with my mark and this gave me hope that I will pass this course

Assessment 1 Part 2

by Donna St Marthe - Friday, 30 September 2016, 11:35 PM

In response to Cindy Smalls assignment, Miss Smalls has risen a valuable point as to one of the reasons for the acquisition of more slaves on the plantation. Miss Smalls noted that many female slaves chose not to reproduce by killing their offspring and blaming it on “lockjaw”. According to Oxford online dictionary lockjaw is a spasm of the jaw muscles causing the mouth to remain tightly close, typically a symptom of tetanus. This was done in an effort to save their children from growing up into slavery and having to deal with inhumane treatment for the rest of their life, resulting in more slaves having to be bought because birth rates was extremely low on the plantation.

Another valuable point brought forth by Miss Smalls was that a manager sexual favors with a slave influence that slave allocation. According to Dr John Campbell, Beyond Massa, Chapter 2 pg 33 this was called labor allocation by “fancy” and this was normally facilitated at short notice. For example a field slave may be fancy by a manager and the manager decide to have sexual relation with her if she is favored by him at short notice she could be relieved from the harder field work duties to which she was previously assigned and place in the house to perform lighter duties. These short notice allocations also cause pressure and animosity between slaves because now same slaves may end up doing twice the work they previously did in an effort to meet the demands of the planation.

Miss Smalls also view labor exchange on the farm as a “bonus” because the slaves did not have to be taught the task that is required of them based on their pervious knowledge. I agree with this view in my opinion I believed that it also saved the overseers time and this time that was saved was used to create higher level of productivity. To add to Miss Smalls point the labor exchange was an avenue to overwork the exchanged slaves, whiles preserving their own slave strength for the demanding needs of the plantation.

After reading Lisa Brereton I realized she touch on a valuable point but did not elaborate on it. She said that “planters tried breeding their own slaves”. According to Dr John Campbell, Beyond Massa, Chapter 2 pg 59 the breeding of slaves was a purchasing scheme done by Simons Taylor in an affect to acquire more slaves. According to Dr John Campbell, Beyond Massa, Chapter 2, Taylor unveiled a new strategy, he wrote I have bot (bought) 20 young Ebo Women………..& I keep them at the place where they have always been and where the houses are……… These women also function as “jobbers” but they were not ordinary jobbers, clearly he wanted them separated from the normal estate labor because of his breeding plans. They were to be the backbone of the plantation labor resources and in an effort to maintain their good health they were given light duties on the estate.

References:

“Beyond Massa” By Dr John F Campbell

Oxford Dictonary

511 words

# data[].attributes.headline
Part 1 Online Discussion - Reflection - I was not satisfied with the mark I received and decided to put more effort in part 2..

# data[].attributes.subject
Part 1 Online Discussion - Reflection - I was not satisfied with the mark I received and decided to put more effort in part 2..

# data[].attributes.body
Assignment Question 1

by Donna St Marthe - Thursday, 22 September 2016, 10:43 PM

Slavery, the enslave individuals that was taken from West Africa seem to become an asset to the Europeans due to the great demands for sugar. By the eighteenth century the Caribbean had already been dominated by the Europeans hence this was the perfect opportunity for them to make a business of producing sugar cane. The Caribbean had perfect weather and soil to facilitate such a great venture and the West African individuals was a great source of cheap labor.

With such a great venture to pursue the work on the plantation and pens prove to be burdensome.  As slaves began to work the plantation many issues arise resulting in the acquisition of more slaves. In May a great flood hit the plantation resulting in sickly slaves and a further need to acquire labor power.  As a direct result of unforeseen circumstances the purchasing of slaves was necessary. However it became more difficult to capture the West African slaves, subsequently the slaves that was captured and brought to be sold proved to be unhealthy. The overseer of the plantation then derived a strategy to fulfill the demands on the plantation. According to John Campbell, Beyond Massa, Chapter 2, pg  1, jobbing slaves would be the best solution, A jobbing slaves was enslaved Africans either wholly owned or rented for work on the estate. In spite of the jobbing gang effort the unplanned demands of the estate prove their work inadequate. According to John Campbell, Beyond Massa, Chapter 2 pg 3, as the overseer realize that the slaves was capable of doing more than one task  they now came up with a strategy such as double job allocation in an effort to meet the unplanned demands. Resulting in a specialist slave now required to assist in another field of work in an attempt to get the work on the plantation accomplished.

According to John Campbell, Beyond Massa, Chapter 2 pg 17 as the eighteenth progressed and after World War an increase in labor force had to be allocated to locally grown provisions and rum. Due to lower sugar prices that had reduced the plantation revenue and cheap imports were no longer available. Not forgetting that a number of slaves was already allocated to roles such as nurses, child rears, cooks, waterways management just to name a few thus causing a strain on the labor force.

It became obvious because of the great deal of task the plantation required there will never be enough West Africans Slave. According to John Campbell, Beyond Massa,  Chapter 2 pg 2 to add to this notion many of the enslaved was not fit enough for the mainstream sugar production, resulting in slaves being overworked this affected the women drastically, due to this there was a low fertility rate on the planation.

In conclusion the purchasing and the different strategies use by the overseers deem to be insufficient and ineffective in the effort to meet the demands of the sugar plantation.

493 words

# data[].attributes.body
Self-Evaluation of learning for the semester:

The word Caribbean Civilization brought Caribbean History to mind, I thought this was an extension of the History I did for CXC. I was prepared to learn the same topics with a hint of more information added. For the first two weeks it did started off that way but by the time the fifth week came around, being introduce to Rivers of Babylon I realize it was nothing like the history I did at school. One new term I was introduce to was “chattle slavery”, which refers to the type of enslavement practice in the Caribbean, enslaves where viewed as “property”. I found this interesting and I was eager to learn more new things but with the book report being introduction I started to feel overwhelm. How can I do all this reading and follow through with my weekly reading? There were many times I wanted to give up but through determine I stuck with this course and in the end and I tried to do my best in all my assignments. I believe this course is a sample of my many semesters to come and the fact that I was able to complete it, I know I will be able to get through the others. Overall I am happy I did not drop out when I felt the pressure because I have gain a wealth of knowledge and I have a longing to know more. Now I am left to wonder if we as Caribbean people have a true identity.

What would my life have been like if the Europeans didn’t invade the Caribbean?

Are they actions actually a blessing or a curse?

>�

# data[].attributes.headline
RELICS/PORTFOLIO ENTRIES...This activity help me to understand why Religion still plays a vital role in society today.

# data[].attributes.subject
RELICS/PORTFOLIO ENTRIES...This activity help me to understand why Religion still plays a vital role in society today.

# data[].attributes.body
Unit 3 - Activity 3.1

Conduct a search using UWI OC Library sources, to find out the meaning of the following terms, religion and colonialism;

Religion -  Is the belief in a worship of superhuman controlling especially a personal God or Gods.

Colonialism-  The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.

Write a paragraph showing how you think at least two of these terms led to the diversification of the Caribbean.

Christianity dominates the caribbean and it was introduced by the Europeans in times of slavery. There was also the enslaved and indentured workers who were brought to the caribbean along with their different religious beliefs such as Hinduism. These facts contributed to the contributed to the Caribbean diversity. Also the different mainland countries such as Spanish, French and British which conquered the islands implemented their policies, political control basically a new way of life on the caribbean islands. This fact has left a lasting effect on the caribbean contributing to its diversification.

# data[].attributes.headline
RELICS/PORTFOLIO ENTRIES ....This activity got me to understand the make up of the Caribbean region.

# data[].attributes.subject
RELICS/PORTFOLIO ENTRIES ....This activity got me to understand the make up of the Caribbean region.

# data[].attributes.body
Unit 2 - ACTIVITY 2.4

1. Research the term Leeward and Windward Islands.

The Windward island include the southeastern islands of the Caribbean. They are called the Windward Islands because they are exposed to the wind (Windward) of the northeast trade winds (the norheaterlies) from the Atlantic Ocean example, St Lucia and Dominica.

The Leeward Islands are between the islands of the Greater Antilles and those of the Windward Islands are the Leeward Islands. They are called Leewards Islands because they are away from the Wind (lee) example St Martin and Anguilla.

2.  Do you think the term Cirum Caribbean should be part of the Caribbean?

Circum-Caribbean is used to describe the countries that surround the Caribbean sea, Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. North of the Atlantic Ocean is the Bahamas, USA toward the (west) of Gulf of Mexico, southward Trinidad and Tobago and towards the western side Jamaica

Based on the location I do not think the countries that are located near the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic ocean should be considered part of the caribbean.

The Leeward Islands are to the north of the Windward islands.

References:

Wikipedia.Windward and Leeward Islands.Chrisholm, Huge, n.d.web.11.July.2016

One World- Nation Online.Political Map of Central America and the Caribbean (West Indies).Nation Project Online, n.d.web.2016.

# data[].attributes.headline
RELICS/PORTFOLIO ENTRIES ....I like the New Perspective of the writer. 

# data[].attributes.subject
RELICS/PORTFOLIO ENTRIES ....I like the New Perspective of the writer. 

# data[].attributes.body
Unit 2 - Activity 2.5

Browse the internet and locate one reading for each of the topics

Cannibals and Civilization

Caribbean Civilization

Cannibals and Civilization

This article of Cannibals and Civilization attempts to demonstrate how cannibalism has transformed from eating one’s flesh in earlier settlement times to “Financial Cannibalism” in modern civilization. I personally find this approach to the subject very interesting because it gave me a new perspective of the topic at hand. According to the writer, person's livelihood are being sucked from them for the sole purpose of another’s wealth and greed. In my opinion this the same as been eaten….

Caribbean Civilization

Caribbean Civilization refers to the people who live in the caribbean and they way of life which includes but not limited to their cultures, religion and society. (my personal understand after reading the units and listening to BBC)

Reference: Wordpress.com.Civilization and Cannibalism.Wordpress.com, n.d.web.June 26,20011.

# data[].attributes.body
On the Island of Petite Martinique - With much gyrating at the hips, each holding the respective bride and groom’s cakes excitement builds as the grooms dancer again tries to keep her cake higher - Grenada

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Difficult for biracial children to identify which race they are. These issues emphasize uselessness and negativity for the word “race”

# data[].attributes.headline
Learning Activity 6.1 by Alisa Stanislaus“The paths we take make us who we are” Unknown. Since there is no clear distinction to one’s “Identity” it is difficult to answer who one truly is. History, Society cultural norms and values, Religion and diversity are reasons that my identity differ from another person. History speaks of the past yet it is that past which has been used as a guide to shape my current position and will be applied going forward. It is the knowledge of this history that keeps one grounded as new paths takes us into the unknown. Society with its cultural norms and values shape me into form and I am expected to do as it demands or expects of me. For example, in my culture it is understood that toddlers (boys) hair are not to be cut unless they can speak properly and anything opposing that is not acceptable for he may not be able to speak if it is cut too soon. Identity takes us into many different categories which we use to construct an identity. Race, History, Language, Education and Gender are some of what gives me my identity. Identity is what I see in the mirror.

# data[].attributes.subject
Learning Activity 6.1 by Alisa Stanislaus“The paths we take make us who we are” Unknown. Since there is no clear distinction to one’s “Identity” it is difficult to answer who one truly is. History, Society cultural norms and values, Religion and diversity are reasons that my identity differ from another person. History speaks of the past yet it is that past which has been used as a guide to shape my current position and will be applied going forward. It is the knowledge of this history that keeps one grounded as new paths takes us into the unknown. Society with its cultural norms and values shape me into form and I am expected to do as it demands or expects of me. For example, in my culture it is understood that toddlers (boys) hair are not to be cut unless they can speak properly and anything opposing that is not acceptable for he may not be able to speak if it is cut too soon. Identity takes us into many different categories which we use to construct an identity. Race, History, Language, Education and Gender are some of what gives me my identity. Identity is what I see in the mirror.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Identity is not what I promise others
Identity is what I do when I am alone
Identity is what I think of others
Knowing all the hatred they've shown

Identity is what every wound reminds me
Identity is what I learn and what I pass by
Identity is what I see in the mirror
After giving my best try

Identity is what I make out of my given chance
Identity is what I accept and what I deny
No one else has control over me
Life is about me, and what I identify

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Identity Of I Poem by Abhiraj Rajadhyaksha - Poem Hunter

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Identity is not what I promise othersIdentity is what I do when I am aloneIdentity is what I think of othersKnowing all the hatred they've shown Identity is what every wound reminds meIdentity is what I learn and what I pass byIdentity is what I see in the mirrorAfter giving my best try Identity is what I make out of my given chanceIdentity is what I accept and what I denyNo one else has control over meLife is about me, and what I identify

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Skinny Banton - Jab FOREVER (Grenada 2016) Produced by Sandman

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ARTIST: SKINNY BANTON WRITERS: ALIX SANDMAN AIRD & SHIRLAN SKINNY BANTON GEORGE PRODUCER: SANDMAN MIXED BY: SANDMAN MASTERED BY: SANDMAN BACK VOCALS: ABIGAIL MORAIN Skinny Banton and Sandman guide you on a nostalgic musical journey that dates back to a time where our ancestors overcame many a hardship to eventually RISE from opression to freedom.

# data[].attributes.body
Mrs. Ursula Antoine receiving a Medal of Honour Award for her contribution to Education

# data[].attributes.body
Activity 7.3

By Alisa Stanislaus

Hereunder are my views on the relationship between Religion and Education in Grenada together with two individuals who have distinguished themselves in either field

On the island of Grenada there is certainly a relationship that exists between Religion and Education which is visible in the education system where most schools are religious based and operated. Schools such as St. Joseph’s Convent, an all girls Catholic Secondary School operated by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny an order of nuns is affiliated with the Catholic Church, a Christian denomination.  The Anglican High School, another all girls Anglican Secondary School, controlled by the Anglican Church, another faith based Christian order.  Amongst these are Schools managed by The Seventh Day Adventist Church and Presbyterian Church of Grenada.  While it is evident that Religion and Education are closely associated and are generally of the same tendencies.   It is important for relationships between the both to exist since they are necessary when dealing with spiritual, material and physical urges.  Educations create values in life and helps modify certain behaviours.  Religions give or meaning to life through the cultivation of mores and spiritual values that fosters truth.

Two well know individuals who have distinguished themselves in these fields synonymously are Sister Gabrielle Mason, a Grenadian nun who is currently the Provincial Superior of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny in the English Speaking OECS (Dominica, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and Grenada) and Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad and Tobago Newsday).  She was the principal of the St. Joseph’s convent one of the top schools on the island for many years and responsible for shaping the lives of many through her own life and through her work.  Mrs. Ursula Antoine a mother of seventeen (17) children, past principal of the St. George’s Anglican Senior School and Pastor of one of Grenada Bible Holiness Church, Grenada and is currently the administrator of education in the island prison system have certainly differentiated herself as a force to be reckoned with.

Reference

Thenewtoday.gd. November 2016 <http://thenewtoday.gd/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ursula-Antoine.jpg>.

Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. November 2016 <http://www.newsday.co.tt/people/0,27802.html>. ������5'&.�

# data[].attributes.body
There was an influx of French Catholic planters in the 18th century and both them and the free coloured, ex slaves and free blacks
would stage these elaborate ball at Christmas and also as a "farewell to the flesh" just before the Lenten season. These celebrations would see the freed slaves and the whites mimicking each other by donning masks ( which was essential to the festival) around harvest time when canes were burnt also known as cannes brulees. After Emancipation these cannes brulees or Canboulay festivals became a symbol of freedom. After many attempts by the English to stop these celebrations it continued to grow and began being celebrated the Monday and Tuesday before lent. It was eventually adopted as a part of Trinidadian Culture during the move to Independence.Michele F. Alleyne
.Http://www.facebook.com/discovertnt. "The Birth & Evolution of Trinidad Carnival | Discover Trinidad & Tobago Travel Guide." Discover Trinidad & Tobago Travel Guide. N.p., 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 27 Nov. 2016

# data[].attributes.body
The First People of the Caribbean."The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago." The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilization.

# data[].attributes.subject
The Emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilization.

# data[].attributes.body
Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisations

by Donna St Marthe - Tuesday, 6 September 2016, 8:43 PM

Based on the revised unit reading that was provided on the course page it is safe to say, that it is established that there is no real meaning to the term "Pre-history". As a result a defined word such as "Pre-literate" was used. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary Pre-literate is lacking the use of writing.

By using the word Pre-literate a better understanding of the "period of time" Caribbean society was "replanted" was convey.

Show parent | Reply

Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisationsby Neil Edwards - Monday, 12 September 2016, 12:23 PM Donna, from your post I believe you have understood that preliterate is the correct  term that should be used. Show parent | Reply

# data[].attributes.headline
Critical thinking on an issue of importance to Caribbean civilisation by Lariisa Mapp

# data[].attributes.subject
Critical thinking on an issue of importance to Caribbean civilisation by Lariisa Mapp

# data[].attributes.body
Double Consciousness which stems from attempting to define Caribbean Identity is one critical important issue to the Caribbean. Double Consciousness refers to the feelings experienced by a diasporic person or community who, in the new homeland, is torn between two sets of identities. Diaspora refers to the movement of people and the conditions which a movement occurred. One example of this is the Rastafarian community who often refer to Africa as the motherland, Marcus Garvey had a back to Africa Movement . Marcus Garvey did not identify the Caribbean as his home although he was born or raised in Jamaica. To him his home was in Africa - The Motherland .It is very difficult to define a Caribbean identity because the people who live in the Caribbean, their ancestors were brought to the Caribbean from Africa, India, China, Europe etc. via the slave trade and indenture-ship .Identity  is the qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that make a person (self-identity) or group (particular social category or social group).The process of identity can be creative or destructive. Identity comes in two forms:-
1. The fact of identity.
2. The sense of identity.
The Caribbean person is faced with the challenge of taking on a local identity or trying to connect themselves with whichever country they identify as the Motherland.
The Caribbean is full of diversity which is both a blessing and a curse when it comes to understanding who you are.

Works cited:-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)
picture from:- http://atrl.net/forums/showthread.php?t=978861

# data[].attributes.body
Even without understanding that identity is a controversial concept , individuals often find it hard to answer the question "Who am I?", and I'm not referring to the pep talks we give ourselves that goes like this "I am Strong", "I am Kind", "I am worth it". What other attributes can one use to adequately define themselves ? Our identities can be static but it is our human nature to change.
For many of us in the Caribbean we are very proud of our educational background and future endeavors. We take great pride in being an educated people. As of August of this year part of my identity has now been associated with the UWI open campus. and in the future I would still be associated with this institution. Quite often we see homeless or mentally ill persons and their educational background is brought up. " you see that sally she bin real bright in we school days" remarked my mom.
Politics has always been such a bore to me because of the hypocrisy and cut throat behaviors of persons who are elected to serve us the people. I do not identify with politics, I have never privately or publicly supported any particular political party nor have I ever voted. Even though I was born in Tortola(B.V.I) , I am identified as a Vincentian. I appreciate that our identities are formed and maintained by our association to particular areas. Growing up In St.Vincent was possible the best thing that happened in terms of who I am today. I remember how my extended family bragged and teased about how they were going to give me a real "vincy" upbringing. I actively participated in cultural gatherings and have served the Vincentian Communities through voluntary service. So in colloquial terms "I's ah vincy too". I am a female not only by appearance but through engagements such The Girls Guide and my personality. Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither). This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect the gender identity. The term race refers to groups of people who have differences and similarities in biological traits deemed by society to be socially significant, meaning that people treat other people differently because of them. ...  I am a black woman and I wear it proudly! I am black and I refuse to alter my hair, my skin and other physical aspects to look less than the race I was born into.

Works Cited:-

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/917990-overview

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/race-and-ethnicity/race-and-ethnicity-defined

# data[].attributes.body
My Name is Michele F. Alleyne and I am group leader for our team Caribbean Integration . Our members include Donna St Marthe, Dania Lemon, Keisha Polydore, Alisa Stanislaus and Larisa Mapp.  On this padlet we have included our relics (postings made in discussion forum), issues of current affairs, pictures and videos which represent our journey throughout this course Caribbean Civilization, our group video and much more. It takes you on a journey from first people that inhabited the islands, to slavery, to the indentured laborers to the Caribbean people here today. You are welcome to explore.

# data[].attributes.headline
This Song Makes Me Wonder If Slavery Is Really Over....

# data[].attributes.subject
This Song Makes Me Wonder If Slavery Is Really Over....

# data[].attributes.body
Bob Marley - Redemption Song

# data[].attributes.body
PADLET ENTRIES

# data[].attributes.body
"Slavery: From Africa-West Indies-Europe- [A History Student Project]." Yelhispressing. N.p., 2015. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
"Case Study on Sugar." AP World History 2012-2013. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
"Slavery, Resistance & Rebellion." About Bristol Radical History Group. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assessment 1 Part 1  by Dania Lemon                                                      Mr. Neil Edwards                                                                                                    FOUN 1101 Caribbean Civilization

# data[].attributes.subject
Assessment 1 Part 1  by Dania Lemon                                                      Mr. Neil Edwards                                                                                                    FOUN 1101 Caribbean Civilization

# data[].attributes.body
Factors which influenced the (buying) acquisition and (sharing) allocation of enslaved Africans on plantations and pen during the 18th century are as follows;

Outbreak of diseases on the enslaved Africans, With this out break a lot of enslaved Africans began to get sick leading them to death or just being too weak to work as they would originally do the outbreak would shorten the number of laborers which would give less production leaving the estate on a slow pace.

The infestation on the fields and plantations also required them to get more enslaved Africans to work, with all the storing of cane trash around the fields and plantation made rats, insects and blights accounted for some crop damage. This had meant that slaves would now have to look after sick plants and try exterminating the rodents. There was also an outbreak of caterpillars and worms which affected the young canes and once affected them couldn't be recovered to produce their full potential.

The weather conditions play a vital part in getting more slaves, once they have had a bad weather condition like, hurricanes, storms and drought would set back the estate production causing a problem for the owner. Now the slaves would have to work over time to boast back up production, with slaves not getting adequate food and not being so healthy the owner would turn to Jobbing Gangs to help boast the working speed.

Planting and harvesting of the canes took a great amount of slaves also. Before planting slaves would need to clear the fields and make sure all the necessary steps are taken to have the field ready for planting, after  they were required to dig the holes for planting a specific way also plant a specific amount to a hole. The crop required a lot of attention so that i could grow to its best potential. When it comes to harvesting time more laborers are needed to make this process move as swiftly as possible, seeing as the crop once cut has to be worked with or they will have a loss, they would have to cut, pack up and take it to be extracted which was rather dangerous but each slave had a specific position that they had to take in the boiler.

Age had a part to play in the acquiring of slaves the older the slaves got the less work they would produce. The owners would go out and buy fresh young slaves who were more able to take on the tasks given and more efficiently.

The owners needed to acquire and allocate more slaves due to the different situations like the weather conditions, outbreak of diseases, infestation, planting and harvesting and even ageing of older slaves. This change would help with the production of their crops and also help boast there business, while allocating slaves was just  a step they use every now and then to help out when the have a setback, they would normally get slaves from neighboring plantations to help out.

References:

“Beyond Massa” By Dr John F Campbell

# data[].attributes.headline
Michele F. Alleyne: Current regional affairs.

# data[].attributes.subject
Michele F. Alleyne: Current regional affairs.

# data[].attributes.body
Skin bleaching a disturbing phenomenon in the Caribbean and especially in Jamaica. I’ve seen videos and pictures via social media of people engaging in this practice. In Jamaica some don’t call it skin lightening but “browning” with many claiming they really don’t want to be white just a lighter shade of brown. That being said I have seen some women and men lighten their skin to look like that of a Caucasian.

In an article in the Jamaican Observer the writer wrote that women who are involved in this practice did it because they believe that men tend to favour a woman of a lighter complexion. The author also stated that though the practice is considered very dangerous to their health (because the creams used can be very toxic) people continue to indulge in lightening their skin. (AP: Skin bleaching. April 2011)

This phenomenon makes you wonder why this taking place is and what makes people disregard their health in order to achieve lighter skin? In this course Caribbean Civilization we have been learning about our Caribbean identity, who we are as a people and where we came from. I believe that slavery was one of the most heinous things that ever happened on this planet and we are still in recovery mode, though most of us would like to believe we are over it, but when I see people ashamed of or hating the skin they were born in I know that we are not as over it as we would like to be. Campbell 2012 wrote about the enslaved people being divided along the lines of colour and class on the plantations. The lighter skinned slaves were preferred to work in the great house on the plantation they were also considered elite and given certain privileges. (p. 79). I believe that within the psyche of the enslaved that it was better to be lighter it made you closer to the master thus you would be treated better. Even today that still hold true. It is difficult to say to someone that they are beautiful when all the images that are labelled beautiful looks nothing like them.

I believe that we as a Caribbean people are still building our identity and one might ask when we will be done but as we learned in FOUN 1101 it is a constant thing always changing. Maybe we will learn how to throw off the mental constructs surrounding skin colour and learn to love who we are.

Work cited:

Campbell J. Beyond Massa Sugar Management in the British Caribbean 1770-1834. Calaloux

Publications.Wellesly, Massachusetts 02482. Print 2012

"AP: Skin Bleaching a Growing Problem in Jamaica - News ..." Jamaica Observer, 11 Apr. 2011.

Web. 21 Nov. 2016

lities�Ծm<��

# data[].attributes.body
Since the days of slavery on the plantation, Grenada under the french rule till now. Depiction of the form of 'Chattel Slavery' endured by enslaved West Africans who laboured on the plantations

# data[].attributes.body
Activity 1.4

According to Dictionary.com pre-literate means lacking a written language.  Pre-history as defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary is the period of time in the past before people could write; the time before history was written down.  I am of the view that the term Pre-literate as opposed to pre-history was used emphasis that despite the lack of a written language recorded there was existence.  Evidence of that era have since shown itself through mediums such as tools used for hunting and gathering food rather than a scribed version. This in itself shows a history before literacy.

References

www.dictionary.com/browse/preliterate. 2016. 7 September 2016 <http://www.dictionary.com/browse/preliterate>.

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prehistory. 2016. 7 September 2016 <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prehistory>.

# data[].attributes.headline
 Religion, Education and Caribbean Family Life by Lariisa Mapp

# data[].attributes.subject
 Religion, Education and Caribbean Family Life by Lariisa Mapp

# data[].attributes.body
Religious organisations such as the Catholic Church has left their mark in the Caribbean. Although my family is not Catholic we attend Nine mornings and have been  to a few Catholic Masses. I never realized how  strongly the Roman Catholics have influenced the Caribbean until I started this course. Its funny how many things we take for granted, many schools in both Primary and Secondary level are Roman Catholic schools. Now I'm going to focus on one particular Roman Catholic Festival.

Nine Mornings is a unique religious Vincentian festivity associated with the Christmas season. The origins of this festival are believed to be related to 'novena' of the Catholic Church on the nine days before Christmas. Nine Mornings was started more than 100 years ago, in 1913.

I moved to St. Vincent and the Grenadines when I was eight and I quickly fell in love with it. Many years later and it is still my favorite festival. Every year I travel to St. Vincent so that I can enjoy a couple days of this unique festival. Nine Mornings as the name suggests occurs nine mornings before Christmas. Each community starts the festival off with a candle light march the night before the festival. Members of the community both young and old march with candles and pan music to the venue of the festival. The Festival would begin in the wee hours of the morning and end around 7:30 am.  We would enjoy singing, dancing, silly competitions, bible quizzes and of course parang! There is no Caribbean Christmas without it. Although Santa Claus is a believed to dash through snow he dashes through the sandy beaches and makes a grand appearance much to the excitement of the children. Breakfast foods and hot drinks such as a hot cocoa, lemon grass tea, saltfish and bakes, coconut bread, eggs and sausages are on sale.

This festival brings everyone together brings everyone together both young and old. Christmas day marks the end of Nine mornings, now it’s time to be glued to the radio or news channel to hear if your community has won the title of best nine morning for that year

work cited:-
.http://www.discoversvg.com/index.php/en/whattodo/festivals-a-events/nine-mornings

# data[].attributes.headline
Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisations by Lariisa Mapp - Saturday, 10 September 2016, 10:42 PM Historians began using the term prehistory to refer to a period of time before writing, however the concept of prehistory suggests that history before a certain era does not hold as much relevance. Pre-literate replaced the concept of prehistory. Pre-literate is used to describe memories that were not recorded possibly because they had no knowledge of writing or record taking of any kind. Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisations by Neil Edwards - Monday, 12 September 2016, 5:16 PM Lariisa I think you have grasped the concept, good. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisations by Lariisa Mapp - Saturday, 10 September 2016, 10:42 PM Historians began using the term prehistory to refer to a period of time before writing, however the concept of prehistory suggests that history before a certain era does not hold as much relevance. Pre-literate replaced the concept of prehistory. Pre-literate is used to describe memories that were not recorded possibly because they had no knowledge of writing or record taking of any kind. Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisations by Neil Edwards - Monday, 12 September 2016, 5:16 PM Lariisa I think you have grasped the concept, good. 

# data[].attributes.body
| by Donna St Marthe - Friday, 9 September 2016, 4:20 AM
| 1. Give three instances in which Dr Eric Williams related race to Democracy?Freedom of worshipEquality for all in the eyes of the lawEquality for all in education 2. Why do you think this was an important point to make as a Caribbean nation gained its independence?It was important for Dr Eric Williams to speak on democracy as the Caribbean gained in independence because it will strengthen the relationship the Caribbean has. When democracy is upheld the countries with less resources such as St Lucia and Grenada just to name a few will feel confident that a country such as Trindad for example will not practice discrimination to their citizens. In an effort to facilitate this democracy institutions such as UWI I was implemented giving all persons the opportunity to gain and education. Constitutions was also implemented so regardless of ethnicity person will be equal in the eyes of the law example the Caribbean Court Of Justice was established. Not forgetting that when religious practices come into play democracy is also given throughout the Caribbean as there is numerous religious perspective.3. State four races that currently resides in Trinidad and Tobago and give a short historical comment on the how they came to the islands.  Africans - the said population was enslaved and came from varies cultural backgrounds mainly from West Africa.Indians - was brought in as indenture works.Chinese - was brought in as plantation labour but was later got involved in dry goods trading.Portuguese - was also brought in as planation labour but later got involved in dry goods trading and grocery. Reading Resource Yelvington, Kelvin. Trinidad Ethnicity. University of Tennessee Press, 1993.Ryan, Selwyn D. Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago: a study of decolonization in a multiracial society. University of Toronto Press, 1972.http://saxakali.com/caribbean/nstewart.htm

# data[].attributes.body
David Rudder's calypso "Haiti"
David Rudder cries Haiti I'm sorry in his calypso because he is trying to voice his expressing his deep feeling of grief and sorrow over what the nation of Haiti has been through and continue to go through today. I agree with his expression.
When Rudder said "Toussaint was a mighty man and to make matters worse he was black" said it all. Imagine a black man especially a slave getting the better hand in a battle against a powerful army General like Napoleon Bonaparte. Rudder also mentioned that Napoleon didn't think it was very nice they way Toussaint stood up to him and so today Haiti still pays the price. Pay the price is no understatement in this calypso to this day Haiti has paid the French government 90 million franc as a ransom to maintain their freedom. (FOUN 1101 n.d)
I agree with David Rudder in his calypso Haiti because the Haitian people were brave enough to stand up to their slave masters. They knew that they wanted to be free and were willing to fight to get that freedom. The Haitian Revolution in 1791 was was one of the most successful slaves revolts in the region (.blackpast.org/) The slaves headed by Toussaint Loverture succeeded in ending the French control over Haiti.  "Haiti was the first black republic in the world and the second nation in the Western Hemisphere after the U.S.A. to win it's independence fro European powers"(.blackpast.org/) Unfortunately Haiti was left crippled by its former colonial master because of the revolt France instituted a blockade on Haiti barring them from conducting trade with external sources plus threaten them with re-invasion if they refused to pay the ransom placed on them by France.
So yes Haiti I'm sorry sorry that your show of strength was used to debilitate you and today you are still unable to raise up out of the debt that France placed on you. Yes Haiti we are sorry.

Work cited
"Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed." Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016
(FOUN 1101)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Classic Gold Soca Calypso Of The Caribbean Of All Times

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Haiti David Rudder Arranged by Pelham Goddard Haiti Lypsoland T&T 1988

# data[].attributes.body
Assessment 1 Part 2

by Michele Forteau Alleyne - Saturday, 1 October 2016, 12:42 AM

Michele Forteau-Alleyne

Mr. Neil Edwards

FOUN 1101 Caribbean Civilization

30 September 2016

In John Campbell’s book Beyond Massa, Chapter 2 gives us a clear insight into the daily operations of a sugar plantation in 18th Century Jamaica. Therefore, to further discussion, it was necessary to pull some key points on the use of jobbing gangs, labour demands and the slave list from my fellow student’s essay.

In response to Ms. Cindy Small contribution dated Saturday 24 September 2016 on the factors which influenced the acquisition and allocation of enslaved Africans on the plantation and pens during 18th Century chattel slavery in Jamaica, Ms. Small mentioned that “management had to find cost effective ways to obtain workers” and went on to state that “hence they hired rented slaves from other plantations.” On the contrary, “jobbing” slaves (as John Campbell mentioned in chapter 2) were cost effective but only in the short term and were introduced only because of the limited number of enslaved on the plantations. Moreover, the purchasing of slaves was always the better choice for management. The plantation incurred more expense when jobbing gangs were hired for long periods. Thus, HR’s strategic allocation of the already enslaved is what gave them greater returns. (Campbell 44)

Additionally, in Ms. Small’s essay she made mention of “a labour exchange boom which limited the need to purchase new slaves”. Be that as it may, according to Chapter 2 there was always a demand for slave labour, in fact; Campbell mentioned this over 25 times in the chapter. He also stated that “for the entire period of slave grown sugar in Jamaica circa (1660- 1838) there was always a shortage of labour available to the sugar plantation” (Campbell 43). This shortage lead to the “doubling up” of the labour force as Ms Small rightfully mentioned. Slave were expected to do more than one job especially after unexpected disasters that brought with them more work for the already limited labour force. (Campbell 52). Equally notable, there was also scarcity of slaves at the time, issues like infertility of the enslaved women due to the rigors of the work, coupled with sickness and the poor quality of replacement slaves and slave resistance were some of the reasons behind the limited numbers. Hence, the real hindrance to purchasing more or new slaves was a cost factor. In fact, according to Campbell “slave purchase, while initially the cheapest form of labour procurement, had by the latter part of the eighteenth century become increasingly expensive.” (Campbell 45)

Ms. Small made some salient points concerning the slave list when she referred to the fact that it showed the purchase of slaves, their names, ages and the duties they performed on the plantation as stated on page 62 of Beyond Massa. She also alluded to the fact that plantation managers “falsely documented” their slave lists she stated that if a slave died another one would take the name of the deceased” this practice did account for inaccuracies.

In essence Ms. Small did capture the mood and gave some keen observation of what took place on a Jamaican sugar plantation in the 18th century.

Work Cited

John Campbell, Beyond Massa. Chapter 2

Ms. Cindy Small Essay Assessment 1 on the acquisition and allocation of enslaved Africans on the plantation and pens during 18th century chattel slavery in Jamaica.

# data[].attributes.body
Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisations

by Michele Forteau Alleyne - Friday, 9 September 2016, 7:08 PM

Learning activity 1.4

According to dictionary.com preliterate means "relating to a society that has not developed a written language". Pre-history to me seems to imply that because there was no written historical archives then there was nothing, or no history.

Based on the writing pre-literate instead of pre-history was used because man always had a history even though it was not a recorded one. While he moved around his footprint through time could be traced indicating that though his activities were not archived or recorded in some formal way he existed and when we exist we always have a story. Man's existence before writing should not or cannot be discounted because it was not written down. He moved around, he hunted and more therefore he created some kind of history that is viable.

Ref: www.dictionary.com/browse/preliterate

Show parent | Reply

Re: Learning Activity 1.4: The emergence of Diverse Caribbean Civilisationsby Neil Edwards - Monday, 12 September 2016, 4:54 PM Michele, good points and you are correct, thanks for sharing

# data[].attributes.body
Learning Activity 3.2. 25 Amazing Caribbean Islands

I would love to visit all the islands in the Caribbean I think that they are all beautiful and each has a rich culture with beautiful people. In the video Cuba and Haiti were not mentioned. Haiti have been through many a hardships which followed some devastating natural disasters but I believe that there is still beauty there and if not a mention for islands one would love to visit at least to offer them some assistance. Then we come to Cuba. Lately I have been seeing beautiful pictures coming out of Cuba and I would love to visit because of the rich culture there is in Cuba. Their music, art, architecture, old world charm and their vintage cars, are all good reasons why Cuba should have been on the list.

Many of the Caribbean islands mentioned in the video rely on tourism. They stated that Bahamas is big cruise ship destination and Dominican Republic features Eco-tourism. The video also stated that St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada and Guadeloupe are agriculture reliant.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
25 Amazing Caribbean Islands That You Wish You Could Visit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From picturesque waterfalls to incredible coral reefs these are 25 amazing Caribbean islands that you wish you could visit! https://twitter.com/list25 https://www.facebook.com/list25 http://list25.com Check out the text version too! - http://list25.com/25-amazing-caribbean-islands-that-you-wish-you-could-visit/ U.S. Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Puerto Rico St. Vincent and the Grenadines British Virgin Islands Antigua and Barbuda Anguilla St.

# data[].attributes.body
The President's House:
Located on the Queen's Spark Savannah Port of Spain, Trinidad this building is one of the reminders of our British Colonial history. Construction on this building began in 1873 by one Governor James Robert Longden and was completed in 1876 by Governor Sir Henry Turner Irving.  In 1962 the building housed the governor Lord Hails and in 1965 it became a Museum and Art Gallery in 1965.  The first governor of Trinidad and Tobago was also resident there but when Trinidad and Tobago became a Republic in 1976 the building then became the residence of the country's first president, Sir Ellis Clarke. It was then called the President's House.
http://www.trinoutdoors.com/pages/other%20places.htm#Magnificient Seven
Michele Forteau Alleyne

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Emperor Haile Selassie-Visits Trinidad & Tobago

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dr. Eric Williams: Independence Day Adress 8_31_1962.flv

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Excerpts from Dr. Eric Williams' address to the citizens of Trinidad and Tobago on Independence Day (8/31/1962). The entire Independence ceremony is in these two videos below: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSItNz98xw4&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgQzobAtQ-4&feature=relmfu

# data[].attributes.body
Our Caribbean people Children at carnival celebration, Trinidad and Tobago.

"West Indies." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese Iabour. Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad on a ship named Fortitude on October 12, 1806."News." News | The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Oh Lord! I want to be free!"Do Christians Support Reparations for African Americans?" Joy105.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Toner, Aimee. "The Rise of Sugar Cane Plantations in the 18th Century, Particularly on the French Islands of Martinique and Saint-Domingue, Gave Impoverished Noblemen the Opportunity to Build Enormous Wealth. This Golden Age of Industry Revealed the Darker, More Brutal Nature of Some Men. Plantation Owners Bought Slaves to Work in the Fields and Process/distill the Cane. Slaves Were Treated Worse than Horses (in Fact, There Were Laws to Protect Horses, but Not Slaves). Most Slaves Died within Their Firs..." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Emancipation. 1834"Emancipation of the British West Indies." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
Chattel Slavery: "This meant that they were owned like property."

Sugar workers on a Jamaican plantation. This photograph was taken in the mid-19th century, after emancipation, but conditions in the fields had barely changed since the days of the Antiguan slave rebellion. About half the work force in the fields was typically female.

Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/antiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569/#H8Wx7Z2334wqwEwt.99
Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv
Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter

# data[].attributes.body
Picture of Michele Forteau Alleyne

Learning activity 2.1

by Michele Forteau Alleyne - Friday, 16 September 2016, 10:43 PM

Reflect and share your thoughts that "Columbus discovered the Caribbean in 1492".

I remember learning of Columbus' "discovery" as a child, we were actually taught that Columbus "discovered" Trinidad and Tobago in 1498. This was in black and white print in our text books, imagine this was the text I grew up with and as a child if it's not a book on fiction and it's printed in black and white it must be true. Though back then I really was not sure as to what was fiction and what was reality.

In Secondary school this was still being taught but my history teacher was determined to teach us the truth so he would give us "outside information" but always told us that we had to write what was in our text when exams came around or else we would fail. This "outside" or "additional information" taught us that Columbus in fact did NOT discover the Caribbean islands but rather conquered on behalf of the Europeans. Still the significance of this didn't resonate with me as a teenager. It was not until later in my twenties that I started becoming self-aware. More aware of who I am especially as an African woman in this diaspora, that I really started questioning Columbus' intentions when he claimed he discovered the Caribbean Islands. How could some one discover something that had already been discovered?

It would be better to state the Columbus conquered these islands as I mentioned before. To use the term discover would suggest that there were no inhabitants here when Columbus first arrived but from the reading (Defining a Caribbean Civilization) we learned that indeed there were people here and their existence should not be discounted. My Oxford Student's Dictionary states that to discover means  "to be the first person to find something".

Columbus' claim of discovery discounted or disregarded that the Amerindians, had built their civilization by establishing villages, created crafts, fashioned weapons and jewelry, created political systems and much more.  How could Columbus discover a place that people have populated since 5,000 B.C. according to the reading  from (Defining a Caribbean Civilization pg 5). Where was Columbus then?

(Oxford Student's Dictionary)

(Defining a Caribbean Civilization)

# data[].attributes.body
by Michele Forteau Alleyne - Friday, 9 September 2016, 5:06 PM
| Learning Activity 1.2: Dr. Eric Williams: Independence Day Address.1) The three instances where Dr. Eric Williams related race to Democracy was when he said "democracy means equality for all in the eyes of the law". He also mentioned that "no one race should be subordinate over another race overriding the rights of the human race". He went on to say that "democracy means recognition of the rights of others". All this he said was what democracy was about.20) I feel that it was an important point for Dr. Eric Williams to make as a Caribbean nation gained independence because our history was rooted in colonialism. The Oxford Student's Dictionary describes a colony as "an area of land in one country that people from another country settle in and control". The peoples of Trinidad and Tobago were "controlled" for many years under colonial rule but not only controlled, the people were made to feel lesser than. This is why it was important that Dr. Williams would mention equality for all peoples in his speech. As Trinidad and Tobago became an independent, sovereign nation I feel like he felt it necessary to declare that all men/women will be treated equally.3) Four races that currently reside in Trinidad and Tobago are:African: The African race came as slaves to work the sugar plantations.Indians: The Indians came as indentured laborers to work the plantations after the emancipation of slavery, now that there was a shortage of laborers.Chinese: According to nalis.gov.tt the Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad and Tobago in 1806 as an experiment to set up settlements of peasant farmers and laborers. They also came as a replacement for the African slaves who were no longer working the plantations after slavery.Caribs or Amerindian people: They were the first people to inhabit the islands and a small community of them still exist in Trinidad today. Reference: www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/ChineseArrival/tabid/113/Default.aspx