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(Reuters Health) - When high schools start at 8:30 a.m. or later, attendance rates and graduation rates improve, according to a new study.

The study backs previous research that says additional sleep boosts psychological, behavioral and academic benefits for teens.

"So much research explains the impact of insufficient sleep on suicide, substance abuse, depression, auto accidents and more," said lead study author Pamela McKeever of Central Connecticut State University in New Britain.

"This connects the dots between the world of science and education," she told Reuters Health. "Through this, educators and parents can see how lack of sleep impacts the school indicators that we use to measure student success."

McKeever and colleague Linda Clark looked at school start times, graduation rates and attendance rates for 30,000 students in 29 high schools across seven states. They found that two years after a delayed start was implemented at these high schools, average attendance rates and graduation rates had increased several percentage points.

For example, the average graduation completion rate was 79 percent before the delayed start was implemented, and it was 88 percent afterward.

"This doesn't only impact our high school students. This impacts all of society," McKeever said. "As graduation rates improve, young adults experience less hardship after graduation, a lower chance of incarceration and a higher chance of career success."

Delayed bell times could close the achievement gap as well, McKeever and Clark wrote in Sleep Health, the journal of the National Sleep Foundation. When schools start later, students in lower socioeconomic categories are more likely to get to the bus on time. When they arrive at school on time, they're more likely to stay in class and graduate.

"When kids miss a bus early in the morning and that's their only form of transportation, they miss class and then soon the credits," said Kyla Wahlstrom of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, who wasn't involved with this study. "People don't understand the link between early wakeup times and graduation rates, but it's that direct."

Since the late 1990s, Wahlstrom and other researchers have suggested that delayed high school start times may help students. In 2014, she and her colleagues reported that in a three-year study with 9,000 students in eight public high schools across three states, attendance rates increased with a start time of 8:35 a.m. or later.

In December, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine advised that later school start times could improve sleep, reduce car accidents and reduce sleepiness. The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends 8:30 a.m. as the earliest time to begin school.

But school policies have yet to change nationwide. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that in 42 states, 75-100 percent of public schools start before 8:30 a.m.

Teens are "driven by biology to go to sleep later, and there's not much we can do about that, but school start times are the main reason they get up when they do," said Anne Wheaton, an epidemiologist at the CDC in Atlanta, in email to Reuters Health. Wheaton wasn't involved with this study.

A limitation of the study is that many variables affect attendance and graduation rates. Changes at the school level, such as different teachers, policies and the surrounding community itself, could affect students and their ability to complete class credits, extracurricular activities and afterschool jobs. Also, the data didn't measure sleep time or indicate whether students slept more due to delayed start times.

"The debate about school start time and adolescent sleep patterns has been going on for a number of years," said Mary Carskadon of the Sleep for Science Research Lab at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, who wasn't involved with this study.

"Efforts to delay the school bell are more likely to succeed best when parents and the teens themselves use better choices," she told Reuters Health by email. "This includes having a set bedtime and limiting arousing activities in the evening."

SOURCE: bit.ly/2kQvSHo Sleep Health, online February 1, 2017.

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Later high school start times linked to higher attendance,...

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By Carolyn Crist(Reuters Health) - When high schools start at 8:30 a.m. or later, attendance rates and graduation rates improve, according to a new study.The study backs previous research that says additional sleep boosts psychological, behavioral and academic benefits for teens."So much research explains the impact of insufficient sleep on suicide, substance abuse, depression, auto accidents and more," said lead study author Pamela McKeever of Central Connecticut State University in New Britain."This connects the dots between the world of science and education," she told Reuters Health.

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What Is Absenteeism and Tardiness?

At 8:00 am, first period starts. As you write your startup on the board, you look around the room. You only have four students present. As the period goes on, students start to filter in, but some come later in the day, and some don't come at all. You know this is detrimental to your students, and today we're going to dive into some of the details about how absenteeism and tardiness negatively affect their development. We'll look at statistics and data about the effects of these problems on their academics, socioemotional growth, and physical health.

Academic Effects

As you probably know, absenteeism has a profoundly negative affect on student academic achievement. Students who are chronically absent, missing more than 18 days of school, are more likely to fail classes, have lower GPAs, and a higher risk for dropping out. In one study conducted by the Baltimore Education Research Association, 6th graders missing 20 days or more from school were more likely to drop out than their peers. Students with no other warning indicators, such as failing classes, chronic absences, or suspension, had a graduation rate twice that of their chronically absent peers.

The National Center for Children in Poverty conducted a nationwide study of the effects of chronic absenteeism in first grade in 2008. Although many years away from high school, chronic absenteeism in first grade predicted a lower grade average in 5th grade, leading to students entering middle and high school with fewer skills and less education, a predictor for continued attendance problems, poor grades, and higher risk for dropout.

Although coming to school late is better than not coming at all, tardiness is still a severe problem for students. Students may miss entire classes, often getting an extremely low grade compared to other classes. First grade students with chronic tardiness were shown to have lower math and reading scores compared to their peers in a 2014 study published in the Journal of School Effectiveness and School Improvement. Not only did the tardiness affect them, but it also affected their peers. Teachers have to take time away from instruction to address late students, preventing the class from continuing and often shortening education time.

Socioemotional Development Effects

Students living in poverty, particularly black and Latino students, are at a greater risk for tardiness and chronic absenteeism. These students also tend to have trauma developed from home life, events in their neighborhood, or poverty itself. Schools provide trauma-based counseling services, which can help students recover. Schools also serve as a safe location for students to build connections with adults.

Adults at school can monitor situations at home and notify the appropriate agencies if students are living in an unsafe environment. Students that miss school miss out on all these benefits. Tardy students may miss counseling appointments and form less intimate relationships with teachers, which decreases the socioemotional benefits of coming to school.

Absenteeism is also correlated with increased risk for criminal activity. In 2010, the New York City juvenile justice program found that 79% of the young people incarcerated had chronic absenteeism from school right before their arrest, and half had chronic absences of over 38 days of school.

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absenteeism & tardiness in schools: statistics & effects - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Absenteeism & Tardiness in Schools: Statistics & Effects - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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At 8:00 am, first period starts. As you write your startup on the board, you look around the room. You only have four students present. As the period goes on, students start to filter in, but some come later in the day, and some don't come at all.

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In the article "An Evaluations of the Effects of Human Factors..", published in NCIB by Karin Bammann, She claims Effectiveness of participatory ergonomic interventions on health outcomes, she does this by using ethos.Ultimately, they are informing the reader on how it effects their health.