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Alfred Adler:

believes problems stem for tensions in childhood social situations-childhood feelings of inferiority

we try to overcome these feelings of inferiority

pros: leads to trying harder

cons: overcompensation

Inferiority Complex: I'm not as good as...

Later found humanism:

Ideas of birth order-impacts our personality

Oldest: responsible, mature, high achiever

energetic, logical, ambitious, enterprising, scholarly

Middle: easy going, friendly

Middle 1: loner, quiet shy, impatient, uptight

Middle 2: outgoing, friendly, loud, laid back, patient

love to stand out; want to do their own thing

Youngest: immature, funny, baby-like

risk takers, idealists, funny, hard-working, attention seeking, secretive, sensitive

go against norm, biggest stirs in life

Only: much like the oldest, can have difficulties sharing

mature faster, get along well with older people, responsible, self-centered, perfectionists, attention seekers, use adult language, prefer adult company

Twins: can be any birth order, nearly impossible to describe, one is leader

Leader: resemble firstborns, aggressive, loud, outspoken, opinionated, intolerant

Follower: resembles shy middle child, shy, loner, quiet, blends into background, undefiant

Variables that impact birth order:

Parents:

marital status, parental style, critical eye of parent, parent's birth order, how strict the parent is

Gender:

Double birth order

Separate Families:

More than a five year gap

Start a new family

Adoption/remarriage:

bumped either up or down on birth order scale depends on age at the time and where other kids fall

Death of Parent Sibling:

bump a child either up or down

have different effects when a parent dies

"ghost" children: when you still feel their presence

Humanism (people are mostly good):

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers

people are basically good

unconditional positive regard

personal growth is influenced by those around, especially those who are genuine and caring

self-concept influences your perseption of the world:

positive image of self= positive view of world

negative image of self= negative view of world

Social (learn from those around us):

Albert Bandura

bobo doll, social modeling

Reciprocal Determinism

Cognitive: (our thought patterns influence personality)
julian rotter

locus of control (internal vs external)

internal- what happens is based on your doing

external-what happens to you is beyond your control

martin seligman

learned helplessness, affects grit, perseverance

Trait: psychologists today are less concerned with theories on personality but with analyzing traits, their origin and their impact on behavior
Gorson see phone

# data[].attributes.body
I can describe Freud's psychosexual stages

Oral Stage: (0-1.5)
Pleasure center in mouth
Fixations: Oral Fixation, Dependency

Anal Stage: (1.5-3.5)
Pleasure center in Anus and Elimination
Fixations: Anal retentive, anal expulsive

Phallic Stage: (3.5-6)
Pleasure center in genitals
Jealousy of same sex parent
Fixations:
Oedipus Complex (replace father and marry mother)
Electra Complex (K. Horney) (replace mother and marry father)
Penis Envy (women's desire to possess same organ as men)
Womb Envy (Horney) (men's desire to bear children)
Cinderella Complex (fear of independence and want to be cared for by opposite sex)
Peter Pan Complex (desire to remain young forever)

Latency Period (6-12):
Lose interest in opposite sex: "cootie period"

Genital Stage (puberty):
Full adult sexuality
Must work on "fixations"
Unresolved problems surface

Karen Horney

gave women a voice, tries to discredit Freud's opinion that women had weaker superegos and penis envy

Basic Anxiety: feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings of loneliness and isolation during childhood

ways of coping with anxiety:

compliant (submit to others)

aggressive (hostile towards others)

detached (withdraw from others)

Disagreed with Freud's concept of penis envy and created Womb Envy

# data[].attributes.body
DEFENSE MECHANISMS:
repression
forgetting situations that would cause painful emotions

denial
rejection (refusing to acknowledge) an intolerable reality

Rationalization: substituting a more acceptable but false reason to one's behavior

Reaction Formation:
-modifying an anxiety-causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true feelings

Projection: seeing one's personality traits, attitudes, or faults in others but not in oneself

Regression: retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature responses

Undoing-
apologizing

Sublimation: re-channeling their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

Displacement: Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Compensation: covering up weaknesses or frustration by over gratifying oneself in another area

Fantasy: gratifying frustrated desires in imaginary achievement

Identification: increasing one's feeling of self worth by identifying oneself with people or places of importance

intellectualization: people use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms

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Freud 1856-939

Psychoanalytic theory, psychodynamic theory
Psyche (Mind) + Dynamic (energy) = Personality
Unconscious
Studied all men, very sexist, Obsessed with sex (libido), and aggression, detailed dream analysis, Wrote many books, blamed mom for everything

Jung:
Neo-freudian- psychodynamic

used to study under Freud, disagreed with the importance he placed on sex

Theory has 2 unconscious
Personal-no man's land
Collective-influential
Shadow is innerself
Persona is outerself
Anima (female) Animus (male)

Freud:
ID:
Present at birth
completely unconscious
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE: all needs should be satisfied immediately
unsatisfied needs---> anxiety
WISH FULFILLMENT: forming a mental image situation that satisfies instinct, dreams

EGO:
Controls thinking and reasoning
operates in conscious and preconcious
REALITY PRINCIPLE: safely and successfully meet ego's needs
If only had ID and EGO=unsocial, selfish

SUPEREGO:
moral watchdog
Not present at birth
compared ego's actions with "ego ideal"
EGO IDEAL:
standard of excellence for ego to strive for

# data[].attributes.body
I can understand projective vs objective tests

Oreo: Just bite it and eat it normally
Jung Typology Test: INFJ

OCEAN:
O: Openness
C: Contientiousness
E: Extraversion
A: Agreeableness
N: Neuroticism

Personality:

Objective Test
AKA Personality Inventories
-usually written and scored in a standard way- yes or no questions

Personality:
what is consistent about you; how you are the same person; what is unique about you
Textbook definition: the sum total of characteristics that classify someone as an individual
Role: this is a persona you play in society

Self-concept: your view of yourself
3 parts:
-Body self: physical traits

Social self-how others see you

Self-fulfilling prophecy-you perform how people expect you to

Private self -your inner worlds; your feelings and attitudes you don't share with others
objective form outside
3 types
interview-diriected or non-idrected (free response)
2. Observation
3. Self-interview
-t/f
-agreement scale
adjective checkleist
-aspects reatieng (1-10)
Strengths: easy, fast, consistent scoring

Weakness: superficial; you can figure the test out

Projective: Personality Test: from the inside-personal
3 types:
1. Word Association Tests-stimulus wordss can explain response
2. Thematic Apperception Test-uses Picutes, imagination, Henry Murray

# data[].attributes.body
1. creative
2. inteligente
3. shy
4. amable
5. compassionate

1. smart
2. funny
3. caring
4. generous
5. outgoing