# data[].attributes.body
I can finish psychography due Tuesday.
Variable that impact birth order roles
Parents: marital status, parenting types, critical eye of parent, parents' birth order, how strict the parent is
Gender: double birth order
Separate Families: more than a five year gap, start a 'new' family
Adoption/Remarriage- bumped either up or down on birth order scale, all depends on age at the time and where other kids fall
Deal of Parent/Sibling: bump a child either up or down, have different effects when a parent dies, "Ghost children"
Humanism- people are mostly good
1. Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of needs: self-actualization (realizing your full potential)
2. Carl Rogers- people are basically good, unconditional positive regard, personal growth is influenced by those around especially those who are genuine and caring, self-concept influences your perception of the world, "Who am I?", +image=+world or -image=-world
Social Theorists- learn from those around us
1. Albert Bandura- Bobo doll, social modeling
Cognitive Theorists- our thought patterns influence personality
1. Julian Rotter- locus of control (internal vs external), internal- what happens to you based on your doing, external- what happens to you is beyond your control
2. Martin Seligman- learned helplessness (dogs)
Trait- Psychologists today are less concerned with theories on personality but with analyzing traits, their origin, and their impact on behavior
1. Gordan Allport- interviews Freud- believes he ignores the conscious/obvious, studies fundamental/basic traits, believed there were 2800 traits, concerned with describing personality, not explaining it
2. Cartell- 16 traits (done by factor analysis)
3. Tupes/ Christal- the Big 5 trait dimensions is the most currently accepted personality theory (OCEAN)
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
4. Eysenck (Hans/Sybil)- many individual variations can be reduced to two or three genetically introduced dimensions, 3 traits, Extrovert/Introvert, Stability/Instability, Neuroticism/Psychoticism
5. Walter Mischel- people's behavior appears consistent because of people's initial perceptions of them, initial perception stands out and we view later actions as supporting how we "think" they are. Mean at first- we see them only doing mean things

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Birth Order
Alfred Adler believes problems stem from tensions in childhood social situations- childhood feelings of inferiority
we try to overcome these feelings of inferiority
pros: leads to trying harder
cons: overcompensation
inferiority complex (I'm not as good as...)
later found humanism
ideas of birth order impacts our personality
Oldest- responsible, mature, high achiever
Middle- easy going, friendly
Youngest- immature, funny, baby-like
Only Child- much like the oldest, can have difficulties sharing, oldest/onlys and should marry "middles"
First born- energetic, logical, ambitious, enterprising, scholarly
Middle born 1- loner, quiet/shy, impatient, uptight
Middle born 2-outgoing, friendly, loud, laid back, patient
Last born- risk takers, idealists, good sense of humor, hard working, immature, attention seeking, secretive, sensitive
Only children- mature faster, get along well with older people, responsible, self-centered, perfectionists, attention seekers, use adult language, prefer adult company, have difficulty sharing
Twins- can be any one of the three 'main' birth order types, therefore it is nearly impossible to describe them. However, what can be detected is which of the two children is the leader
-Common leader traits: resemble first borns, aggressive, loud, outspoken, opinionated, intolerant
-Common follower traits: resemble shy middle child, shy, loner, quiet, blend into the background, defiant

# data[].attributes.body
I can describe Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage (0-1.5) - pleasure center in mouth
fixations: oral fixation, dependency
Anal Stage (1.5-3.5) - pleasure center in anus and elimination
fixations- anal retentive, anal expulsive
Phallic Stage (3.5-6) - pleasure center in genitals, jealousy of same sex parent
fixations- Oedipus Complex: replace father and marry mother
Electra Complex (K. Horney): replace mother and marry father
Penis Envy- women's desire to possess same organ as men
Womb Envy (K. Horney)- man's desire to possess same organ as women
Cinderella Complex: fear of independence and want to be  cared for by opposite sex
Peter Pan Complex: desire to remain young forever
Latency Period (6-12) - lose interest in opposite sex ("cootie" period)
Genital Stage (puberty) - full adult sexuality, must work on "fixations"; unresolved problems surface
Karen Horney: gave women a voice, tries to discredit Freud's opinion that women had weaker superegos and penis envy
Basic anxiety: feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings of loneliness and isolation during childhood
Ways of Coping with Anxiety:
-Compliant (submit to others)
-Aggressive (hostile towards others)
-Detached (withdraw from others)
Frasier
defense mechanism: denial- Frasier refuses to see that his girlfriend looks just like his mom
Phallic Stage (Oedipus Complex)- Frasier is attracted to a women that looks just like his mother
Anal Stage- Niles is showing anal retentive (germophobia)

# data[].attributes.body
I can define defense mechanisms.
repression- forgetting situations that would cause painful emotions
denial- rejecting (refusing to acknowledge) an intolerable reality
rationalization- substituting a more acceptable but false reason for one's behavior (the teachers hate me, that is why I failed)
reaction formation- modify an anxiety-causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true feelings (you hate someone but to their face act like their best friend; you like a girl but pull her hair instead)
projection- seeing one's personality traits, attitudes, or faults in others but not in oneself (running out the door late but blame mom)
regression- retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature responses (boys when they are sick)
undoing- atoning for and thus counteracting desires or acts that are regrettable (apologizing)
sublimation- people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
displacement- shifts sexual aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person (kick the dog)
compensation- covering up weaknesses or frustration by over gratifying oneself in another area (practice your sport instead of studying more because you struggle at school but are a good athlete)
fantasy- gratifying frustrated desires imaginary achievements (daydreaming)
identification- increasing one's feelings of self-worth by identify oneself with people or places of importance
intellectualization- people use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms (Reid on Criminal Minds

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Carl Jung Day
Freud- Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theory
Psych (mind) + Dynamic (energy) = Personality
Unconscious
studied all men, very sexist, obsessed with sex (libido) and aggression, detailed dream analysis/ wrote many books, blamed mom for everything
Structures of Personality according to Freud
Ego and Superego- Conscious
Id, Superego, Ego- Unconscious
Id- present at birth, completely unconscious, pleasure principle, all needs should be satisfied immediately, unsatisfied needs=anxiety, wish fulfillment- forming a mental image of a situation that satisfies the instinct (eg. Dreams)
Ego- controls thinking and reasoning, operates in conscious and preconscious, Reality principle, safely and successfully meet needs of id
Superego- moral watchdog, not present at birth, compares ego's actions with "ego ideal", ego ideal, standard of excellence for ego to strive for
Carl Jung
use to study under Freud, Disagreed with the importance he placed on sex.
Theory has 2 Unconscious:
Personal- no man's land (if choosen)
Collective- influential

# data[].attributes.body
I can understand projective vs objective tests.
personality- the sum total of characteristics that classify someone as an individual
role- this is the persona you play in society (i.e. daughter, friend)
self-concept- your view of yourself.
3 parts: social(how others see you, you perform how people expect you to, self fulfilling prophecy), private(your inner world, your feelings and attitudes), body self (physical traits and abilities)
Objective Personality Test- from outside sources/ paper tests
3 Types: Interview  (directed-structured, non directed- unstructured/free response), Observation, Self Interview (T/F, agreement scale, adjective checklist, aspects rating (1-10)
Strengths- easy, fast, consistent scoring
Weaknesses- superficial, you can figure the tests out
Projective Personality Test- from the inside-personal
3 Types: World Association Tests(stimulus words, can explain response), Thematic Apperception Test (uses pictures, imagination, Henry Murray), Roschach Test (inkblots, What do you see?, Hermann Rorschach)
Strengths- individualized, in depth
Weaknesses- test conditions can influence results, very subjective

# data[].attributes.body
I can begin to identify my persona.
hardworking, kind, generous, sincere, responsible
assertive, intelligent, quiet, ambitious, hardworking