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Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis (Vol. 9). Prentice Hall.

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Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure into simple elements. Within a structure, an element cannot be broken down (decomposed) into parts of different kinds.

Structural elements can be linear, surfaces or volumes.

Linear elements:

Rod - axial loads

Beams - axial and bending loads

Struts or Compression members- compressive loads

Ties, Tie rods, eyebars, guy-wires, suspension cables, or wire ropes - tension loads

Surface elements:

membrane - in-plane loads only

shell - in plane and bending moments

Concrete slab

decks

shear panel - shear loads only

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Structural engineering is mainly a sub-division of civil engineering where structural engineering is trained to understand, predict, and calculate the stability, strength and rigidity of built structures for buildings