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The American Indian Movement was founded by Clyde Bellecourt and was founded to help Native Americans achieve equal rights and better living conditions.

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Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24

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Long before Christopher Columbus stepped foot on what would come to be known as the Americas, the expansive territory was inhabited by Native Americans. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, as more explorers sought to colonize their land, Native Americans responded in various stages, from cooperation to indignation to revolt.

After siding with the French in numerous battles during the French and Indian War and eventually being forcibly removed from their homes under Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, Native American populations were diminished in size and territory by the end of the 19th century.

Below are events that shaped Native Americans' tumultuous history following the arrival of foreign settlers.

April 1513: Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon lands on continental North America in Florida and makes contact with Native Americans.

February 1521: Ponce de Leon departs on another voyage to Florida from San Juan to start a colony. Months after landing, Ponce de Leon is attacked by local Native Americans and fatally wounded.

May 1539: Spanish explorer and conquistador Hernando de Soto lands in Florida to conquer the region. He explores the South under the guidance of Native Americans who had been captured along the way.

October 1540: De Soto and the Spaniards plan to rendezvous with ships in Alabama when they're attacked by Native Americans. Hundreds of Native Americans are killed in the ensuing battle.

C. 1595: Pocahontas is born, daughter of Chief Powhatan.

1607: Pocahontas' brother kidnaps Captain John Smith from the Jamestown colony. Smith later writes that after being threatened by Chief Powhatan, he was saved by Pocahontas. This scenario is debated by historians.

1613: Pocahontas is captured by Captain Samuel Argall in the first Anglo-Powhatan War. While captive, she learns to speak English, converts to Christianity and is given the name "Rebecca."

1622: The Powhatan Confederacy nearly wipes out Jamestown colony.

1680: A revolt of Pueblo Native Americans in New Mexico threatens Spanish rule over New Mexico.

1754: The French and Indian War begins, pitting the two groups against English settlements in the North.

May 15, 1756: The Seven Years' War between the British and the French begins, with Native American alliances aiding the French.

1785: The Treaty of Hopewell is signed in Georgia, protecting Cherokee Native Americans in the United States and sectioning off their land.

1788/89: Sacagawea is born.

1791: The Treaty of Holston is signed, in which the Cherokee give up all their land outside of the borders previously established.

April 7, 1805: Sacagawea, along with her baby and husband Toussaint Charbonneau, join Lewis and Clark on their voyage.

November 1811: U.S. forces attack Native American War Chief Tecumseh and his younger brother Lalawethika. Their community at the juncture of the Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers is destroyed.

June 18, 1812: President James Madison signs a declaration of war against Britain, beginning the war between U.S. forces and the British, French and Native Americans over independence and territory expansion.

March 27, 1814: Andrew Jackson, along with U.S. forces and Native American allies attack Creek Indians who opposed American expansion and encroachment of their territory in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Creeks cede more than 20 million acres of land after their loss.

May 28, 1830: President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, which gives plots of land west of the Mississippi River to Native American tribes in exchange for land that is taken from them.

1851: Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the Indian reservation system. Native Americans aren't allowed to leave their reservations without permission.

October 1860: A group of Apache Native Americans attack and kidnap a white American, resulting in the U.S. military falsely accusing the Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, Cochise. Cochise and the Apache increase raids on white Americans for a decade afterwards.

November 29, 1864: 650 Colorado volunteer forces attack Cheyenne and Arapaho encampments along Sand Creek, killing and mutilating more than 150 American Indians during what would become known as the Sand Creek Massacre.

November 27, 1868: General George Armstrong Custer leads an early morning attack on Cheyenne living with Chief Black Kettle, destroying the village and killing more than 100 people, including many women and children and Black Kettle himself.

1873: Crazy Horse encounters General Custer for the first time.

1874: Gold discovered in South Dakota 's Black Hills drives U.S. troops to ignore a treaty and invade the territory.

June 25, 1876: In the Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as " Custer's Last Stand," Lieutenant Colonel George Custer's troops fight Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, along Little Bighorn River. Custer and his troops are defeated and killed, increasing tensions between Native Americans and white Americans.

October 6, 1879: The first students attend Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, the country's first off-reservation boarding school. The school, created by Civil War veteran Richard Henry Pratt, is designed to assimilate Native American students.

December 15, 1890: Sitting Bull is killed during a confrontation with Indian police in Grand River, South Dakota.

December 29, 1890: U.S. Armed Forces surround Ghost Dancers led by Chief Big Foot near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, demanding the surrender of their weapons. An estimated 150 Native Americans are killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre, along with 25 men with the U.S. cavalry.

January 29, 1907: Charles Curtis becomes the first Native American U.S. Senator.

June 2, 1924: U.S. Congress passes the Indian Citizenship Act, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born in the territorial limits of the country. Previously, citizenship had been limited, depending on what percentage Native American ancestry a person had, whether they were veterans, or, if they were women, whether they were married to a U.S. citizen.

May 1942: Members of the Navajo Nation develop a code to transmit messages and radio messages for the U.S. armed forces during World War II. Eventually hundreds of code talkers from multiple Native American tribes serve in the U.S. Marines during the war.

July 1968: Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt found the American Indian Movement (AIM) in Minneapolis, along with Bellecourt's brother Vernon and Banks' friend George Mitchell. Originally an urban-focused movement formed in response to police brutality and racial profiling, AIM grows rapidly in the 1970s to become the driving force behind the Indigenous civil rights movement.

November 20, 1969: A group of San Francisco Bay-area Native Americans, calling themselves "Indians of All Tribes," journey to Alcatraz Island, declaring their intention to use the island for an Indian school, cultural center and museum. Referencing Europeans' colonization of North America, they claim Alcatraz is theirs "by right of discovery." On June 11, 1971 armed federal marshals descend on the island and remove the last of its Indian residents.

August 29, 1970: A group of Native Americans, led by the San Francisco-based United Native Americans, ascend 3,000 feet to the top of Mount Rushmore and set up camp to protest the broken Treaty of Fort Laramie.

November 26, 1970: On Thanksgiving Day, AIM members seize a replica of the Mayflower in Boston Harbor, declaring the holiday a National Day of Mourning.

June 6, 1971: A group of Native Americans, led by AIM, occupy Mount Rushmore to demand the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie be honored. Twenty Native Americans-nine men and 11 women-are eventually arrested.

February 27, 1973: The Wounded Knee Occupation begins as some 200 Oglala Lakota (also referred to as Oglala Sioux) and AIM members seize and occupy the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The occupation lasts for 71 days, during which time two Sioux men are shot to death by federal agents and several more are wounded.

January 4, 1975: Congress passes the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, which reverses the termination policy of previous decades when American Indian tribes were disbanded, their land sold and "relocations" forced Indians off reservations and into urban centers. The 1975 act provides recognition and funds to Indian tribes.

July 15, 1978: A transcontinental trek for Native American justice, called the " Longest Walk," sets off from Alcatraz Island, California. By the time marchers reach Washington, D.C. they number 30,000.

August 11, 1978: The American Indian Religious Freedom Act is passed, granting Native Americans the right to use certain lands and controlled substances for religious ceremonies.

October 11, 1980: President Jimmy Carter signs the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act. The act grants Indian tribes, including the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, $81.5 million for land taken from them more than 150 years ago.

July 13, 2020: The Washington National Football League franchise announces it is dropping its name, the "Redskins," as well as its Indian head logo. The move is in response to decades of criticism that they are offensive to Native Americans. The team is eventually renamed the Commanders.

July 23, 2021: In response to criticisms, Cleveland's Major League Baseball team announces they are changing their name to the Guardians and are dropping their previous name, the Indians.

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As explorers sought to colonize their land, Native Americans responded in various stages, from cooperation to indignation to revolt.

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Some of the ways that Native Americans suffered are by Federal Policies that weakened their tribal power and did not let them have the same opportunities as most Americans do. There were lots of job loss and incredible amounts of unemployment in reservations. At one point in time, unemployment was as high as 50 percent in some areas. In the early 1950s, more than one-third of Native Americans lived in poverty! In 1966, a study showed that due to malnutrition and disease, the average life expectancy of a Native American was about 46 years old.

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The controversy of this is that the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline violates "Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty." They also discuss that "This could pose a serious risk to the very survival of our tribe and would destroy valuable cultural resources." Many others have joined the protest and are making a movement against this construction.

Along with the Standing Rock situation, Native Americans still face discrimination by lots of people today and have lots of hardships that they go through.

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All Main Events (shortened) In case large paragraph is not readable 

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All Main Events (shortened) In case large paragraph is not readable 

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May 1539- Hernando De Soto lands in Florida to conquer it. End up being attacked by Native Americans but kill lots of them.

1622- The Powhatan Confederacy almost wipes the whole Jamestown colony out.

1754- French and Indian War or 7 Years' War, Natives aid the French.

1763- Battle of Bloody Run, Native American forces go into battle against the British in Detroit.

1785- Treaty of Hopewell, protecting Cherokee Native Americans in the U.S breaking off their land into sections.

1791- Treaty of Holston, Cherokee give up all land outside of borders established.

1794- Battle of Timbers, a battle between Natives and Americans over Northwest territory, the U.S wins.

1804- Lewis and Clark expedition.

1811- Native American War Chief Tecumseh, his little brother, and their community are destroyed.

1812- James Madison declares war against Britain, Native Americans support French.

1814- James Madison, U.S forces, and Native American supporters attacked Creek Indians that did not favor the American expansion. The Creeks lost more than 20 million acres of land.

May 28, 1830- Indian Removal Act, gives land west of the Mississippi River to Native tribes while they take land from them.

1836- Indian Removal Process, the last Creek leave to Oklahoma with suffering 3,500 deaths.

1838- "Trail of Tears", the  Cherokee are marched 1,200 miles at gunpoint with 5,000 casualties throughout the journey.

1851- Indian Appropriations Act, creating the Indian reservation system of which doesn't allow the Native Americans to leave without permission.

1864- Sandy Creek Massacre, 650 Colorado volunteer forces attack and mutilate 150 or more Native Americans.

1876- Battle of Little Bighorn, Increases tensions between Native Americans and white Americans.

1879- Carlisle Indian Industrial School, the first off-reservation boarding school.

1887- Dawes Act, gives the president the ability to divide Native American land and give it to individuals.

1890- Wounded Knee Massacre, 150 Natives killed with 25 U.S cavalrymen.

1907- Charles Curtis, first Native American  U.S senator.

1924- Indian Citizenship Act, obviously granting citizenship to all born within the territory.

1929- Charles Curtis, first Native American Vice President.

1968- Indian Civil Rights Act, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

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Table of Contents

1. Why Did the French and Indian War Start?

2. British Victory in Canada

3. The Treaty of Paris Ends the War

4. Impact of the Seven Years' War on the American Revolution

Also known as the Seven Years' War, the French and Indian war marked another chapter in the long imperial struggle between Britain and France. When France's expansion into the Ohio River valley brought repeated conflict with the claims of the British colonies, a series of battles led to the official British declaration of war in 1756. Boosted by the financing of future Prime Minister William Pitt, the British turned the tide with victories at Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac and the French-Canadian stronghold of Quebec. At the 1763 peace conference, the British received the territories of Canada from France and Florida from Spain, opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion.

Why Did the French and Indian War Start?

The Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the colonies) lasted from 1756 to 1763, forming a chapter in the imperial struggle between Britain and France called the Second Hundred Years' War.

In the early 1750s, France's expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought it into conflict with the claims of the British colonies, especially Virginia. In 1754, the French built Fort Duquesne where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers joined to form the Ohio River (in today's Pittsburgh), making it a strategically important stronghold that the British repeatedly attacked.

During 1754 and 1755, the French won a string of victories, defeating in quick succession the young George Washington, Gen. Edward Braddock and Braddock's successor, Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts.

In 1755, Governor Shirley, fearing that the French settlers in Nova Scotia (Acadia) would side with France in any military confrontation, expelled hundreds of them to other British colonies; many of the exiles suffered cruelly. Throughout this period, the British military effort was hampered by lack of interest at home, rivalries among the American colonies and France's greater success in winning the support of the Indians.

In 1756 the British formally declared war (marking the official beginning of the Seven Years' War), but their new commander in America, Lord Loudoun, faced the same problems as his predecessors and met with little success against the French and their Indian allies.

The tide turned in 1757 because William Pitt, the new British leader, saw the colonial conflicts as the key to building a vast British empire. Borrowing heavily to finance the war, he paid Prussia to fight in Europe and reimbursed the colonies for raising troops in North America.

British Victory in Canada

In July 1758, the British won their first great victory at Louisbourg, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. A month later, they took Fort Frontenac at the western end of the river.

In November 1758, General John Forbes captured Fort Duquesne for the British after the French destroyed and abandoned it, and Fort Pitt-named after William Pitt-was built on the site, giving the British a key stronghold.

The British then closed in on Quebec, where Gen. James Wolfe won a spectacular victory in the Battle of Quebec on the Plains of Abraham in September of 1759 (though both he and the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, were fatally wounded).

With the fall of Montreal in September 1760, the French lost their last foothold in Canada. Soon, Spain joined France against England, and for the rest of the war Britain concentrated on seizing French and Spanish territories in other parts of the world.

The Treaty of Paris Ends the War

The French and Indian War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in February 1763. The British received Canada from France and Florida from Spain, but permitted France to keep its West Indian sugar islands and gave Louisiana to Spain. The arrangement strengthened the American colonies significantly by removing their European rivals to the north and south and opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion.

Impact of the Seven Years' War on the American Revolution

The British crown borrowed heavily from British and Dutch bankers to bankroll the war, doubling British national debt. King George II argued that since the French and Indian War benefited the colonists by securing their borders, they should contribute to paying down the war debt.

To defend his newly won territory from future attacks, King George II also decided to install permanent British army units in the Americas, which required additional sources of revenue.

In 1765, parliament passed the Stamp Act to help pay down the war debt and finance the British army's presence in the Americas. It was the first internal tax directly levied on American colonists by parliament and was met with strong resistance.

It was followed by the unpopular Townshend Acts and Tea Act, which further incensed colonists who believed there should be no taxation without representation. Britain's increasingly militaristic response to colonial unrest would ultimately lead to the American Revolution.

Fifteen years after the Treaty of Paris, French bitterness over the loss of most of their colonial empire contributed to their intervention on the side of the colonists in the Revolutionary War.

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The French and Indian War, or Seven Years War, a conflict primarily fought between Britain and France over territory in the Americas, ended with a British victory.

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                                                  History of Problems 

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                                                  History of Problems 

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Ever since the first explorers came to America, with them they brought disease and death, and bad influence. At first, the Native Americans cooperated with the Europeans, but slowly, they began to lose control of their own land and more people kept coming and invading their land. The invaders began to slaughter some of the Native Americans and treating them harshly, snatching their rightful land away from them and settling down on undeserved land that was stolen. Lots of events started to happen, including the British creating the thirteen colonies and French coming in also. Then the French and Indian war starts or also known as the 7 years' war in 1756 with the Native Americans aiding the French. That is one war already on Native American land, with Native casualties which affected the Native Americans. In 1791, The Treaty of Holston was made for the Cherokee to give up all of their lands outside of the border that was established. Later down the road, the Native Americans also were involved in the Battle of Timbers in 1794 following the American Revolution between them and America over Northwest territory. The verdict of the Battle of Timbers was that the U.S won. Moving on, in 1811, Native American war chief Tecumseh and his son along with their community is attacked and destroyed by U.S forces. Native Americans included in a war in 1812 and then in 1814, president Andrew Jackson, U.S forces, and Native American allies attack Creek Indians and result with them losing over 20 million acres of land. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act which gave some land west of the Mississippi River to the Native Americans for Americans to get their land. The Creek Native Americans are removed from their land and other Native Americans are forced to march at gunpoint 1,200 miles with lots of casualties and hardships to be known as The Trail of Tears. 1851, Native Americans are not allowed to leave their reservations without permission. Sany Creek massacre-150 Natives are murdered. Battle of Little Bighorn, Natives win. Dawes Act impacts Native Americans a lot giving the president the authority to divide up Native land to give it to individuals. Wounded Knee Massacre-150 Natives killed, 25 U.S cavalry killed. After these hardships are when the Native Americans were finally granted their rights but it took hundreds and hundreds of years which was very unnecessary as it was originally their land. This was their fight for equality.

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                                                Introduction

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                                                Introduction

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Long ago back when the Spanish conquistadors first sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered North America, they had discovered that they were not alone on that land. In search of land and riches, they landed upon an unknown body of land they thought of to have what they desired. What they discovered, was a race known as Native Americans. After that, many more new Europeans in search of land and riches followed and started to disrupt the Native American's in many ways. Since then, Native Americans have been facing troubles that still appear today, hundreds of years later. Whether it be loss of land, sold into slavery, loss of jobs, facing discrimination, and more, Native Americans have had it the worst. There were many major events that occurred of which were important on their fight to equality.