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Rivers - Rivers can also carry sediment downstream to deposit it when the water enters into a larger body of water.

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Coastal deposits - Waves transport materialsand drop them to form both underwater and above-surface landforms, such as beaches. Waves can also deposit sediment in areas offshore, where they build up to be sandbars and sand dunes. This buildup usually occurs when waves crash in shallow waters and draw some of the sediment from the bottom back out toward the ocean.

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Glacier deposits - When a glacier moves over a landscape, it picks up and carries with it rocks, soil and other forms of rubble. When the glacier retreats, the rubble contained within it is left behind in the new landscape.

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Exfoliation - This occurs when rock is heated by the sun quickly. The rock expands and then later contracts, causing breaks.

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Gravitational erosion and mass movement - This is the movement of rock on slanted surfaces due to gravity.

Gravitational erosion and slumping - This occurs on steep surfaces as materials slide downhill rapidly.

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Wind erosion and abrasion - Wind wears down surfaces with particles in the wind.

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Wind erosion and deflation - Wind moves loose soil.

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Freezing and thawing - Water in cracks freezes and expands, cracking the rock.

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Floods -This is when large volumes of rushing water form vortices and extreme erosion.

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Glaciers and ice thrusting - The glacier freezes to its bed then moves and brings sheets of frozen sediment with it.

Glaciers and plucking - This is when pieces of bedrock break off.

Glaciers and abrasion - Debris scrapes off some of the rock.

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Thermal erosion - This is caused by permafrost melting because of running water. It happens along coastlines and rivers.

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Bank erosion - This is the wearing away of banks of streams and rivers.

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Gully erosion - This is the most severe type of erosion caused directly by rainfall or melting snow and refers to areas where runoff water accumulates and flows quickly.

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Rill erosion - This is the development of flow paths for the rain water and is caused directly by rainfall.

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Sheet erosion - In sheet erosion, the movement of loosened particles of soil which is caused directly by rainfall.

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Splash erosion - With this type, a single raindrop makes a small crater, dispersing soil. This is caused directly by rainfall.

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Water flowing in a stream into a rock can eventually create a hole in the rock.

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When saline solutions get inside of the joints or cracks in rocks, the solution can later evaporate and leave behind salt crystals. As the crystals heat up they expand, putting pressure on the rock. Physical weathering caused by salt crystallization is common along coastlines.

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The rushing of powerful waves towards cracks found within rocks can trap a layer of air at the bottom of the cracks. When a wave retreats, the air that was trapped can be released with a powerful force, thus weakening the rock.

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Block disintegration occurs when rocks split along joints. This can happen as a result of repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, which can happen in climates where there is a lot of moisture and the temperature goes up and down a lot around the freezing point.

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Ice crystals can grow in cracks of rocks. Over time this weakens the rock, and it can break apart.

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Frost shattering can result in many large loose rocks, referred to as scree, that can be found along the bottom or slopes of mountain areas.

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Thermal stress weathering can occur in a desert climate that is hot during the day and cold and night. The heating and cooling processes that happen every day put stress onto rocks in the outer layer, causing the outer layers of the rock to start peeling off in thin sheets.

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Roots of plants growing into cracks may put pressure on the surrounding rock, eventually breaking rocks apart as the roots grow.

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Ice wedges are a big cause of potholes in roads and streets. As ice forms in the cracks of a street, the water expands and pushes against the surrounding rock, making the cracks wider, eventually breaking apart the rock.

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Many rock surfaces have small crevices on them. Water can freeze in these crevices when it is cold, and then melt when the weather is warmer. This repeated freezing and thawing creates ice wedges, which can cause rocks to break.

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After streams erode rock and soil, they eventually drop, or deposit, their load downstream. Deposition is the process by which eroded material is dropped. Deposition occurs when gravity’s downward pull on sediment is greater than the push of flowing water or wind. This usually happens when the water or wind slows down. A streams deposits materials along its bed, banks, and mouth, which can form different landforms.

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Acting as liquid conveyor belts, rivers and streams erode soil, rock, and sediment. Sediment is tiny grains of broken-down rock. Erosion is the process by which sediment and other materials are moved from one place to another, either due to ice, wind, water, or gravity. Eroded materials in streams may come from the stream’s own bed and banks or from materials carried to the stream by rainwater runoff. Over time, erosion causes streams to widen and deepen.

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Weathering is the process that takes place as rocks and other parts of the geosphere are broken down into smaller pieces. Weathering can be caused by water, air, chemicals, plants, or even animals. There are two types of weathering.

Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking big rocks into little ones. Frost, ice, the roots of plants, running water, or heat from the sun can all cause mechanical weathering. Chemical weathering involves changes that some substances can cause in the surface of the rock that make it change shape or color. Things like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and acids can all cause chemical weathering.

When rocks have been weathered and all broken down and are later moved by natural forces like wind, water, or ice, that’s called erosion.