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Tin is a soft, weak metal which has a silvery white appearance. It has a good resistance to corrosion and melts at 232 Celsius. It is used for coating sheets of steel to make tinplate and as a constituent in the alloys bronze, soft solders, bearing metals and perter

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Zinc has a grey color and it melts at 419 Celsius . it is widely used for galvanising steel articles, that is, coating them with zinc to give protection against rusting. It is also used for the casing of dry batteries and is alloyed with copper to produce brass

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Lead is the heaviest of the common metals.It has a lustry, greyish-blue color when cut, but turns dull grey when exposed to the air for some time

Melts at 327 Celsius

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Copper is easily recognized by its red appearance. It is ductile and malleable, a very good conductor of heat and electricity, and it has good resistance to corrosion.It can be rolled into thin sheets and can be drawn into very fine wire.

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Aluminium has a greyish white appearance. In its pure state it is soft, weak and of limited use, but when alloyed with small amounts of other elements, its strength and hardness improve considerably, increasing its range of applications accordingly

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These steels have great hardness when heat-treated and can retain their hardness at high temperatures

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aluminium

copper

lead

zinc

tin

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1. scrap charging

2. molten iron charging

3. the 'blow'

4. sampling

5. pouring

6. emptying slag

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steel is an alloy of iron and carbon-the carbon content being up to about 1.5 percent. Although the carbon content is low,m it has a great effect on the properties of the metal. Steel is available in a wide variety of shapes and properties, and therefore, has a wide range of use. There are two main groups-plain carbon steel and alloy steels

The main methods of steel production are the basic oxygen and the electric arc processes

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the ability for a material to return to its original shape when freed from a force that was distorting it

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A modified process is used for iron with a high phosphorus content.In this case finely crushed lime is blown in through the oxygen lance. The blow is in two stages, slag being produced during both. Slag is removed between the stages. This slag is rich in phosphorus and is used as a fertilizer

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This is the major method of producing bulk steel. In the basic oxygen process, a water-cooled lance is used for blowing oxygen into the furnace

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Originally the electric arc furnace was used for producing special high quality steels but at present it is also widely used to produce steels for general use from iron and steel scraps

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dead mild steel

mild steel

medium carbon steel

high carbon steel

cast iron

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Cast iron is produced by refining blast furnace iron (pig iron) in a furnace called a cupola, which is similar to a blast furnace but much smaller. The inclusion of steel scrap in the charge helps to control the carbon content which is usually     2-4%. Its main properties are :

Strength in compression but weakness in tension

Brittleness- it will crack if struck a hard blow

It has a good resistance to wear

Fluidity when melted and the ability to be cast into intricate shapes

It is easier to melt than steel- its melting temperature ranges from 1130 C TO 1250 C

Its strength can be greatly increased by additional treatments

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As the coke burns, it produces heat and carbon monoxide gas. The carbon monoxide combines with the oxygen in the ore, leaving iron.The molten iron falls to the bottom of the furnace. At the same time, the limestone combines with the earthly impurities to form a slag. This also goes tot the bottom of the furnace, but it floats on top of the molten iron because it is lighter