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Glencoe. "Online Student Edition." Online Student Edition. Glencoe, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015."The 1920s."

SIRS Decade. SIRS Decade, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015."1920s."

Gale U.S History in Context. Gale U.S History in Context, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

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Jazz/Blues/Theater-   Jazz is considered to be a truly African-American contribution to music because it survived from the slaves on Southern plantations. This music especially grew in places like New Orleans, Louisiana. Black musicians were hired to play at bars and nightclubs. During the Migration jazz spread to large urban areas.It quickly became the most popular music of the decade but some thought it wasn’t sophisticated enough to go along with white culture, and news articles tended to write about white jazz musicians and ignored black musicians.

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Jazz/Blues/Theater-   Jazz is considered to be a truly African-American contribution to music because it survived from the slaves on Southern plantations. This music especially grew in places like New Orleans, Louisiana. Black musicians were hired to play at bars and nightclubs. During the Migration jazz spread to large urban areas.It quickly became the most popular music of the decade but some thought it wasn’t sophisticated enough to go along with white culture, and news articles tended to write about white jazz musicians and ignored black musicians.

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Writers- Claude McKay was one of the first writers during the Harlem Rennasicance. His poems against racism provided an example of future writers based on themes of defiance and contempt. Langston Hughes became a leading voice in the African American experience. Zora Neale Hurston portrayed African american life in her novel “Their eyes were watching God”, her novels featured women as characters.

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Writers- Claude McKay was one of the first writers during the Harlem Rennasicance. His poems against racism provided an example of future writers based on themes of defiance and contempt. Langston Hughes became a leading voice in the African American experience. Zora Neale Hurston portrayed African american life in her novel “Their eyes were watching God”, her novels featured women as characters.

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“If we must die- let it not be like hogs… let us nobly die, so that our precious blood may not be shed in vain” Claude McKay

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Harlem Renaissance-  The neighborhood of Harlem, in New York City, flooded with people during the Great Migration, and became the city where African American arts and racial pride grew. Writers wrote about African-American life and a new unique art form was created. White Americans came to this city to see and experience this new contribution to America's culture.The "New Negro" was artistic and independent. The Harlem Renaissance left a lasting impression on American mainstream popular culture and made powerful political statements about the treatment of minorities in American society. 

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Harlem Renaissance-  The neighborhood of Harlem, in New York City, flooded with people during the Great Migration, and became the city where African American arts and racial pride grew. Writers wrote about African-American life and a new unique art form was created. White Americans came to this city to see and experience this new contribution to America's culture.The "New Negro" was artistic and independent. The Harlem Renaissance left a lasting impression on American mainstream popular culture and made powerful political statements about the treatment of minorities in American society. 

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“Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. How can anyone deny themselves the pleasure of my company? It’s beyond me.”

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Great Migration- African Americans migrated from the South to Northern cities from the beginning of World War I and through much of the 1920s because of the thousands of open new jobs left by enlisted soldiers, though faced with discrimination. This migration contributed to a decline in the nation's agricultural economy and the U.S. transitioned from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy. Urban areas in the North grew rapidly and cities became larger in population, but were crowded as well. 

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Great Migration- African Americans migrated from the South to Northern cities from the beginning of World War I and through much of the 1920s because of the thousands of open new jobs left by enlisted soldiers, though faced with discrimination. This migration contributed to a decline in the nation's agricultural economy and the U.S. transitioned from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy. Urban areas in the North grew rapidly and cities became larger in population, but were crowded as well. 

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“It occured to me that no matter where i lived, geography could not save me”.

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EQ4: How did African Americans influence American society in the 1920s?

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EQ4: How did African Americans influence American society in the 1920s?

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Sports- Sporting events became more popular as entertainment became a new priority in the 1920s. Babe Ruth became a national hero in Baseball. He played for the Yankees in New York. He was a major role model and people came from all over the country to watch him play. 

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Sports- Sporting events became more popular as entertainment became a new priority in the 1920s. Babe Ruth became a national hero in Baseball. He played for the Yankees in New York. He was a major role model and people came from all over the country to watch him play. 

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”Don’t let the fear of striking out hold you back” -Ruth

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On this day in 1935, Babe Ruth, one of the greatest players in the history of baseball, ends his Major League playing career after 22 seasons, 10 World Series and 714 home runs. The following year, Ruth, a larger-than-life figure whose name became synonymous with baseball, was one of the first five players inducted into the sport's hall of fame.

George Herman Ruth was born February 6, 1895, into a poor family in Baltimore. As a child, he was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a school run by Roman Catholic brothers, where he learned to play baseball and was a standout athlete. At 19, Ruth was signed by the Baltimore Orioles, then a Boston Red Sox minor league team. Ruth's fellow teammates and the media began referring to him as team owner Jack Dunn's newest "babe," a nickname that stuck. Ruth would later acquire other nicknames, including "The Sultan of Swat" and "The Bambino."

Ruth made his Major League debut as a left-handed pitcher with the Red Sox in July 1914 and pitched 89 winning games for the team before 1920, when he was traded to the New York Yankees. After Ruth left Boston, in what became known as "the curse of the Bambino," the Red Sox didn't win another World Series until 2004. In New York, Ruth's primary position changed to outfielder and he led the Yankees to seven American League pennants and four World Series victories. Ruth was a huge star in New York and attracted so many fans that the team was able to open a new stadium in 1923, Yankee Stadium, dubbed "The House That Ruth Built."

The southpaw slugger's final season, in 1935, was with the Boston Braves. He had joined the Braves with the hope that he'd become the team's manager the next season. However, this dream never came to pass for a disappointed Ruth, who had a reputation for excessive drinking, gambling and womanizing.

Many of the records Ruth set remained in place for decades. His career homerun record stood until 1974, when it was broken by Hank Aaron. Ruth's record of 60 homeruns in a single season (1927) of 154 games wasn't bested until 1961, when Roger Maris knocked out 61 homers in an extended season of 162 games. The Sultan of Swat's career slugging percentage of .690 remains the highest in Major League history.

Ruth died of throat cancer at age 53 on August 16, 1948, in New York City. His body lay in state at Yankee Stadium for two days and was visited by over 100,000 fans.

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Babe Ruth retires - Jun 02, 1935 - HISTORY.com

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On this day in 1935, Babe Ruth, one of the greatest players in the history of baseball, ends his Major League playing career after 22 seasons, 10 World Series and 714 home runs. The following year, Ruth, a larger-than-life figure whose name became synonymous with baseball, was one of the first five players inducted into the sport's hall of fame.

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Movies & Radio shows- New media connected the nation. Movies and Radio shows created nonfiction stories and pulicised more fiction stories. These stories spread new ideas and attitudes in the 1920s. 

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Movies & Radio shows- New media connected the nation. Movies and Radio shows created nonfiction stories and pulicised more fiction stories. These stories spread new ideas and attitudes in the 1920s. 

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Poets/Writers- Ernest Hemingway often wrote about how his generation reacted to experiences during WWI.  He had a strong influence on future writers and people of the 20th century. 

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Poets/Writers- Ernest Hemingway often wrote about how his generation reacted to experiences during WWI.  He had a strong influence on future writers and people of the 20th century. 

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“”Every man’s life ends the same way. It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another” -Hemingway

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Art- Art became more modern along with the changing lives of Americans and represented the optimisim in the decade. Part of the lost generation, John Marin was a new artist who made urban and natural paintings to express the individual.

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Art- Art became more modern along with the changing lives of Americans and represented the optimisim in the decade. Part of the lost generation, John Marin was a new artist who made urban and natural paintings to express the individual.

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“These symbols of his own creation...give him a greater pleasure than the object seen. He reforms them...he focuses them to his own inner seeings and longings”. -Marin

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EQ3: How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

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EQ3: How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

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Mass Advertising-  Companies began to use aggressive advertising to distinguish their products from the competition and attract business. During this time advertising was unregulated, leading to false advertisement that caused millions of Americans to spend money on items that promised would benefit them.

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Mass Advertising-  Companies began to use aggressive advertising to distinguish their products from the competition and attract business. During this time advertising was unregulated, leading to false advertisement that caused millions of Americans to spend money on items that promised would benefit them.

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“American Tobacco Co. implied in its ads that Lucky Strike cigarettes were healthier for women than candy”

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Radio- On November 2, 1920  the first radio broadcast was heard by Americans. Eventually the radio became a family experience. People gathered to listen to news, comedy shows, speeches, sports and music. 

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Radio- On November 2, 1920  the first radio broadcast was heard by Americans. Eventually the radio became a family experience. People gathered to listen to news, comedy shows, speeches, sports and music. 

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Birth of the Airline Industry- After the Wright brothers successful flights, airplanes started being produced in the U.S. The airmail service was created where pilots would fly mail across the country. The Air Commerce act led to a big boom in the airline market and allowed the federal government to help build airplanes. Charles Lindenburg flew to Paris across the ocean and led to the creation of airlines in 355 cities in America.

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Birth of the Airline Industry- After the Wright brothers successful flights, airplanes started being produced in the U.S. The airmail service was created where pilots would fly mail across the country. The Air Commerce act led to a big boom in the airline market and allowed the federal government to help build airplanes. Charles Lindenburg flew to Paris across the ocean and led to the creation of airlines in 355 cities in America.

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Automobiles- The creation of an assembly line increased the production of cars, and they became an essential part of every Americans lives. They allowed people to move, increased the production of other business (oil, steel, rubber, etc.) The “Model-T” was the first mass produced car, and millions were sold because of their low prices. It increased jobs and allowed people to live farther away from work and commute. 

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Automobiles- The creation of an assembly line increased the production of cars, and they became an essential part of every Americans lives. They allowed people to move, increased the production of other business (oil, steel, rubber, etc.) The “Model-T” was the first mass produced car, and millions were sold because of their low prices. It increased jobs and allowed people to live farther away from work and commute. 

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Henry Ford, the Model T, and Other Cars of the 1920's

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Mass Production- increased supply and met demand while lowering costs. Workers could be paid more with less hours and consumers could spend less. 

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Mass Production- increased supply and met demand while lowering costs. Workers could be paid more with less hours and consumers could spend less. 

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EQ2: How did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties?

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EQ2: How did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties?

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Prohibition/crime - the 18th amendment banned the use of alcohol because of religious reasons, public safety and health ideas. Americans ignored the law as the attitude in the ‘20s changed. The illegal production of alcohol continued to increase even though thousands of people were arrested. “Bootlegging was big business, and competition led to violent crimes between rivals. Gangsters such as Al Capone used intimidation and bribery to keep control and gain power. 

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Prohibition/crime - the 18th amendment banned the use of alcohol because of religious reasons, public safety and health ideas. Americans ignored the law as the attitude in the ‘20s changed. The illegal production of alcohol continued to increase even though thousands of people were arrested. “Bootlegging was big business, and competition led to violent crimes between rivals. Gangsters such as Al Capone used intimidation and bribery to keep control and gain power. 

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“Widespread public defiance of prohibition has given them this money… and they have spent it lavishly to buy power”.

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The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution-which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors-ushered in a period in American history known as Prohibition. Prohibition was ratified by the states on January 16, 1919 and officially went into effect on January 17, 1920, with the passage of the Volstead Act. Despite the new legislation, Prohibition was difficult to enforce. The increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor (known as "bootlegging"), the proliferation of speakeasies (illegal drinking spots) and the accompanying rise in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support for Prohibition by the end of the 1920s. In early 1933, Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The 21st Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933, ending Prohibition.

Origins of Prohibition

In the 1820s and '30s, a wave of religious revivalism swept the United States, leading to increased calls for temperance, as well as other "perfectionist" movements such as the abolitionist movement to end slavery. In 1838, the state of Massachusetts passed a temperance law banning the sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon quantities; though the law was repealed two years later, it set a precedent for such legislation. Maine passed the first state prohibition laws in 1846, followed by a stricter law in 1851. A number of other states had followed suit by the time the Civil War began in 1861.

Did you know? In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated the incumbent President Herbert Hoover, who once called Prohibition "the great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far reaching in purpose." Some say FDR celebrated the repeal of Prohibition by enjoying a dirty martini, his preferred drink.

By the turn of the century, temperance societies were a common fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement, as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in 1893) and driven by a reaction to urban growth, as well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly. In addition, many factory owners supported prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours.

READ MORE: See All the Crafty Ways Americans Hid Alcohol During Prohibition

Passage of the Prohibition Amendment

In 1917, after the United States entered World War I, President Woodrow Wilson instituted a temporary wartime prohibition in order to save grain for producing food. That same year, Congress submitted the 18th Amendment, which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors, for state ratification. Though Congress had stipulated a seven-year time limit for the process, the amendment received the support of the necessary three-quarters of U.S. states in just 11 months.

Ratified on January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment went into effect a year later, by which time no fewer than 33 states had already enacted their own prohibition legislation. In October 1919, Congress put forth the National Prohibition Act, which provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. Championed by Representative Andrew Volstead of Minnesota, the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, the legislation was more commonly known as the Volstead Act.

Enforcement of Prohibition

Both federal and local government struggled to enforce Prohibition over the course of the 1920s. Enforcement was initially assigned to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and was later transferred to the Justice Department and the Bureau of Prohibition, or Prohibition Bureau. In general, Prohibition was enforced much more strongly in areas where the population was sympathetic to the legislation-mainly rural areas and small towns-and much more loosely in urban areas. Despite very early signs of success, including a decline in arrests for drunkenness and a reported 30 percent drop in alcohol consumption, those who wanted to keep drinking found ever-more inventive ways to do it. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor (known as "bootlegging") went on throughout the decade, along with the operation of " speakeasies " (stores or nightclubs selling alcohol), the smuggling of alcohol across state lines and the informal production of liquor ("moonshine" or "bathtub gin") in private homes.

In addition, the Prohibition era encouraged the rise of criminal activity associated with bootlegging. The most notorious example was the Chicago gangster Al Capone, who earned a staggering $60 million annually from bootleg operations and speakeasies. Such illegal operations fueled a corresponding rise in gang violence, including the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929, in which several men dressed as policemen (and believed to be have associated with Capone) shot and killed a group of men in an enemy gang.

Prohibition Comes to an End

The high price of bootleg liquor meant that the nation's working class and poor were far more restricted during Prohibition than middle or upper class Americans. Even as costs for law enforcement, jails and prisons spiraled upward, support for Prohibition was waning by the end of the 1920s. In addition, fundamentalist and nativist forces had gained more control over the temperance movement, alienating its more moderate members.

With the country mired in the Great Depression by 1932, creating jobs and revenue by legalizing the liquor industry had an undeniable appeal. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president that year on a platform calling for Prohibition's repeal, and easily won victory over the incumbent President Herbert Hoover. FDR's victory meant the end for Prohibition, and in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The amendment was submitted to the states, and in December 1933 Utah provided the 36th and final necessary vote for ratification. Though a few states continued to prohibit alcohol after Prohibition's end, all had abandoned the ban by 1966.

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The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution-which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors-ushered in a period in American history known as Prohibition. Prohibition was ratified by the states on January 16, 1919 and officially went into effect on January 17, 1920, with the passage of the Volstead Act.

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Women and controversies- In the new decade, a new morality was changing the nations traditional values. Traditional roles of women changed completely when they gained the right to vote. Expectations in marriage also changed, and romance and respect became important in the success of marriages. The new invention of cars allowed younger people to hang out with their friends instead of staying home and working with their parents. Fashion changed and made appearance into a value, and was more revealing. Women gained jobs in the work force and went to college to gain independence. The traditional roles of women changed completely. 

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Women and controversies- In the new decade, a new morality was changing the nations traditional values. Traditional roles of women changed completely when they gained the right to vote. Expectations in marriage also changed, and romance and respect became important in the success of marriages. The new invention of cars allowed younger people to hang out with their friends instead of staying home and working with their parents. Fashion changed and made appearance into a value, and was more revealing. Women gained jobs in the work force and went to college to gain independence. The traditional roles of women changed completely. 

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“"Never grow a wishbone, daughter, where your backbone ought to be." -Clementine Paddleford

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Ku Klux Klan- This group was against immigration and used threats and violence to intimidate different cultures. It claimed that it was fighting for Americanism and pledging to protect and keep American traditions. Membership grew and spread throughout the country, in the north and the south. 

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Ku Klux Klan- This group was against immigration and used threats and violence to intimidate different cultures. It claimed that it was fighting for Americanism and pledging to protect and keep American traditions. Membership grew and spread throughout the country, in the north and the south. 

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Sacco-Vanzetti case- hatred towards immigrants led to the trial that found two italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (anarchists) guilty and sentenced to death, even though the evidence was questionable. 

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Sacco-Vanzetti case- hatred towards immigrants led to the trial that found two italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (anarchists) guilty and sentenced to death, even though the evidence was questionable. 

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“One cries ‘long live anarchy,’ going to chair”

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Nativism- a belief that one’s native land needs to be protected against immigrantsAfter WWI, fear towards Germans and communists made racism grow. Immigrants were often harassed and were blamed for many of the problems in the U.S. after the war such as strikes, economic recession, and for taking American jobs. Even congress tried to pass more restrictions on immigration. 

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Nativism- a belief that one’s native land needs to be protected against immigrantsAfter WWI, fear towards Germans and communists made racism grow. Immigrants were often harassed and were blamed for many of the problems in the U.S. after the war such as strikes, economic recession, and for taking American jobs. Even congress tried to pass more restrictions on immigration. 

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EQ1: Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?

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EQ1: Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?