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Painting of a bison in the Great Hall of Policromes, Altamira, Spain c. 20,000-13,000 BCE

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This piece of artwork was created to show gratitude for the beasts and strength of the tribes that killed them. This bison was painted on the wall using red pigment to represent blood. There were also many handprints painted around the bison from the tribes. It is said that the drawings were created to give thanks to a god for the food and materials that they were getting from these animals.

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Stonehenge: c. 3,000 BCE, Salisbury Plain, England.

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Stonehenge is a monument made from sarsen stones, it was used for religious ceremonies. It was also created to show the power and wealth of the tribe who created it. Stonehenge was aligned with the Sun, allowing the tribe to use it as a calendar and observing the Sun and Moon.

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Votive figure of a male worshiper from Tell Asmar c. 2750-2600 BCE

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This figure in size is very small and be held in the hand of a person. It is created using the mediums of Gypsum alabaster with shell and black limestone inlay. This sculpture represents a Sumerian man that is in a praying position with his eyes wide to heaven. This was dedicated to the god Abu and many people saw it as very sacred.

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The Stele of Hammurabi: c. 1792-1750 BCE

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This statue is a seven-foot-tall piece of basalt that was created in the Babylonian time period. It is a representation of Babylonian King Hammurabi. In this the king is receiving law from the sun god, Shamash. The artist made sure to demonstrate each of the figures with the right power to understand which on is who. The sculpture was created this large to ensure that people would have to look up at it when understand what is going on.

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Celebration after a Royal Bull Hunt, Assyrian, 875–860 BC, Kalhu (Nimrud)

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Celebration after a Royal Bull hunt is a depiction of the Assyrian King had successful overtaken a bull. This was to symbolize the power and domination that the king had over the rest of the people. The artist wanted viewers to understand the importance of the king. These figures are all seen with weapons ready to hunt and protect their territory.

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King Menkaura (Mycerinus) and Queen, 2490–2472 B.C.E.

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This sculpture is a depiction of the pharaoh Menkaure, also known as Mycerinus, standing alongside his wife. Each of them are standing in the position of power to show they are rulers. The artist made sure to include the details of accessories to demonstrate their wealth.

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Nefertiti Bust, Egypt, Tell el-Amarna, New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1351–1334 BC

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The Nefertiti Bust is a depiction of portrait of Queen Nefertiti. It was a symbol of the culture of the ancient Egyptian people. The artist included many details around the neck of the queen to represent the wealth of the kingdom. There is a lot more detail included in every aspect of the face, common during this time period.

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Marble head of a figure Cycladicca. 2700–2500 BCE

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This statue is an abstract face that was created using marble. There are not very many details included except for the long nose to represent the female figure. This face was created flat to ensure the viewers to use their imagination. During this time many artist were very simple ensuring that the people would identify the purpose through little details.

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Octopus vase from Palaikastro, c. 1500 B.C.E., 27 cm high (Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, photo: Wolfgang Sauber, CC BY-SA 3.0)

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This vase is inspired by the sea and the creatures that roam around in it. People during this time had a passion for the sea and showed it through their art. This vase is formed from clay made to hold liquid such as oil.

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Mask of Agamemnon, from shaft grave V, Grave Circle A, Mycenae c.1550–1500 B.C.E., gold, 12″ / 35 cm (National Archaeological Museum, Athens)

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The Mask of Agamemnon is a funeral mask found over the face of the Kind of Mycenae's dead body. They found this mask in a burial place at Mycenae. It is made out of a rare material during that time period, gold. The Mask of Agamemnon was found by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann.

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New York Kouros, c. 600–580 B.C.E., marble, 6 feet 4 inches high (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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This statue is a life sized sculpture of a nude male youth during this time. It was created using marble that was shipped from Naxos. During this time sculptures of people were created nude to show the magnificence of the human body that God created.

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Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, Laocoön and his Sons, early first century C.E., marble, 7’10 1/2″ high (Vatican Museums; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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This sculpture depicts Laocoön and his two sons that were killed by snakes. The emotions that are being shown throughout this sculpture are pain and struggle. These figures were created into a realistic stance demonstrating agony as the snakes wrap around them.

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Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes

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Nike of Samothrace (winged Victory), Lartos marble (ship), Parian marble (figure), c. 190 B.C.E., 3.28 meters high (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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This marble stature depicts Nike, the Greek Goddess of victory. When archeologists found the Nike of Samothrace it was shattered into many pieces. It had to be put back together and then was placed on display. Originally it was placed on the front of ship as an offering to the Gods.

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Chimera from Arezzo, c. 400 B.C.E., bronze, 129 cm in length, (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Florence)

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The Chimera from Arezzo is a bronze casting sculpture that was created during the Etruscan time period. It depicts a greek mythology creature seen as a lion with a goat's head coming from it's back and a tail like a serpent. This created is called a Chimera which is a fire-breathing monster and was slain by Bellerophon. You an now find it in Arezzo located in Tuscany, Italy.

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Chimera from Arezzo, c. 400 B.C.E., bronze, 129 cm in length, (Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Florence)

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Augustus of Primaporta, 1st century C.E., marble, 2.03 meters high (Vatican Museums) (photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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Augustus of Primaporta is a marble statue that depicts the Roman Emperor Augustus. This sculpture was created to show Augustas as a powerful leader and a peacemaker. There are many symbols seen on this sculpture including Cupid riding a dolphin. These symbols connect him to gods and a victorious military leader. The artist also made sure to place him in a confident pose to show his dominance.

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Greek Chapel, late 2nd century–4th century C.E. (Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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This is the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome located in the Greek Chapel. Catacombs were created during this time by digging holes underground for burying their dead. It was used as a cemetery for all the people apart of the culture. Each family would have a specific spot where they were told to bury their loved ones. They were created out of limestone and other rocks along with painting to add scenary.

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Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, 6th or early 7th century, encaustic on wood, 68.5 x 49.5 cm (Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai, Egypt

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This painting depicts the Virgin Mary seated on a throne along with Jesus sitting on her lap. Then located on both sides of her are Saint Theodore on her left and Saint George on her right. These two gentlemen are portrayed at military figures there to protect Mary. This artist chose to create the painting with 2D figures against a gold background to help the colors stand out.

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con with Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George

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Animal Flasklate, 7th–8th century, Attributed to probably Syria, H. 4 3/8 in. (11.1 cm)
Gr. L. 3 1/4 in. (8.3 cm)
Gr. Diam. 1 7/8 in. (4.7 cm)

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Animal Flasklate and many other animal vessels was a very common art piece during this time. People created them to to hold their kohl or perfume. Animal Flasklate is made from glass that is amber colored along with other decorations. These vessels were used to be carried on the backs of domestic animals.

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11th century walrus ivory cross reliquary (Victoria & Albert Museum)

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This cross was created using ivory to represent different stories that are told in the Old Testament. There are symbols that represent Christ and other people during that time. Each of the different sides of the cross represent a different story including the tree of life. This is a hand carved cross that was created for those that believes in Christ.

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St. Mark from the Godescalc Gospel Lectionary, folio 1v., c. 781–83 (Bibliothèque nationale de France)

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In this painting of St. Mark the artist used many colored pigments along with a gold background. This was very common during this time along with 2D figures. There is a lot of symbolism shown in this painting including the designs and figures. The artist chose to show St. Mark writing scripture while receiving revelation from God who is represented as a lion.

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Detail, Otto I presenting the Cathedral of Magdeburg, 962–968, Ottonian, from the Cathedral of Magdeburg, probably made in Milan, northern Italy

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This piece of artwork was carved using the medium of ivory. It is a depiction of Otto showing the his people a model of the church of Christ for his blessing. These servants have came to Otto to learn more about the church and bring items to show their dedication.The artist made sure to made these figures look 2D but very detailed in their features.

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Panteón de los reyes de León in San Isidoro. 1000 AD

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The Royal Panteon is part of the Kingdom of Leon, a very important part of the Romanesque period. This part of the palace was painted to show different symbols of the old testament. They are all representations of Christ and what he did for all of us. This was a sacred room for these people and often was used for religious purposes.

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Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Altarpiece of St. Francis, c. 1235 (Church of San Francesco, Pescia, Italy)

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This art piece was used as an altarpiece at the Church of San Francesco. It is a depiction of St. Francis along with other scenes of saint surrounding them. This showed the unity that was being create throughout the community of this church. It was meant to represent the worshiping and gospel that brought these people together. The artist used many colored pigments along with a golf background.

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Cimabue, Maestà or Santa Trinita Madonna and Child Enthroned, 1280-90, tempera on panel, 385 x 223 cm (Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence) (photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

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This art piece represents the Virigin Mary along with Christ sitting on her lap. Surrounding them are angles and 4 old testament prophets. This art piece started to show more depth and details to the figures. The artist wanted to represent the importance of all these figures and showed that by size and position. This was created using colored pigments along with the gold background.