# data[].attributes.headline
2. Include the further reading list of 2-3 related articles

# data[].attributes.subject
2. Include the further reading list of 2-3 related articles

# data[].attributes.headline
3. Set three questions for your audience:

# data[].attributes.subject
3. Set three questions for your audience:

# data[].attributes.body
- a factual question based on the presentation content
- an open-ended question to provoke the thinking of the audience
- a question for the further reading list

# data[].attributes.headline
1. Read the articles & answer the questions

# data[].attributes.subject
1. Read the articles & answer the questions

# data[].attributes.headline
[Extra] Please upload your group's PPT here

# data[].attributes.subject
[Extra] Please upload your group's PPT here

# data[].attributes.body
Starry Chan

Benita Leung

Sharon Leung

Shiny Poon

# data[].attributes.body
How Does Education in China Compare with Other Countries?

https://chinapower.csis.org/education-in-china/

Importance of education in the development of China

http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/media_highlights/202306/t20230611_1063776.html

Education as a soft power resource

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023109443

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Innovation is a critical component of national power. It propels countries to develop new products or methods of production that drive economic progress and enable states to tackle transnational challenges, such as climate change and global health crises. The ability of a country to cultivate its capacity for innovation rests with its domestic education system. A well-educated workforce is instrumental to technological and scientific discovery, which can propel states to the apex of the increasingly innovation-based global economy. This need is particularly salient for China as its leaders seek to push the Chinese economy up the global value chain.

Primary and Secondary Education

In an effort to promote sustainable development, Chinese leaders have sought to improve educational quality and increase access across the country. The most notable government policy, the 1986 Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education, called for achievement of the 'two basics' ( liangji): universal enrollment among school-aged children (6-15 years) and full literacy among those under the age of 20. Other measures have centered on revising the national curriculum and enhancing teacher training programs.

Yet educational access remains uneven in China. Students born into affluent families generally have greater access to high-quality education than those from lower income backgrounds. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics suggest that urban residents in China enjoy a nearly threefold income advantage over their rural counterparts. The household registration system ( hukou) has further widened this development gap by restricting the internal movement of persons. Education-finance policies requiring local governments to bear partial responsibility for funding schools have compounded this issue, leaving less affluent areas without sufficient resources to pay skilled teachers, purchase necessary instruction materials, and maintain school facilities.

Migration from rural areas has forced the closure of village schools, contributing to the decrease in Chinese primary schools from 668,685 in 1995 to 201,377 in 2014.

Literacy is a baseline indicator of educational access. High levels of literacy serve as the foundation for improved access to information and directly enhance an individual's ability to contribute to society. As of 2011, China had all but eliminated illiteracy among young and middle-aged citizens - a landmark achievement for a country with the world's largest population. Nevertheless, provincial variations reveal the incomplete nature of China's ongoing development. Wealthy cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, reported 2014 literacy rates (98.52 percent and 96.85 percent) comparable with those of developed countries. At the other extreme, Tibet's literacy rate was a mere 60.07 percent in same year, pegging it closer to under-developed countries like Haiti and Zambia.

Regional variations in educational access become more evident when considering the average length of schooling per student. To assess the role education plays in evaluating economic development and quality of life, the United Nations calculates the Education Index (EI) as part of its annually released Human Development Index (HDI). EI is calculated from mean and expected years of schooling and ranges from 0 (no educational attainment) to 1 (theoretically perfect educational attainment). EI values vary widely across China. In 2014, Beijing enjoyed a high EI of 0.854, which closely matches that of Iceland (0.853), an OECD country that ranks sixth on the Human Development Index. EI is lowest in Tibet, whose value of 0.45, when compared to EI values from around the world, places it in the bottom 20 percent.

Education Index by Income Level

Income-levels correspond to the World Bank's development classification, which uses GNI per capita (Atlas method) to calculate the levels of development.

Urbanization has exaggerated regional differences in educational access. The movement of people from rural to urban areas within China in search of employment opportunities and higher wages is among the largest internal migrations in human history. Migration from rural areas has forced the closure of village schools, contributing to the decrease in Chinese primary schools from 668,685 in 1995 to 201,377 in 2014. Rural migrants have flooded the labor market in urban centers, including Beijing and Shanghai, such that migrant laborers comprise roughly one-third of China's total labor force. These population shifts have contributed to overcrowded classrooms, which may come under even greater strain as the number of children of migrant workers residing in China's biggest cities is expected to increase by 1.5 million annually.

More developed regions have managed to offset much of this demographic shift. Some of China's most densely populated areas compare favorably with cities in the United States in terms of student-teacher ratios. The average number of students per teacher in primary and secondary schools in Beijing and Shanghai is 15:1 and 14:1, respectively. By comparison, New York City and Los Angeles have elementary and secondary school student-teacher ratios of 15:1 and 21:1, respectively. Chinese classrooms also have fewer students per teacher than the global average at both the primary and secondary level.

Less economically developed regions often suffer from the migration of qualified teachers to more developed parts of the country and lack adequate funds to hire and properly train instructors. Despite generally lower population density levels than urban areas, limited economic resources manifest in fewer, less-qualified teachers per student. Guangxi province, for instance, has primary and secondary student-teacher ratios of 20:1 and 24:1. These patterns are mirrored in less developed regions around the world. According to a 2013 United Nations report, adolescents residing in rural areas of developing countries are less likely to have access to institutions with favorable student-teacher ratios. In India, insufficient funding has resulted in national primary and secondary student-teacher ratios of at 29:1 and 34:1, respectively.

In order to address these imbalances, the central government has implemented policies to realign education funding. The National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) set ambitious achievement targets for primary and secondary education. The plan emphasizes the need to boost scientific and technological innovation by developing China's human-resource base. Stated goals include universalizing preschool education and improving the nine-year compulsory education system through the "rational allocation" of resources and provision of "special support" to the less fortunate.

Local governments are also taking action to tackle disparities in education access. Shenzhen has waived school fees and Shanghai has offered legal status and funding for migrant children. The Ministry of Education has vowed to crack down on arbitrary fees, which allow some families to send their children to better schools outside the student's home province. Additionally, the Chinese government passed the Compulsory Education Law in 2006 to galvanize local reform, prompting cities such as Wuhan to develop policies that allow migrant children living in urban areas to attend local schools without the requisite urban hukou.

Tertiary Education

Tertiary education, generally understood as post-secondary school learning supported by universities, technical training institutes, community colleges, and research laboratories, is essential to a country's competitiveness in an increasingly innovation-driven global economy. Over the last decade, China has made considerable strides in advancing tertiary education, with the number of institutions more than doubling and government expenditures increasing from $52.66 billion in 2003 to $311 billion in 2014. The 211 Project and 985 Project, initiatives designed to raise research standards and cultivate rencai (people with talent), further demonstrate the effort Chinese leaders are making to modernize the country's education system.

At present, however, the quality of Chinese universities lags behind that of other countries. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016-2017, a widely respected London-based university measure, includes only two Chinese institutions among the top 100 universities worldwide. Peking and Qinghua universities place 29th and 25th respectively, among the 978 tertiary institutions featured in the world ranking. By comparison, the study found that the United States is home to fifteen of the top twenty universities in the world. University rankings released by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy also reflect this division. Qinghua and Peking universities rank 58 th and 71 st in the consultancy's global comparison. China's 3rd and 4th nationally-ranked universities, Zhejiang and Fudan, fail to make the top 100.

China's top universities are highly selective. Peking University does not publicize its admission rates, but applicants from Beijing are believed to have a 0.5 percent chance of acceptance, which is up to 40 times higher than applicants from elsewhere in the country. When compared globally, Peking University's low admission rate reveals the exceptionally competitive nature of tertiary education in China. Two of the world's most well-regarded higher education institutions in the United States, Harvard University and Stanford University, have admission rates around 5 percent. In the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge have acceptance rates over 17 percent.

The structure of the national admissions process further compounds this disparity. College hopefuls are bound by their hukou (household registration) and performance on the gaokao, China's National Higher Education Entrance Examination. Every year, universities set quotas for how many applicants may be admitted from each province. Institutions allocate the highest number of spots to applicants from the institution's home province, and typically preferential treatment is given to urban residents from elsewhere for the remaining spots. Consequently, students from rural or lower-income Chinese provinces must often score significantly higher on the gaokao than their counterparts with urban hukou in order to be admitted into the same institution.

China and India supply almost half of (46.4 percent) the global 6.4 million Science and Engineering bachelor's degrees.

Chinese universities are generally understood to be divided into four tiers, with Tier 1 encompassing universities designated to receive substantial central government funding to develop China as a world-class research center. The cutoff gaokao scores ( fenshuxian) required for admission into each tier are determined annually, but a student's chances for acceptance usually depend on the difficulty of the gaokao, university quotas, academic interests, and their hukou. A high number of Tier-1 institutions are concentrated in wealthy municipalities and provinces, which earmarks them for more government funding than their lower-ranking counterparts. Specifically, five of the top ten universities in China are located in Beijing and Shanghai.

Tertiary enrollment rates further reflect China's stark urban-rural education divide. On the national level, just over a quarter of the country's college-age population is enrolled in a tertiary institution. Shanghai, one of China's wealthiest municipality, boasts an enrollment rate of 70 percent, while provinces like Guangxi suffer from enrollment rates below 20 percent. A similar trend surfaces when comparing countries across the globe. Highly developed countries in North America and Western Europe have tertiary enrollment rates averaging around 75 percent. Conversely, in developing regions in Central Asia, just over a quarter of the population attains tertiary education.

Many of those who attend Chinese universities pursue degrees in science and engineering fields. According to the 2016 Science and Engineering Indicators Report, China and India supply almost half of (46.4 percent) the global 6.4 million Science and Engineering (S&E) bachelor's degrees. The two countries are projected to collectively account for two-thirds of the increase in global S&E graduates through 2030. By comparison, the European Union and United States supplied 11.5 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively, of the global share of S&E graduates.

This outpouring of S&E graduates may present its own problems for China as it seeks to transition to a consumer-driven economy. A Qinghua and Fudan University joint study observed a gap between China's supply and its need for highly skilled labor. Specifically, western provinces have skills shortages in fields such as research and development and capital operation, and eastern provinces lack skilled technical workers. Moreover, high-skilled workers often seek opportunities in the same cities, which can lead to an excess of job hunters in a particular market. In 2013, the tertiary education system supplied more highly-skilled workers than the economy demanded, resulting in a new-graduate unemployment rate more than three times higher than the national average. Educational attainment outstripping market demands is not unique to China. In South Korea, recent graduates face a highly competitive job market with scarce employment opportunities, forcing some students to linger at university.

Cultivating a highly-skilled domestic labor force is crucial as China endeavors to transition to an innovation-based economy. As outlined in the National Medium- and Long-term Talent Development Plan (2010-2020), the central government has vowed to improve coordination between tertiary education and demands in the labor market. Furthermore, it aims to establish higher-education research bases in central and western provinces, increase spending on human resources from 10.75 to 15 percent of GDP, and raise the national tertiary enrollment rate to 40 percent by 2020. Effective implementation of the Talent Development Plan may prove critical as Chinese leaders seek to facilitate the country's economic shift from a manufacturing power to global innovator.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Does Education in China Compare with Other Countries? | ChinaPower Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
China is seeking to improve educational quality and increase access across the country. A well-educated Chinese workforce can bolster China's technological and scientific development and thus strengthen the country's position in an increasingly innovation-based global economy.

# data[].attributes.body
How does the increased amount of students that study overseas enhance the national strength of China?

# data[].attributes.body
The western mindsets inspire Chinese students and adds onto their fundamental knowledge build in China. It also provide hands on experience in labs and companies.This broaden their horizons and provide them with an all-rounded understanding on aspects they master. It helps China to gain better international image as all students has high education level and knowledge from both Chinese and Western and further influences other countries.

# data[].attributes.body
With the amount of conflicts happening around the world, is education still a significant factor in increasing national strength? Explain.

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/10_ZqUz_AaxR8dsX7DL5EdaNpWoEZV2IuNvTQUoyNOmI/edit

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1eqnRfEKh8pCfKAn0YOdtWKkLvWHMizcyGVtI05EoVbw/edit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We’re currently checking your connection. This shouldn’t take long.If you keep getting this page, check if there’s a problem with Canva.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/27/WS62e0d0fda310fd2b29e6eb1f.html

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1966

https://en.planning.org.cn/upsc/heritage

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Share - WeChat

The Changxin Palace Lamp, a bronze artifact dating back to the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 24), is displayed at the exhibition titled Origins, Developments and Achievements of Chinese Civilization, which opened on at the Palace Museum in Beijing on Jan 25, 2022. [Photo by Jiang Dong/China Daily]

China has made substantial headway in preserving and carrying forward the country's cultural heritage over the past 10 years, statistics and figures have shown.

Over the past decade, local governments of 27 provincial-level regions have factored the preservation of cultural heritage into their performance evaluation systems, according to a national conference on cultural relics held in Beijing on Friday.

The amount of provincial-level cultural relics protection units has increased by 58 percent, and that of municipal and county-level has grown by 88 percent, according to the conference.

Major cultural relic-protection projects for the Great Wall, the Grand Canal, and others have been completed, and tens of thousands of curated or excavated valuable cultural relics have been restored to a better state, said the conference.

Major archaeological projects, such as the project to trace the origins of Chinese civilization, have achieved new progress. In particular, Chinese archaeologists have broken new grounds in deep sea archaeological missions.

In the past decade, the number of museums nationwide has increased by 60 percent, and massive technological breakthroughs have been made in cultural relics protection, according to the conference.

Meanwhile, relevant authorities have increased their legal support to protect cultural relics. Local governments across the country have issued and implemented more than 200 localized statutes on the protection of cultural relics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
China improves cultural heritage preservation over past decade

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
China has made substantial headway in preserving and carrying forward the country's cultural heritage over the past 10 years, statistics and figures have shown.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese students face more national defence education in drive to raise military awareness

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3278103/chinese-students-face-more-national-defence-education-drive-raise-military-awareness

US and Chinese defense chiefs hold first in-person talks since 2022

https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/31/china/shangrila-dialogue-us-china-defense-chiefs-meeting-intl-hnk/index.html

China’s Defensive National Defense Policy in the New Era

http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/DefensePolicy/index.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chinese students face more national defence education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Proposals being considered by China’s top legislative body, include the first significant updates to a law first adopted in 2001.

# data[].attributes.body
How the development of China’s cultural industries enhance the economic ?

# data[].attributes.body
China’s exports in cultural goods after R&O rose to 50 billion in 2021, contributing to 4.5 trillion yuan to China’s GDP in 2020. Selling goods such as art, crafts, music, and cinematographic products, generating revenue.

# data[].attributes.body
What is the use of promoting and identifying the tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage?

# data[].attributes.body
Its goal is to protect cultural heritage sites and customs while using them as instruments for state-building and development. Additionally, especially in minority communities, authorities aim to employ historical preservation to assist create a cohesive national consciousness.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ministry of Natural Resources guidelines reveal aim to work in global community, explore deep environments and boost scientist incentives

The Chinese government has pledged to support a wide range of basic research related to natural resources to support its goal of turning the country into a science superpower .

The objectives are among the Ministry of Natural Resources' new policy guidelines to strengthen fundamental research released by the ministry on its official social media accounts on Wednesday.

Beijing's top leaders last month committed to building China into a major world science power by 2035 , acknowledging that science and technology will be key drivers for the world's second-largest economy as it faces external and internal challenges.

12:53

'Overtaking on a bend': how China's EV industry charged ahead to dominate the global market

'Overtaking on a bend': how China's EV industry charged ahead to dominate the global market

The pledge came as China and the US compete in several arenas , including geopolitics, trade and technology. Beijing has repeatedly pledged to be self-reliant in key technologies in the face of growing efforts by Washington to limit China's access to advanced technology in the US.

The ministry vows to actively work with the global basic research innovation community by taking part in major international projects, such as Digital Earth, research on negative ocean emissions technology, deep-sea habitats and seamless forecasts for the ocean and climate.

It said China would actively take part in important international science programmes - such as the International Continental Scientific Drilling Programme, the International Ocean Discovery Programme as well as joint laboratories and research centres - and would support international organisations and well-known scientific research institutions to set up branches in China.

The ministry would also encourage regular exchanges and joint work on research projects with scientists from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
China to boost basic research in natural resources on its path to tech self-reliance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ministry of Natural Resources guidelines reveal aim to work in global community, explore deep environments and boost scientist incentives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Beijing says drive for self-reliance has led to 'breakthroughs' in oil and gas exploration, and progress in 'urgently needed' mineral deposits

China added major gains to its critical mineral reserves and discovered more mineral deposits last year as it ramped up efforts to boost self-reliance and energy security , according to the Ministry of Natural Resources.

Increased investment had led to "significant breakthroughs" in oil and gas exploration, while "substantial progress" was made in mineral resources, resulting in 124 new mineral deposits discovered last year, the ministry said in a report on Tuesday.

In the past year, China saw considerable growth in reserves of strategic minerals such as fluorite and crystalline graphite, the report indicated.

The full annual 2023 assessment of China's mineral resources has not been made public, but a few details have been released by the ministry and media.

China confirms natural gas find in South China Sea

Critical minerals are commodities found in a wide variety of ore deposits that are considered vital to economic or national security and are vulnerable to supply disruption.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
China's resource security gets boost from mineral, energy reserve discoveries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Beijing says drive for self-reliance has led to 'breakthroughs' in oil and gas exploration, and progress in 'urgently needed' mineral deposits.

# data[].attributes.body
Why China has better national strength than other countries?(in terms of the forest indicator)

# data[].attributes.body
China has made significant investments in reforestation and afforestation programs over the past few decades. The country has increased its forest cover substantially, which helps combat desertification, improve air quality, and enhance biodiversity.

The Chinese government has implemented strict environmental policies aimed at protecting and expanding forested areas. This includes laws and regulations that promote sustainable forest management and penalize illegal logging.

China has allocated substantial resources to environmental conservation and forestry projects. This investment not only contributes to forest growth but also supports related industries, such as eco-tourism and sustainable forestry.

China actively participates in international environmental agreements and collaborations, enhancing its global standing and influence in environmental matters.

# data[].attributes.body
As China continues to industrialise and urbanise, what future projected needs for natural resources should china have to further improve or to keep its dominance?

# data[].attributes.body
1. Energy Resources:

China should focus on expanding its renewable energy capacity, particularly solar and wind power, to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions. Investments in research and development can drive technological advancements and improve the efficiency of renewable energy systems.

Developing safe and efficient nuclear power plants can also provide a stable source of low-carbon energy to meet the country's growing electricity demand.

2. Raw Materials:

It is important to carry out strategic planning for securing metals and minerals necessary for high-tech industries and emerging technologies. China can invest in domestic mining projects or forming international partnerships to ensure a stable supply of these resources.

3. Water Resources:

Implementing water-saving technologies in agriculture, improving water distribution infrastructure, and promoting water recycling can help China mitigate water scarcity issues. Integrated water resource management strategies can balance urban, industrial, and agricultural water needs sustainably.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Becoming Beautiful: Property Rights For Natural Resources - China Water Risk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Ministry of Natural Resources is creating a landmark rights system for each natural resource, from coal and gas to forests and water. What does this mean and where are the pilots? Find out in our review by China Water Risk’s Yuanchao Xu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

One of the top priorities of the Chinese government's oversight is to address the conflicts between economic growth and resource consumption and between economic development and ecological damage. In this regard, the advocacy and compilation of the natural resources balance sheet can boost the efficiency of the government's oversight and improve the quality of resource management. However, China's natural resources balance sheet is still at an exploratory stage, lacking the theoretical framework of balance sheet preparation, preparatory ideas, and a reporting system, which must be established urgently. First, the study states the purpose of compiling the natural resources balance sheet, and, subsequently, analyzes the theoretical basis, framework system, preparatory ideas, and sample sheet format, thereby offering theoretical and methodological support for its preparation. Moreover, the development, functions, deficits, and future development of the balance sheet are analyzed in the context of the Chinese system, which provides theoretical and methodological support for the preparation of the natural resources balance sheet and government oversight.

Introduction

The implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in 1978 has facilitated economic innovation, the introduction of foreign technologies, and an increase in capital and managerial experience, which, in turn, have accelerated the development of China's economy. After 40 years of rapid growth, China's GDP is ranked only second to the United States of America. With the rapid economic growth, the income level and consumption capacity of Chinese residents have grown progressively and the comprehensive national strength has increased, laying the economic foundation for the improvement of China's competence in the international market. Nevertheless, for a long time, China's economy has exhibited an extensive development pattern, featuring an economic developmental method that prioritizes "high investment, high consumption, and high pollution" and a political performance assessment that "considers GDP only," which has boosted China's economic growth, despite its heavy price. Additionally, the rapid population growth has increased resource consumption, pollutant and household waste discharge, thereby leading to serious resource exhaustion and heavy environmental pollution. This has deepened the conflicts between human beings and nature, damaged the coordinated development between economic growth and environmental protection, and heavily restrained the sustainable development of China's economy. At present, China's natural resources imbalance between supply and demand is prominent and obvious, but the efficiency of the resource use is low. Let us consider the relationships between energy consumption and GDP growth as an example. According to the data calculation of Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in 2016, China's GDP energy consumption comprised 0.68 ton of standard coal/CNY 10,000 (China's GDP energy consumption per unit comprised 3.7 ton of standard coal/USD 10,000, according to the price and exchange rate of dollars in 2015) in 2016, which is 1.4 times larger than the average world energy consumption levels in 2015 and 2.1 times larger than that of the average level of developed countries. Today, China's economic security and the lives of its citizens are severely threatened by resource consumption and environmental pollution. Besides, as resource imports are expanding, the foreign-trade dependence of our country's economic growth is increasing. Additionally, haze and water pollution caused by environmental pollution is not only reducing people's quality of life but is also causing considerable economic loss. This scenario clearly shows that the present resource consumption and ecological damage are significantly affecting China's national interest and people's livelihood.

In this context, the Chinese government has started to guide and implement resource protection and environmental governance operation in many aspects. For instance, the Environment Protection Law, the most stringent law in history, has been published, special financial subsidies for environmental protection have been set up, enterprises are being encouraged to carry out technical innovation to increase the resource utilization efficiency, media supervision has been strengthened, and information disclosure has increased. These initiatives have facilitated legal, financial, public opinion, and technology support for increasing resource utilization efficiency and alleviating environmental pollution (Leiter et al., 2011, Chiu and Sharfman, 2011; Tang and Tang, 2013, Yusuf et al., 2017, Song et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2018). However, these specific governance measures are unable to "resolve existing problems and eliminate the root causes."

In fact, China's prominent conflicts among economic growth, resource consumption, and environmental pollution can be attributed to the political strategy of valuing only GDP and the development philosophy of pursuing economic growth based on political performance standards. In order to permanently resolve these conflicts, it would be essential to help the decision-making departments and the public form a positive economic development idea and raise their awareness regarding environmental protection. In this context, according to the judgment of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on economic development, environmental protection, and achievement assessment of leaders, Chinese government has decided to prepare a natural resources balance sheet and set up a pilot scheme. As a part of its scheme, it has selected Huzhou in Zhejiang province, Yan' an in Shanxi province, Hulunbeier in inner Mongolia autonomous region, and other regions to guide and restrain the decision-making departments to ensure that the latter can transform their perspectives on economic development. This scheme also aims to raise the latter's awareness of resource management and environmental protection.

It must be pointed out that the natural resource balances sheet is prepared and designed for the off-office auditing of natural resources by the leaders. It not only serves as a critical means of governmental oversight but also provides information and system support for natural resources management and environmental protection in China. However, the preparation of the natural resources balance sheet is a complicated task. First, as a balance sheet, it needs to own accounting attributes; however, the identification of various natural resource assets and liabilities remains highly controversial. Second, from the perspective of accounting measurement and accounting, the factors put into the natural resources balance sheet should have economic value; however, owing to the current marketing and technological levels, the value of most natural resources is hard to determine. Finally, clear property right ownership forms the premise for accounting and preparation of the natural resource balance sheet. However, in the context of China's property rights system, the determination of the boundary of natural resource assets' property rights remains to be properly ascertained by the system. Given the situation, the preparation and application of China's natural resources balance sheet have been explored and studied from the perspective of governance and accounting attributes in the current study.

Section snippets

Literature review

The "natural resources balance sheet" serves as a novel concept developed by the Chinese government in 2013 with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Chinese scholars studied the balance sheet in 2014 for the first time, while few foreign scholars have studied the natural resources balance sheet. Studies focusing primarily on the "natural resources balance sheet" are sparse because the related domestic and foreign studies are merely at the exploratory stage. Based on the review of the main

Theoretical foundation of natural resources balance sheet

The compilation of the natural resources balance sheet was initiated and promoted by the Chinese government, and the aim to explore and compile the balance sheet is explicit. On the one hand, through the compilation of the natural resources balance sheet, the Chinese government would possess relatively precise and reliable information about the changes in resources and environment. In this way, the government will be able to provide a reference for evaluating and auditing leaders' performance.

Analysis of the compilation of natural resources balance sheet

The balance sheet of natural resources should have accounting and management attributes, meet the principle for compiling the accounting statement, and have management and supervisory functions. Just as the SNA and SEEA are linked, the natural resources balance sheet is not independent; it is linked to the natural resource accounts. Since the balance sheet of natural resources reflects the situation of natural resources at a certain point in a specific region, it is expected to support

Tentative application of the natural resources balance sheet

The purpose of discussing the connotation and compilation of the balance sheet of natural resources from the perspective of government governance is not only to answer the questions of "why" and "what," but also to discuss the questions of "how to compile" and "how to use." This study combines the theoretical discussion about the prerequisite, compilation principles, and composition of the balance sheet of natural resources and selects some examples to make tentative compilation and

Main conclusions

With the deepening of understanding of the relationship between economy and environment, all countries in the world are attaching importance to the coordinated development of economic growth and ecological protection. The balance sheet of natural resources proposed and advocated by the Chinese government has an important influence on the government oversight and resource management. This context is rooted in the transformation of economic development and political performance evaluation

Discussion

Sustaining natural resources while promoting economic growth and the quality of life is a significant issue for policymakers. This study addresses the gap in accounting natural resources balance sheet in China. However, achieving a sustainable environment requires more than accounting. Essential actions, including legislation, regulation, mitigation, resource management, enforcement, education, and social responses to environmental challenges, must be implemented. Environmental accounting can

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71471001, 41771568, 71533004, 71503001; 71601170); the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0602500; 16YJC630123).

View full text

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
China's natural resources balance sheet from the perspective of government oversight: Based on the analysis of governance and accounting attributes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One of the top priorities of the Chinese government's oversight is to address the conflicts between economic growth and resource consumption and betwe...

# data[].attributes.body
How can a clear property rights system facilitate the market-oriented economy?

# data[].attributes.body
China’s national defense aims

# data[].attributes.body
What are the importance of achievement of national defence

# data[].attributes.body
How does China safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity in the South and East China Seas?

# data[].attributes.body
What do you think about china’s national defence

# data[].attributes.body
How does intangible cultural heritage increase national strength?

# data[].attributes.body
Why does education uphold it as its target t cultivate talent for the CPC to meet the needs of the people?

# data[].attributes.body
Yes it is.

First for Economic Development, A well-educated population provides the skills necessary for a competitive workforce, driving productivity and economic growth.Education fosters creativity and innovation, essential for developing new technologies and improving existing processes.

Second for Social Stability Educated citizens are more likely to participate in democratic processes, leading to stronger governance and accountability.alao Education promotes understanding and tolerance among diverse groups, helping to reduce conflict and enhance social harmony.

Last for Human Capital,Higher education levels correlate with better job prospects, leading to reduced unemployment and poverty rates.and Education encourages adaptability and continuous learning, enabling individuals to respond to changing job markets and societal needs.

# data[].attributes.body
The intangible cultural heritage can strengthen the soft power, cultural influence, of national strength. Tangible cultural heritage including historical relics and architecture like the Great Wall, Potala Palace Dujiangyan irrigation system and the Terracotta Army serves as a physical connection to history for citizens to their historical roots. Moreover, The Confucius Institute which is a non-profit educational institute founded by Chinese-foreign collaboration can promote the Chinese language culture worldwide which fosters the understanding and appreciation of Chinese heritage.

The intangible cultural heritage can also strengthen the hard power, economy of national strength. These intangible cultural heritage allows tourists to find out about new cultures and to experience the global difference of performing arts, handcrafts, rituals and cuisines further promoting the economy as traditions is the principal motivation for travelling.

# data[].attributes.body
The South China Sea islands and diaoyu islands are the inalienable parts of the Chinese territory, as a result, china resolutely safeguards its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.

China exercises its national sovereignty to build infrastructure and deploy necessary defensive capabilities on the islands and reefs in the South China Sea, and to conduct patrols in the water of diaoyu islands in the East China Sea.

China is committed to resolving related disputes through negotiations with those states directly involved in the basis if respecting historical facts and international law and continues to work with regional countries to jointly maintain the peace and stability. China firmly upholds the freedom of navigation and overflight by all countries in accordance with international law and safeguards the security of sea lines of communication.

# data[].attributes.body
To China, the achievement safeguard the country's sovereignty, security. The ability to fight on the plateau has been improved, which enables the PLA to have the ability to fight in all and across regions and has gained stronger abilities to combat. The international image of China has improved. Other countries know that China has high ability to fight on plateau and will not underestimate China and has no willingness to fight with China, reducing the war between countries, safeguarding not only the country's sovereignty as well as security.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Incentivizing Investment and Innovation

Security of Assets

Support for Research

2. Efficient Resource Management

Allocation of Resources

Enhanced Collaboration

3. Reducing Conflict and Uncertainty

Legal Clarity

Facilitating Cooperation

4. Supporting Economic Growth and Development

Attracting Investment

Balancing Economic and Environmental Needs

5. Promoting Technological Self-Reliance

Encouraging Exploration and Innovation

A clear property rights system is crucial in facilitating a market-oriented economy by incentivising investment, ensuring efficient resource management, reducing conflicts, supporting economic growth, and promoting technological advancement. These elements are central to creating a robust economic environment where innovation and sustainable practices can thrive.

# data[].attributes.body
China’s national defence is an impressive one. As seen from sources and statistics, China has the most military personnel in the whole entire world, with 2,035,000 active military personnel and 510,000 as reserve, showing the amount of manpower China has for their military force.

But even with all this military power, the military expenditure of China is relatively low, only spending 236 billion USD compared to America who spent 842 billion USD on military expenditure despite only having 1,328,000 active personnel.

This shows how efficient China is at regulating their military expenditure, and the low military expenditure of China means that the nation can use their resources on developing other aspects of the nation, for example, developing technology to increase overall national strength and giving the people of China a higher quality of life.

And as for the equipment, China has a similar amount to that of the USA in terms of ground forces, naval power and air power. This shows that China has one of the strongest military powers in the world and that it is able to safeguard its sovereignty. With the firm leadership of the CPC, a correct political direction was ensured, which led the army to become a world-class army, significantly enhancing the national defence of China. Additionally, the expansion of naval power and the strengthened Belt and Road Security were also important strategies that lead to the strong national defence.

In conclusion, we think that the national defence of China is impressive, powerfully built, outstanding and well maintained.