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The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a law that tried to address growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery. By passing the law, which President James Monroe signed, the U.S. Congress admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free state. It also banned slavery from the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands located north of the 36º 30’ parallel (the southern border of Missouri). The Missouri Compromise would remain in force for just over 30 years before it was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

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Missouri and Maine, The 36°30' Latitude Line, The Louisiana Territory

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President James Monroe, Speaker of the House Henry Clay, 

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In 1800 Denmark was allowed to purchase his freedom with $600 he had won in a street lottery. He was already familiar with the great Haitian slave revolt of the 1790s, and, while working as a carpenter, he read antislavery literature. Dissatisfied with his second-class status as a freedman and determined to help relieve the far more oppressive conditions of bondsmen he knew, Vesey planned and organized an uprising of city and plantation Blacks. The plan reportedly called for the rebels to attack guardhouses and arsenals, seize their arms, kill all whites, burn and destroy the city, and free the enslaved people. As many as 9,000 Blacks may have been involved, though some scholars dispute this figure.

Warned by a house servant, white authorities on the eve of the scheduled outbreak made massive military preparations, which forestalled the insurrection. During the ensuing two months, some 130 Blacks were arrested. In the trials that followed, 67 were convicted of trying to raise an insurrection; of these, 35, including Vesey, were hanged, and 32 were condemned to exile. In addition, four white men were fined and imprisoned for encouraging the plot.

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The abolitionist movement was an organized effort to end the practice of slavery in the United States. The first leaders of the campaign, which took place from about 1830 to 1870, mimicked some of the same tactics British abolitionists had used to end slavery in Great Britain in the 1830s. Though it started as a movement with religious underpinnings, abolitionism became a controversial political issue that divided much of the country. Supporters and critics often engaged in heated debates and violent— even deadly—confrontations. The divisiveness and animosity fueled by the movement, along with other factors, led to the Civil War and ultimately the end of slavery in America.

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Nat Turner, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Crinke Sisters, John Brown

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In the early hours of August 22, 1831, a slave named Nat Turner led more than fifty followers in a bloody revolt in Southampton, Virginia, killing nearly 60 white people, mostly women and children. The local authorities stopped the uprising by dawn the next day. They captured or killed most of the insurgents, although Turner himself managed to avoid capture for sixty days. Even though Turner and his followers had been stopped, panic spread across the region. In the days following the attack, 3000 soldiers, militia men, and vigilantes killed more than one hundred suspected rebels. Nineteen of the thirty who had been arrested were convicted and executed. The rest, along with 300 free blacks from Southampton County, agreed to be exiled to Liberia in Africa. Turner was hanged on November 11, 1831.

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Nineteen of the thirty who had been arrested were convicted and executed. The rest, along with 300 free blacks from Southampton County, agreed to be exiled to Liberia in Africa. Turner was hanged on November 11, 1831. In reaction to the Tariff of 1828, a series of events took place between 1828 and 1832, including speeches, letters, debates, and public appeals, all of which contributed to the increasing support for nullification among South Carolinians. During this time, Vice President John C. Calhoun became a prominent supporter of states’ rights and the doctrine of nullification. In 1832, Congress passed a new tariff with reduced rates, but South Carolina was not satisfied. The state opposed the tariffs with the Order of Nullification, declaring the 1832 and 1833 tariffs unconstitutional and null and void. This led to the Nullification Proclamation, also known as the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina or Respecting the Nullifying Laws of South Carolina, where President Andrew Jackson expressed his support for states’ rights while emphasizing the importance of peace within the Union. On March 2nd, 1833, Congress passed the ‘An Act Further to Provide for the Collection of Duties on Imports,’ a significant legislative response to the nullification crisis. This bill, also known as the Force Bill, granted President Jackson the authority to collect import duties in cash, detain vessels, and use any necessary force to enforce these requests and others. The passage of this bill marked a significant escalation in the government’s response to the crisis. On the same day, “An Act to Modify the Act of the Fourteenth of July, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Two, and All Other Acts Imposing Duties on Imports” was passed. This compromise bill, developed by Senator Henry Clay and supported by Vice President Calhoun, proposed a gradual reduction of tariffs from 1833 to 1842. The compromise tariff prompted South Carolina to repeal its nullification, and the national government followed suit shortly after. 

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John C. Calhoun, President Andrew Jackson

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The Texas Revolution, also known as the Texas War for Independence, was a war that occurred from October 1835 to April 1836 between what would later become the State of Texas and Mexico. Texas was originally part of Mexican territory; and in 1835, Texas actively began seeking to gain independence from Mexico.

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Stephen F. Austin, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Sam Houston, Jim Bowie, Martin Perfecto de Cos, Davy Crockett, William Travis, James Fannin

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The Mexican-American War of 1846 to 1848 marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “Manifest Destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border skirmish along the Rio Grande that started off the fighting was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory, including nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.

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Wilmot Proviso, in U.S. history, important congressional proposal in the 1840s to prohibit the extension of slavery into the territories, a basic plank upon which the Republican Party was subsequently built. Soon after the Mexican War, Pres. James K. Polk asked Congress for $2,000,000 to negotiate peace and settle the boundary with Mexico. In behalf of anti-slavery forces throughout the country, a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania named David Wilmot offered an amendment (August 8, 1846) to the bill forbidding slavery in the new territory, thus precipitating bitter national debate in an atmosphere of heightening sectional conflict. Despite repeated attempts, the Wilmot Proviso was never passed by both houses of Congress. But out of the attempt by both Democrats and Whigs to subordinate or compromise the slavery issue grew the Republican Party, founded in 1854, which specifically supported the Wilmot principle.

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The Compromise of 1850 was made up of five bills that attempted to resolve disputes over slavery in new territories added to the United States in the wake of the Mexican-American War (1846-48). It admitted California as a free state, left Utah and New Mexico to decide for themselves whether to be a slave state or a free state, defined a new Texas-New Mexico boundary, and made it easier for slaveowners to recover runways under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Compromise of 1850 was the mastermind of Whig senator Henry Clay and Democratic senator Stephan Douglas. Lingering resentment over its provisions contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War.                                      Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.       

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Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster

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In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed a bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska, a vast area of land that would become Kansas, Nebraska, Montana and the Dakotas. Known as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the controversial bill raised the possibility that slavery could be extended into territories where it had once been banned. Its passage intensified the bitter debate over slavery in the United States, which would later explode into the Civil War.Pro-slavery residents of Missouri flocked into Kansas to sway the vote.    Fighting broke out between pro-slavery and antislavery residents.  200 people were killed, nicknaming the state “Bleeding Kansas”

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Stephen Douglas, Senator Charles Sumner, Senator Preston Brooks, Andrew Butler

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The Ostend Manifesto, also known as the Ostend Circular, was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. slaveholding expansionists.

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James Buchanan, Pierre Soulé, John Mason

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The Dred Scott case, also known as Dred Scott v. Sandford, was a decade-long fight for freedom by a Black enslaved man named Dred Scott. The case persisted through several courts and ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1857, the nation's top court ruled that living in a free state and territory did not entitle Dred Scott to his freedom because, as an enslaved man, he was not a citizen, but essentially another person's property. The court's decision incensed abolitionists, gave momentum to the anti-slavery movement and served as a stepping stone to the Civil War.

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The raid on Harpers Ferry was intended to be the first stage in an elaborate plan to establish an independent stronghold of formerly enslaved people in the Adirondack Mountains—an enterprise that had won moral and financial support from several prominent Bostonians. Choosing Harpers Ferry because of its arsenal and because of its location as a convenient gateway to the South, John Brown and his band of 21 recruits (his 2 sons, 14 white men, and 5 Black men), seized the armory on the night of October 16.

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The election of 1860 was one of the most pivotal presidential elections in American history. It pitted Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln against Democratic Party nominee Senator Stephen Douglas, Southern Democratic Party nominee John Breckinridge and Constitutional Union Party nominee John Bell. The main issue of the election was slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln emerged victorious and became the 16th President of the United States during a national crisis that would tear states and families apart and test Lincoln’s leadership and resolve: The Civil War.