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The Nok statues are sculptures found in Nigeria in 1928 near the village of Sokoto by Europeans archaeologists during the colonization and brought to Europe. The most famous of them is called "Man sitting" and represents an unknown man. The artists used clay to create this piece of art, probably 500 years BC. The statue originates from the Nok civilization, who lived in Nigeria during a long period between -1 500 BC to the IX century AD. This civilization lived in Center Nigeria and had an advanced agriculture and metals knowledge. The purpose of one statue is to protect a farmer field as an invocation. This statue shows that agriculture was the core of the Nok civilization. Today, most of them are in Europeans museums or in private exhibitions. The sitting man is showcased in France, in the Louvres museum. For Nigerians, this artefact is important for it is a testimony of the glorious past of the country. Indeed, as the Nok civilization used to live in actual Nigeria, the government consider this statue as the legacy of their past. Moreover, it may show to the Nigerians how advanced the Nok civilization was and that they belongs to a country with skilled ancestors. Unfortunatly, the statue still remains in France and the dialogue seems to be complicated between France and Nigeria.

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The Nefertiti Bust is a painted limestone sculpture of Nefertiti, created around 1345. It was discovered by a German archaeological team in 1912 and has since been displayed in various locations, now at the Neues Museum in Berlin.

Egypt has repeatedly called for its return, accusing Germany of trafic it out of the country. The bust is a symbol of ancient Egypt’s art and beauty but also represents the legacy of European colonialism. Despite an agreement signed, Egypt continues to demand a repatriation.

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WHO WAS NEFERTITI ?

Nefertiti lived during the 14th century. She was one of the most famous Queen of ancient Egypt. As the wife of a famous pharaoh ( Akhenaton ) with whom she had 6 children, she died at the age of 37 years old. This queen was known for her beauty but also for her political and her religious influence in the country.

WHERE AND WHEN WAS THE BUST DISCOVERED ?

Nefertiti's bust was discovered in 1912 in Egypt by a German explorer ( Ludwing Borchardt ) in an ancient city ( Amarna )

WHERE IS IT EXPOSED ?

The bust is exposed in Germany, precisly in Berlin in the ''Neues Museum'' since its reopenning in 2009 after a rennovation work, it has been displayed there for 15 years now, before, it was kept on a warehouse wehere all the artwoks are.

TENSIONS BETWEEN EGYPT AND GERMANY ? Why and how ?

The Egyptian government asks to Germany still today for a repatriation of its works of art including Nefertiti's bust because for them, they have been robbed. On this subject, The German governement anwsers by highliting the fact that these objects are a part of their history.

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It's a piece or art which shows two women's. There is a woman who belongs to rich family and read a letter, must be a love of Letter, in other hand,there is her assistant, who stopped working so as to, as other woman, read the Letter.

Thus, the Dutch painter lent his painting for Rijksmuseum. Moreover, after the exposition in the museum, a robber has stole the masterpiece of Vermeer. He removed the canvas from it's frame by cutting with vegetable peeler. Then, he contacted the belgian media to state his demands : He would return the painting in exchange for 200 Millions belgian francs, a sum to be donated to the victims of famine and war in the east of Pakistan, namely Banglandesh. Moreover, after two weeks, the robber have been arrested by the police. According to him, he is considered as " Robin of Hood " in present time. His name is Mario Roymans, who aged 21. M. Roymans has buried her in a forest, before recovering her and hiding her under his bed. The painting was restored, also, a year later, exhibited again at the Rijksmuseum.

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Ancient aboriginal shield made of bark. Belonged to the Aborigenal peoples of Australia.

It's likely to have arrived at the British Museum between about 1790 and 1815 as part of the many objects being sent back to London by colonial governors and others from the colony at Port Jackson (Sydney).

The British Museum is not willing to return the shield on a permanent basis but says it is ready to lend it to Australia.

The return of the shield to Australia has been requested on a number of occasions by Rodney Kelly, an Aboriginal man whose ancestors are from the Sydney region, and others who support his request.

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During the colonization, a lot of heritage was stolen. In 1916, Germany lost many colonies and Cameroon was therefore placed under the French protectorate but, in January 1960, Cameroon became independant.

In 1908, the settlers stole the objetcs of power, such as the Mandy Yenu.

According to the legends, some german officials suggest that a gift to Emperor Guillaume II for his 50th birthday, would be welcome ( a replica of the throne).

Ibrahim Njoya wanted to have a reproduction of the Mandu Yenu nevertheless he realized again that the copy would never be ready and he was persuaded to hand over the original. Depending on the tradition, the power of each sultant is transmitted by the throne. Thus, a sultan said that "there is a missing piece" and he wanted to regain possession of his grandfather's throne. Indeed, The Baham throne can be found in the ethnicological Museum of Berlin since 1908.

Nowadays, the current sultan of Bamum went to the museum to sit on the sacred throne, as tradition dictates.

This artifact is always in Berlin currently.

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Rosees under the trees is a painting by the Austrian painter: gustav Klimt in 1905. It is an oil painting on canvas which represents a landscape with trees under which you can see roses.

This painting was on a display at the Orsay Museum until 23 March 2022 because it was returned to the persons representing it's owner: Eleonore (Nora) Stiasny.She was the niece of two Jewish Austrian collectors: Viktor and Paula Zuckerklandl.She had been robbed in Viena in August 1938 by the nazis.Then in 1942,she had been deported and died in a deportation camp.

This piece of art entered in the national collections of the Orsay Museum in 1980.However,in the past there wasn't many elements wich can tell that it was a robbed piece.

Since,it was reported to Austria in 2022

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The bust of Nefertiti is one of the most famous artifacts from ancient Egypt ans is dated around 1345 BC. It was discovered by Ludwig Borchardt, a german archaeologist , in 1912.

The bust is made of limestone and is known for its striking beauty.

This work of art was taken to Germany in 1913, where it became part of the collection at the Neues Museum in Berlin. The fact that the archaeologists shipped it to Germany, has created many arguments about its return, because the germans took it without any permission.

Over the years, the Egyptian gouvernment asked it to be return, because this artifact is part of their cultural heritage, which is very meaningful to them.

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The exact date of its appearance is still very mysterious, but according to the legend, the Koh-i-Noor diamond was discovered for the first time around 5000 years ago, in India.

The latter, whose name means mountain of light in Persian, is the oldest of the famous diamond. He is currently ascending the crown of the British royal family. This diamond has indeed had a strange history, and a legend says that it brings bad luck to men and not to women who wear it. If the diamond has been part of the English royal family for more than 70 years, several requests for restitution have already been launched by India and Pakistan. The first request from the Indian government dates back to 1947 because the stone has since symbolized the country's independence from British domination.

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The Throne of the Pearl Empire or Royal Throne of the Bamoum originally from Cameroon is a symbol of the Bamoum culture and spirituality. This throne is decorated with thousands colored glass beads, testifying to the artistic and cultural refinement of the country.

However, it was offered by the Bamoum King Ibrahim Njoya to the German Emperor Wilhem II in 1908. But they were under colonial pressure. This gesture often interpreted as an act of forced submission, led to its transfer in Germany, where it is now exhibited at the Humboldt Forum Museum in Berlin. Some people then wonder wether this artefact can be considered stolen. Many people say "giving is giving" but what about in a context of colonial violence and power assymetry ?

Sultan Nabil Mbombo Njoya has been an active advocate for the restitution of this throne and other cultural masterpieces held in Europe. During his visit to Germany in 2023, he met with members of the Bamoum and stressed the importance of recovering these objects to preserve the history and culture of peoples. During the visit, he sat on the throne. This is a crucial step in the restoration of heritage looted by colonial powers.

However, despite these efforts, no concrete progress has been made on the restitution of the throne. This case illustrates the complex challenges of claims for the repatriation of artefacts wich require proof of ownership and often diplomatic collaboration.

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Let me introduce to you this wonderful greek statue stolen from the British to Libya and recently returned by the British Museum.

Presentation:

This statue is a greek marble statue which depict the goddess Persephone. She date from the second century before JC. She's from Libya and was stolen by the British. The statue has been fix to a tomb in a cemetury in Cyrene, an ancient city in Libya and was looted in 2011 during the Libyan Civil War. This marble statue is wearing snake wrislets and is holding a doll figurine, whiwh may represent a souvenir taken from the afterlife.

Moreover, this sculture is extremely rare because she is remarkable and well preserved. Acutally, during the Civil War, various artefacts buried throughout the Cyrenian site or have been looted. And now, many similared statues still exist as fragments.

The repatriation

The statue was exhibit in the British museum, and was returned in Libya after after eight years of legal and diplomatic negotiation.

recentlly, the British Museum went on to provide in a court case in 2015. The westminster Magistrate Court admit that the statue was indeed the property of Libya and that it had been stolen illegaly. Then, the sculuture has been stored in a basement in the British Museum until it could be returned.

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Gold and silver treasures from Asante(Ghana)

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Gold and silver treasures from Asante(Ghana)

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The former capital of the Asante Kingdom in Ghana will be the scene of major event. Some 32 gold and silver items have been sent on long term loan to the country by the Victoria Albert Museum (17 items) and the Bristish Museum (15 items ). They were stolen from the court of Asante king durig 19th century conflicts between the Bristish and powerful Asante people.

The objects, dating to the 19th century, are symbols of governance, chiefship and royal heritage.Originally crafted by Asante court artisans, they include swords, linguist staffs, palace security locks, rings, necklaces and gold weights.

The artefacts were authenticated by historian and associate director of the Manhyia Palace Museum, Ivor Agyeman-Duah.

The deal is the result of nine month of negociations .

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The Rosetta Stone was found there was around two century and date from about 196 B.C. It's a fragment of an engraved stele which measure 1 meter high, 75cm wide, 28cm thick and 760kg made by the Ancient Egypt which allowed the description of hieroglyphics in the XIXth century. Discovered in Rosetta by a french expedition then give in to the English in 1802. The Rosetta Stone is claimed by the Egyptians who ask more and more request for the rapatriation of this stele. For the Egyptians the Rosetta Stone is a symbol of colonianisme and she represents spoils of war and embodies cultural violence. The Rosetta Stone is exposed in the British Museum who refuses to return the stone arguing that it had been acquired legally and that it was doing integral part of World heritage.

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The Amphora is a black vase painting by "the painter of Berlin" (his real name is unknown). It was created in -500 before J-C, during Antiquity in the city of Athènes. In a face, we can observe a musician who plays zither.

Italia State claims this object and 6 other artifacts. The 14th of July 2023, the museum of the Louvre acquired these 7 objects between 1982 and 1998, these pieces entered in the market of the art after looting. The italian government claimed the restitution of these antiquity pieces to the museum oh the Louvre which would have been stolen before the acquisition by the museum.

An agreement could take place in the automn between twice countries but for the moment we don't know whether the Louvre returned the artifacts to Italy.

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The talking drum, called the "Djidji Ayôkwé" is a sacred artefact in Ivory coast, stolen in 1916 by the French colonial authorities. It was in that year that it sounded for the last time in this country, to warn the community (the Ebriés) of the approach of the colonizers on their territory.

In fact, this object was a means of communication, enabling messages to be transmitted over long distances, using a coded language. However, it is also a sacred instrument, which hold a superior spirit and the embodiment of the Ebriés people.

It was in 2019 that Ivory coast demanded its return and 2 years later, the French and Ivorian ministers signed an agreement to deposit the object at the museum of civilisations of Ivory coast in Abidjan. This drum is the first beneficiary of the framework law. Currently, the drum is in Quai-Branly museum in Paris, it is waiting to return in its come country.

To conclude, this restitution will enable the new generation to learn more about the powerful symbols of the anti-colonial struggle.

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Sacred dolls of the Hopis and Navajos Indians

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Sacred dolls of the Hopis and Navajos Indians

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The dolls of the hopis and navajos tribes are the representation of their spirits for them. They were created in the 20th century by the Hopis. The natives Hopis are a tribes of 18 000 people, they live in the north east of Arizona in the USA.

In december 2014 an auction sale of this artifacts happend in Paris at the hotel Drovat despite the oposition of the natives Americans. This auction sale had 275 pieces to sale. It was objets like masks, cups, or ax... This artifacts were lotted during the World War Two by the nazis and were never give back.

Right after the auction sale the Hopis people requested the return of the artifacts. They complaint against the Fondation Annenberg who organized the auction sale, but it was refused. So they ask the help of the "Survival International" that is an assocation in London which help the people to recover their artifacts.

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The Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I by Gustav Klimt, painted in 1907, depicts Adele Bloch-Baeur, a Viennese patron of the arts. After the annexion of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, the painting was confixated by the Nazis from the Bloch-Bauer family because of their Jewish heritage and was transferred to Austrian public collections.

In 2000, Adele's niece, Maria Altmann, began a legal battle to recover the family's stolen assets, which led to the restitution of the portrait to the family in 2006. The painting was then sold for $135 million, a record price at the time, to Ronald Lauder, heir to the Estée Lauder empire.

Today, the panting is displayed at the Neue Galerie in New York , a museum dedicated to early 20th century Austrian and German art, where it continues to attract attention as an icon of Viennese art and a symbol of the struggle for the restitution of stolen works of art.

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This is the royal seal that belonged to the queen Munjeong

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The royal seal that belonged to, certainly the most remarkable queen of Papyeong Yun's clan, the queen Munjeong is currently located in Los Angeles. In order to understand how he ends up in the USA, while he was in the Jongmyo royal shrine.

Korea was colonized by the Japaneese in 1910. A process that was intended to get a rid of Korean culture has been implemented. For example the Korean were learning japaneese instead of learning korean. Consequently, the world had a paltry opinion of the Korean culture . Then when World War 2 ended, Korean were freed and divided in two parts, the north( controled by Russia) and the south(controled by the United States of America). The USA soldiers, as korean were "pathetic", stoled them from aproximately 47 royal seal. The 20 of september 2013 LACMA ( le musée d'art du comté de LA) announced that they were going to give the seal back to Korea thanks to their own research and activists like An Min-Suk and the Buddhist. Yet, the artpiece is still in the USA.

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This diamond known as the "diamond southern star" was discovered in a mine in south africa in 1905. The great crowning of King Charles III seems to have revived Africa's annoyance to the United Kingdom over Cullinan I. This diamond, one of the largest in the world, mounted on the sceptre that the sovereign will hold on this Saturday, was found in South Africa in 1905. Nicknamed the Star of Africa, this 530-carat diamond was donated to King Edward VII on his birthday, two years after his discovery.