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Este artículo relata sobre la eliminación de Compuestos Volátiles Orgánicos (COVs) presentes en las placas de circuíto impreso (PCB) de residuos electrónicos previamente pulverizados haciendo uso de la pirólisis del plasma, Ademas del uso de agentes fundentes de origen natural con alta concentración de CaCO3 y utiliza cantidad de nitrógeno como gas portador del plasma para lograr la absorsión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles.

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Este artículo habla sobre el tratamiento de los COVs en ambientes interiores, me llamó la atención la recolección de datos y la forma de analizar e identificar los COVs para su eliminación.

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En especial este artículo me llamó la atención por que la purificación en el humo del aceite de cocina se enfoca en analizar la liberación de COV durante el proceso de cocción y en presentar métodos para reducir estas emisiones y mejorar la calidad del aire en espacios interiores y exteriores. Por ende los métodos de purificación buscan reducir estas emisiones y minimizar sus efectos adversos en la salud y el medio ambiente.

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El artículo describe diversas tecnologías de tratamiento de COVs, tanto destructivas como no destructivas. El artículo también menciona investigaciones previas sobre el desarrollo de catalizadores semiconductores integrados con diversos materiales carbonosos para la eliminación de COVs.

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Este artículo proporciona una solución efectiva utilizando nanotubos de carbono y peroximonosulfato, podría tener aplicaciones prácticas en diversas industrias en la eliminación de Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles (COVs) de una corriente de aire.

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El artículo relata sobre la modificación del carbón activado en la absorción de 4 Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles.

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Trata sobre la degradación de Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles (COVs) durante el proceso de pirólisis plasmática.

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Este artículo habla sobre el impacto que tiene las expansiones industriales y el desarrollo residual urbano en ambientes interiores sostenibles y saludables.

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Abstract

The impacts of industrial expansion and urban residential development on sustainable and healthy indoor environments have raised concerns worldwide. Deteriorating indoor air quality has led to the development of various air purification technologies. This review summarizes the role of carbon-based materials in the development of photocatalytic air purification systems. Among carbon-based materials, metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon (AC), biochar, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphitic carbon nitrides (g-CNs), conductive polymers (CPs), activated carbon fibers (ACFs), and MXene-integrated catalyst systems for VOC treatment have been discussed in detail. The electron transport properties, surface area, adsorption affinity, surface functional groups, and optoelectronic properties of carbon materials are explained in relation to VOC mineralization. The fundamentals of PCO, factors affecting the degradation performances of catalysts, and degradation mechanisms are discussed. The future of technology development in this area is discussed to drive research toward sustainable and healthy indoor air quality.

Introduction

Indoor air pollution has received attention due to significant daily human exposure to the indoor environment, which could be twice as polluted as the outdoor environment [1]. A survey reported that human exposure to indoor air (workplaces, houses, public places, transportation hubs) exceeds 80 % worldwide [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 of 10 deaths on a global scale is caused by air pollution. In 2021, 3.8 million deaths were reported to have been linked with poor indoor air quality (IAQ) [3]. The characteristics of IAQ vary globally and with the socio-economic situation within a country. In rural areas, households and workplaces rely on burning biomass (wood, crop residue, dung), natural gas, and coal for heating and cooking, which contribute to indoor air pollutants [4]. Aldehydes, benzene, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted during the burning process. These pollutants cause respiratory tract inflammation, impaired immune response, reduced ciliary clearance, and reduced blood-oxygen level [5]. In developed countries, complex urban air dynamics deteriorate the IAQ. In urban areas, closely packed buildings promote a stagnating effect, which lowers the natural air dilution of pollutants. When circulated inside a building, the stagnant outdoor air results in accumulation of indoor pollutants. In addition, construction materials, household appliances, and consumer items contribute to indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NOx, PM, and carbon monoxide emissions [6], [7], [8], [9]. Among these, the toxic effects of VOCs are concerning because they can cause severe respiratory issues, emphysema, lung cancer, and cardiovascular problems [10], [11], [12]. Common indoor VOCs include aliphatic hydrocarbons (isoprene, hexane, cyclohexane), low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds (acetone, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde), alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), and aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene). VOC sources and related health effects are summarized in Table 1 [13].

In 2010, the first IAQ guideline was published by WHO to address the rising health problems; this has since been adopted by most national environmental agencies worldwide [14]. The updated IAQ guideline includes a list of over 400 VOCs whose concentration above threshold levels can lead to acute and chronic health problems. To counter these health complexities, private and public corporations have invested in technology development for VOC mitigation in indoor environments.

VOC treatment technologies can be categorized into destructive and non-destructive techniques. Adsorption, membrane separation, filtration, and condensation are typical examples of non-destructive methods for VOC removal [15], [16]. Destructive techniques include photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), incineration, and ozone and plasma catalysis [17], [18]. PCO has attracted attention to mitigate indoor VOCs [19]. PCO can efficiently remove various VOCs at ambient room conditions. Mineralization of adsorbed VOCs regenerates the catalyst, resulting in uninterrupted and sustainable filtration performance [20], [21]. PCO technology relies on semiconductor materials' absorption of photon energy, generating electrons in the conduction band (CB) and holes in the valence band (VB). These charge carriers either directly photodegrade VOC or participate indirectly through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The gas phase reaction is often supplemented by incorporating carbon-based moieties into the semiconductor catalyst. The integration of carbon structures can support PCO performance by enhancing (i) VOC transfer from air to the catalyst surface, (ii) visible light absorption, and (iii) charge carrier separation. Due to these advantages, various combinations of semiconductors with carbon structures have been fabricated for VOC degradation.

Extensive research has been carried out on the development of innovative green photocatalysts for removal of VOCs. Therefore, several review articles have been published on the PCO of VOCs, such as recent developments related to TiO ₂ and its composites summarizing the works from 2017 to 2019 [22]. Li et al. documented a comparative study on the advancement and constraints of various photocatalytic reactors (including packed-bed reactors, monolithic reactors, optical fiber reactors, and microreactors) applying TiO ₂₋ based photocatalyst for VOC/Semi-VOC emission control [23]. Yang et al. reviewed the recent progress in photothermal catalyst designs and the performance of several nano-catalysts for photothermal VOC oxidation. In addition, potential improvements in photothermal catalysis were also proposed through efficient design, synergistic control of catalytic deactivation, and accurate measurement of the reaction mechanism [18]. Another recent review summarizes the progression of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) catalysts and surface-modified nano-catalyst for VOC elimination [24], [25], as summarized in Table S1. In the past five years (since 2017), considerable research on the development of "carbon-based composite/hybrid photocatalyst" was reported. Nevertheless, a distinctive and comprehensive review on carbon-integrated semiconductor photocatalysts for indoor VOC elimination has not been published.

Here, semiconductor catalysts integrated with biochar, activated carbon (AC), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), MXenes, graphitic carbon nitrides (g-CNs), conductive polymers (CPs), carbon fibers (CFs) and activated carbon fibers (ACFs) will be reviewed. The factors affecting PCO performance and opportunities and challenges for PCO technology development for indoor VOC remediation will be discussed. Finally, a comprehensive comparison of PCO performance is provided in Table 2, which summarises the performance of different carbon-based photocatalysts.

Section snippets

Non-destructive technologies

Physiochemical approaches that eliminate fine particles (including dirt) and inhibit release of airborne particles gaseous products are among the effective technologies developed to reduce VOCs emissions. Particle control techniques include electrostatic filtration systems, wet purifiers, sedimentation, inertial impingement, cyclones, and textile-based filters [26], [27]. Advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology have led to a new era of air purification [28], [29]. Nanomaterials have

Destructive technologies

Non-destructive technologies remove VOCs from one compartment and transfer them to another. This demands an additional protocol to dispose of the pollutants removed by the non-destructive technologies. Due to this shortcoming, destructive technologies have been employed to completely decompose VOCs in a single step. Here, PCO technologies are discussed for VOC removal from indoor environments, with particular attention to the carbon-based catalyst assemblies.

Role of carbon-based materials in photocatalysis

Carbon material-integrated photocatalyst can effectively be applied for photodegradation of VOCs. The incorporation of carbon materials with other photocatalysts can improve the PCO performance in multiple ways including (i) high adsorption capacity of contaminants, (ii) effective charge separation, and (iii) improved light absorption. Fig. 8 illustrates the role of carbon-based materials for PCO to VOCs.

The high adsorption of VOCs at photocatalyst is attributed to the high specific surface

Carbon based photocatalyst reactors

Carbon-based photocatalyst can effectively be applied in a catalytic reactor to eliminate VOCs. For the practical application of indoor VOCs control, cost efficient and feasible design are the most crucial parameters of catalytic reactors [168]. In this regard, continuous-flow fixed-bed reactors (CF-FBRs) are most frequently employed for VOC degradation compared to membrane-reactor [169], [170]. In CF-FBRs, photocatalyst in the form of particulates, monolithic, foam can be employed, with

Mass transfer

Heterogeneous photocatalysis involves a crucial interaction between solid-state catalysts and contaminants in the gas phase. Mass transfer occurs at the interface-boundary of these two components [180]. The PCO reaction rates depend on the efficacy of the mass transfer from the gas phase to the catalyst surface. Pure semiconductor and metal nanoparticles generally have a low affinity for organic VOCs in indoor air. The drawbacks associated with low affinity are especially prominent in

Critique and outlook

VOC levels in air are causing alarming environmental problems and health risks. Carbon supported materials play their part in both destructive and non-destructive technologies. Considering adsorptive removal of VOCs, surface and textural characteristics and surface affinity of carbon-based porous materials is a driving factor. Physio-chemical manipulation employing heat, bases (e.g., KOH), carbon dioxide, nitrogen flow, and steam produces a highly porous structure with hierarchical roughness,

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support and funding from King Khalid University through the Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS) under grant RCAMS/KKU/007/21. Also, this work was carried out under the umbrella of project GCF-63, funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.

This research was also supported by the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute (KEITI) through The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment

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Carbon-integrated semiconductor photocatalysts for removal of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments

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The impacts of industrial expansion and urban residential development on sustainable and healthy indoor environments have raised concerns worldwide. D...

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Se analiza con tres compuestos organicos volatico la oxidación electroquimicas de corrientes gaseosas contaminadas . Los resultados demuestran la idoneidad de absorción asistida.

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Artículo 1. Diego Alexandro Soberanis Arreola

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Artículo 1. Diego Alexandro Soberanis Arreola

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Artículo 2. Diego Alexandro Soberanis Arreola

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Articulo 1. Chelsea Fernanda Ramirez Hernández 

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Articulo 2. Chelsea Fernanda Ramirez Hernández 

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Artículo 1: Hani Estefania Alvarez Duarte

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Revisado