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Definition: The French government from 1946 to 1958. It was created by a constitution after the Second World War.

Source: Map of Fourth Republic

O. Map of Fourth Republic, secondary source, date 1946 - 1958

P. To show where on the map the French Fourth Republic was, the website gives background on the Fourth Republic. Geographic reference of the republic.

V. In this article we learn the history of the Fourth Republic and how it came to be, for instance, it was created after WW2, and was a time for economic growth

L. It is only a map, doesn't give much information other than it was a map.

Questions: The origin and value limit the source b/c it doesn't have/give much information about the map, other than it was a map. It gives background on the Republic as a whole. This relates to the chapter because it changed how France was run after WW2.

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decolonization

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How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source??

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Front de liberation Nationale

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How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source??

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guerilla

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How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source??

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Vocab Word: Decolonization

Def: The global movement in the second half of the 20th century toward independence for territories that had been ruled as colonies of European States.

Source/Origin: a demonstration in algiers on April 26, 1958

P: demonstrates what the world war 2 had begun

V:shows the independence movements from 1954 to 1962 that ensued from the algerian war !

L: these movements came from decolonization but years after, so you wouldn't immediately go decolonization did this

The origin and value increase the value of the source because it shows how the people took decolonization and the effects that ww2 ensued because it gave them hope and that they had a voice in the powers decisions.

This term relates to this topic because it gives visual representation of decolonization and the effect that it had on the people.

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a source that supports/represents the word

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algerian war refers to a conflict between 1954 and 1962, in which algeria fought for its independence from france. was marked by guerrilla warfare tactics employed by the national liberation front (FLN) against french colonial forces.

opvl

O. fln (national liberation front) soldiers, 1954-1962, france - algerian war of independence. (photo by: photo12/universal images group via getty images)

P. this source represents the troops that were going to be participating in the guerrilla tactics and also shows how prepared they are

V. shows who and what they utilized to fight this war (they are giving civilian vibes)

L. a limitation of this photo is that these guerilla tactics being used for this war are not being displayed with this picture, this photo is just a glimpse into the life of a soldier nothing more

questions: how does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source?

this increases the source's value because these are the fighters of the war and we have pictures of them and we also see the weapons involved in this war.

this term relates to the operations and/or the effects of world war 2: guerilla relates to the operations and/or the effects of world war 2 because in the beginning of this war (november 1, 1954) the guerrillas or fln maquisards started to attack the populated areas of algeria.

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Vocab Word: Front de Liberation Nationale

Def: Constitutionally legal party in Algeria from 1962 to 1989. The party continued the revolutionary body that directed the Algerian War of Independence against France (1954-62).

Source: The Voice of Free and Combatant Algeria

O: Broadcast radio station during the war of national liberation that played during the war of national liberation.

P: Was to inform civilians and Played a key role in supplying info about the war and throughout it.

V: It changed the media consumption in this country.

L: The influence that the broadcast had on the people depended on how influential the crisis was so there is no way of knowing if this broadcast made any impact on the civilians to care about the war.

The origin and value increase the value of the source because the source is directly impacted by the voices that it gives to the people during this war and demonstrates the cause that the broadcast was trying to gain justice for.

This term relates to this topic since it was a piece of technology that grew with the Algerian people during this time.

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Pied Noirs

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How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source??

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Fourth Republic

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Dien Bien Phu

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collective responsibility

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Organization Special

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Manifest Algerien

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Def: Site of a battle between the Viet Minh

and the French army between March and

May 1954

O: An image of Viet Minh troops planting their flag over the captured French headquarters at Dien Bien Phu, May 7, 1954

P: to show how the troops were coming to victory against the french

V: it is an example of what would be the beginning of vietnam striving to gain complete independence

L: it is unclear what specific date the photo was taken and because of that it is unclear whether it was the end of the battle or not

1. The origin/value increase the source because it represents a crucial time in the Dien Bien Phu where they defeated the French who were supposed to be more powerful than other nations

2. The term relates to the chapter since it shows the aftermath of WWII on nations like France and Vietnam

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Def: the convention whereby individual members of the government are held accountable for the actions and decisions of the government as a whole.

O: French Settlers Take up arms after Aug 1955

P: Proves how the French Troops was taking over during the massacres

V: Showing how fast the French was taking over

It relates to operation because of the french military taking over to the villages, supplying or being apart of the guerrillas.

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Battle of ALgiers

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How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source??

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Egypts President Nasser

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Morice Line

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How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source??

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Def: a term given to French settlers and descendants of French settlers in Algeria

O: A map of french Algeria in 1877

P: shows where the french had settled in Algeria

V: it is a map of the area 50 years after the French had settled in Algeria

L: the map is in French so it can be difficult to translate especially a correct one

The origin/value increases the source because it is a primary source which makes it reliable.

The term relates to the chapter because it refers to the individuals who were specific to that region who at the time were being overrun by the muslims as birthrates had dropped

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Def:

An ex-military officer who was the second President of Egypt (1954-70)

Source:

O. Nasser in his army unit in Egypt before being posted in Khartoum Sudan -1940

P. The purpose was to solely document the members of the Royal Military Academy for officer training

V. We can see proof of his military experience which gives us insight into how his background helped him guide places to successful liberation

L. We don't have anything that shows us how he rose to be president or how he contributed to Algeria's independence with this photo -it just informs us who he was before his ruling

Questions:

The origin and value limit the source as we aren't given information about how successful Nasser was, how he rose to be president, or how this background contributed to Algeria's Independence.

The term relates to the chapter as it helps show us the kind of people who were able to be successful with decolonizing -those with reliable fighting backgrounds.

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Definition:

Was a strategy by the FLN to move the conflict into cities. This would involve citizens and they hoped would gain the international support. The FNL struggles as it turned into a series of terror attacks as the french used torture to force civilians to reveal FLN members who were hiding in the city. Overall forced FLN members out by end but did turn French public opinion against war because of how cruel the actions were.

O: This is an image from the Algeria war where a French soldier is interrogating an Algerian woman. This is from Algeria and is a primary source.

P: The purpose of this image is to demonstrate the way that the Algerian citizens were subjected to scrutiny and investigation by foreign soldiers as a response to the presence of FLN members.

V: This shows the way that Algerians were subjected to the interrogation of foreign soldiers. This source also shows the involvement of women and regular citizens in the uncovering of FNL soldiers.

L: This source is limited as it doesn't necessarily show what the woman is being questioned about and also does not show any actual impacts on the woman herself. The lack of text also provides no context and is a limitation.

Question:

The Origin and value increase the value of this source because of the important perspective that it allows on the French questioning of citizens and women. This term relates to the operations of the war as it was a strategy of torturing to expose enemy soldiers and expose the cruel environments that the second world war introduced not only soldiers but also civilians into.

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Def:

Borders were created to try and prevent the FLN from the advantage of hiding within Morroco and Tunisia

O. Ligne Morice -Algerian border w/ Tunisia, October 1959

P. To inform of what the borders were made of and how the French used their army -to patrol the borders

V. We can see what factors contributed to the success of Algerian independence -the resources used by France were a waste because even though set in place they were useless as the FLN was still able to launch attacks/build a strong military

L. We don't see how effective the borders were -there was still some prevention the borders made to the FLN but not seen in this source the casualties it did cause

Questions:

The origin and value increase the value as we can see how ineffective these borders were in preventing the FLN from continuing to build their military and launch successful attacks.

The term is related to the chapter as we can see the effects of different strategies used. This strategy of using borders wasn't that effective in the long run of preventing guerilla attacks for Nigeria's independence.

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harkis

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Organisation de l'armée secrète

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Algerian War

include 2 pictures:

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Long term Causes

1

2

3

4.

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6.

Short term Causes

1

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6

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1.) Algerian Nationalist movements

2.) The Failure of Negotiations between the Algerians and French.

3.) Poor Algerian economy

4.) Massacre of 6,000 (Muslims, French, and Pieds Noir)

5.) Riots

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1.) France gain of resources

2.) Nationalism

3.) The exploitation of land and Resources

4.) Economic problems

5.) Discrimination from local authorities

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Role in War

FLN

1

2

3

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5

French

1

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3

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French

1. attempted to maintain control over Algeria

2. Resisted calls for Algerian independence, leading to protected and brutal conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare

3. actively engaged in combat against Algerian nationalist forces

4. The French military employed harsh tactics including torture and aerial bombardment, in an attempt to suppress the Algerian insurgency

5. The french role in the Algerian war was marked by a prolonged and contentious struggle for control.

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1. The FLN and military wing categorized the country into 6 different military zones known as Wilayas.

2. Ethnic and tribal fighting occurred within each other which limited the fighting executivness of the districts.

3.The Central Command of the FLN spent a good portion of the war sheltering in neighbouring Tunsia or Morocco.

4. The strength of the formations varied with the successes of the FLN.

5. With aggressive French operations inflicted heavy losses on the FLN, the fighters fell to 8k by 1959.

O: Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars

P: The purpose is to showcase the National Liberal Front's commanders at what there were responsible for in the district.

V: The value of the source is to show the audience its main guerilla regions and approximate demarcations between Wilayas in 1954.

L: A limitation is that it does not specifically state who drew the source or how they got the graph that they have.

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Issabella

1955

November 1st - many police stations, army posts, and government buildings were targeted. The FLN was limited because they did not have a strong sponsor state, something which the French did not need.

August- Unit of FNL guerillas descended on Philippeville, over 100 civilians dead. Example of collective security.

1956

People who was suspected of supporting the FLN was arrested.

The FLN continued to be plagued by supply issues, despite receiving some support from Nasser’s government in Egypt. By the end of 1956, French military strength in Algeria reached 400 000.

The Battle of Algiers

In 1956-57, the FLN moved the war to the cities. The Battle of Algiers was a series of guerilla attacks done by the FLN.

They wished to gain more international support by moving it into a big city, however, this made them more of a target because they were so visible.

s

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Role in War: Equipment

FLN

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French

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5.

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Algerian Muslims who fought for the French during the Algerian War.

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O: An image showing French soldiers seen working with Muslim Algerian soldiers

P: The purpose of this image is to show the efforts of allyship between the Algerians and the French

V: This image is valuable because it is a real image of the events at the time. For this reason, it is able to give accurate insight on what was occurring below the surface between the French and the Muslim Algerians.

L: A limitation of this image is that although it provides real insight, it provides a small scope of what was occurring between the French and Algerians, as it is only representing one situation/circumstance.

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FLN

1. Short of weapons

2. Some weapons stolen from WW2 leftovers

3. Didn't have funds to buy weapons

4. Small amounts of weapons came in from Egypt

5. Concentrated on large urban areas

French

1. Well-equipped modern army

2. Tanks, carriers, weapon transports, and truck transport were used

3. Helicopter transport

4. Helicopter gun ships

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Origin - ALN soldiers from Wilaya in April 1962

Purpose - To provide a visual portrayal of the National Liberation Front (FLN) in their troop movements.

Value - It shows the equipment of the FLN in displaying automatic firearms and handheld rocket launchers.

Limitation - How the war started, why Algerians want independence, and what events led to discontent among the Algerians to revolt.

This term relates to the Algerian war due to the FLN being one of the main belligerents of the Algerian War in wanting Algerian independence from France.

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Role in War: Strategy

FLN

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French

1

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3

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5

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FLN

1. goal of guerilla warfare emphasized control of the people over the territory

2. ambushing convoys, patrols, attacking outposts, bombing civilian targets, terror campaigns

3. non military strategy to promote sympathy

O - Article in Verité Liberté, 1961

P - Shows French paratroopers standing over Algerian men to promote sympathy for the FLN

V - It shows how the FLN chose one of their strategies of not fighting back with their military to paint the French as the enemy.

L - It doesn't provide any information, so there's a lot that can be assumed.

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Operations

1955

1.

2.

1956

1.

2

The Battle of Algiers

1.

2.

The Morice LIne and the Battle of the Frontiers

1.

2.

3.

4.

The Challe Plan

1.

2.

Terror Attacks and the Week of the Barricades

1.

2.

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Algerian war

cause

1

2

3

4

Algerian War

1.

2.

3.

4.

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The Morice Line and the Battle of the Frontiers

1. It was a barrier between Tunisia and Algeria to prevent FLN troops from having a place to hide.

2. The Morice line as it was called consisted of an electrified fence, and 80000 soldiers patrolling its length. There was another

3. Despite this, the FLN troops continued carrying out attacks from Tunisia and Algeria.

4. The Battle of Frontiers was a war against the FLN troops who were importing arms from Tunisia.

The Challe Plan

1. Maurice Challe, a new French military commander brought a new plan against the FLN in Algeria that involved concentrating the troops in the north and systematically moving them from the west where the ALN was the weakest.

2. The plan was largely successful and the fighting units and territory controlled by ALN steadily shrank.

Terror Attacks and the Week of the Barricades

1. The FLN launched terrorist attacks in France throughout the war. There were about 42000 terrorist attacks killing 2800 civilians.

2. The pied noirs set up barricades in the street as they felt betrayed by Gaulle who wanted a referendum to determine Algerian independence.

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French soldiers work with Algerians. Why was it important to the French to work with Muslim Algerians?

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1. sectors forces: reservists and conscripts deployed in countless posts around the country

2. mobile reserve of elite legionnaires & "paras": used against threatening strong enemy

1. modified later when airborne forces used their mobility during search and destroy missions

3. whole villages (total of 600,000 Algerians) were relocated to camps to "drain the sea" -> vacant areas became "free fire zones" (French firing on anyone found there)

4. elaborate defensive lines were designed to cut the flow of men and material from Morocco and Tunisia

O: Causes And Effects Of 20th Century War by David M. Smith (2015)

P: show the French working with Algerian Muslims

V: gives an insight into how the different groups in Algeria were not united as one group since Algerian Muslims were working with the French against other Algerians

L: does not give an insight into why the Algerian Muslims worked with the French and the conditions of their alliance

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Enduring memories 60 years after the end of the Algerian War of Independence 

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Picture:

O: November of 1954 pre/during the Algerian War

P: The purpose of the Photograph is to show the unity of the native people of Algeria in opposition to the war. You can tell that all they wanted was their independence.

V: This source is Valuable because you can see the strong nationalism coming from the unity of the people, the Sign translates to "Peace in Algeria". This is Perfect because the Unity of the people brings strength to the country.

L: Since the Source is merely a photo we have no true context of the before and after effects of this event. One could begin to ask if it was a Protest or even a march. It is difficult to truly get all the specifics from just one photograph. the photograph also does not show or state where this event took place.

Effects of the Algerian War:

1. Amount of casualties in the war. Algeria lost about

2. f

3. f

4. f

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French Commando-Marines entering Algiers, 1958.

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Origins: An photograph taking placing in Algiers in 1958, showing French Marine-Commandos on a tank go into a city.

Purpose: To show the presence of French armed forces in Algeria as a symbol of restoring order to Algeria.

Value: The image shows the better equipped French army, with the tank alluding to how better equipped the French army was than the FLN.

Origins: The photograph does not detail anything about how turmoil started in Algeria, or why military force is being applied to solve the situation. Additionally, the image does not show the effectiveness of French soldiers against the FLN, with the image being more a show of force rather than an execution of that force.

The term "French" relates to the Algerian war due to France being one of the main belligerents involved in the Algerian War, as the French did not want to cede their colony of Algeria to the native Algerian people.

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The origin and value of the source makes the source more valuable, because it is insightful on how some Algerians were sympathetic towards the French. It shows that the Algerian War was unique in the sense that there were some Algerians who aimed for independence while there were some who wanted things to remain as they were. This term relates to the Operations of WW2 because it is representative of allyship, specifically the one between the Musllim Algerians and the French.

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Origin: The original emblem of the organization, which started in 1913.

Purpose: To raise far-right sentiment for the military branch. Combined with calling themselves counter-terrorists and self-defiance groups

value: was a vital part of the social movement for the Algerian war

Limitation: Does not have outside information

Definition: a paramilitary group, in its militant branch, the Organisation Spécial (OS) that the FLN, led by Ahmed Ben Bella, emerged from, encompassing most Algerian nationalist aspirations. This was a military group that carried out terrorist attacks, bombings, and assassinations.

How does the origin and value limit or increase the value of the source?

The origin increases the value of the source because it was made during the beginning of the war.

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Definition:The Union Democratique du Manifeste Algérien (UDMA) was an Algerian nationalist movement which sought to negotiate autonomy and equality within a French State.

Origin: Alamy a British privately owned stock photography agency

Purpose: Illustrate some of the peaceful movements within the ideals of the UDMA

Value: It is an unedited account of a march for the Algerian equality movement.

Limitation: No context is given or timeframe for the image.

Question: The origin and limitations of the source propose limitations as the source is a privately owned company with its own regulations about what is allowed and the limitations reiterate the fact the image has no context at all.

Question: This term relates to the operations and effects of WW2 as after WW1 colonies became increasingly a hindrance rather than an asset. Colonies started to desire independence and equality taking attention from current world problems such as WW2. Ultimately they were able to obtain their goal of autonomy and by the end of WW2, colonies were nearly obsolete as the world moved on.

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O: November 1, 1954, Algeria.

P: To display the fervor and discontent felt by the native people of Algeria.

V: A contemporary photo of FLN revolts.

L: Additional information, such as where this revolt took place in Algeria, is not provided.

Causes of the Algerian War:

1. The French colonization of Algeria in 1830 left the native Muslim population deeply unsatisfied, resulting in some natives taking up arms against French settlers long before the Algerian War of Independence.

2. French settlers held 90 percent of Algeria's wealth and 1 million native Muslims were unemployed (out of 9 million), further exacerbating the native Muslim population's discontent with the French.

3. The economic opportunities that Algeria presented to France were dangerously enticing as France was suffering from economic hardship following the end of World War 2 causing France to commit troops to attempt to subjugate Algeria for over 8 years (1954-1962).

4. The French defeat at Dien Bien Phu inspired the FNL (Front de Liberation Nationale) to increase the frequency of their coordinated attacks, resulting in a bombing campaign across Algeria on November 1, 1954, marking the official start of the Algerian War.

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O: The Rebellion and It's Acomplices (1954-1956)

P: To show part of the map of Algeria when it was beginning to get attacked

V: Shows are the points that were being attacked

L: The map is in a different language and not in English