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书籍One hen: How one small loan made a big difference 

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书籍One hen: How one small loan made a big difference 

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基于真实故事，讲述非洲男孩用贷款买母鸡，逐步改善社区粮食问题

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One Hen How One Small Loan Made a Big Difference (Katie Smith Milway Eugenie Fernandes) (Z-Library)

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1. 饥饿的多样化定义及其全球表现形式（Form）；

2. 自然与人为因素对饥饿问题的复杂影响（Causation）；

3. 个人、组织与政府在应对饥饿中的协作与责任（Responsibility）。

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Informations from:https://www.verywellhealth.com/hunger-6265658#:~:text=Hunger%20is%20a%20physiological%20sensation%20of%20needing%20food,messengers%20travel%20to%20the%20brain%20and%20trigger%20hunger.

A:Hunger refers to the long-term absence of food support and sources, without the supply of food and nutrients to the human body to maintain survival and normal life.(Translate by GoogleTranslate)

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Learn about symptoms of hunger, their causes, and treatments.

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Hunger will impact health.And it could cause high blood pressure or other health problems

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Compromises and coping strategies

The median annual income for households served by the Feeding America network is $9,175. In our 2014 Hunger in America study, the people we serve told us about the choices they face due to limited resources:

They also told us about the many ways they stretch their food budget or work to supplement it:

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Hunger & Food Insecurity in America | Feeding America

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The median annual income for households served by the Feeding America network is $9,175.

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中文:在此世上，一时中，有人衣食无忧，但却有人还在经受饥饿。对于食物的低产量，永远足够食物与金钱的人可以衣食无忧不必担心食物问题，但没有足够就、金钱与权利的人却好似连拥有与食用食物的权利也没有。有很多时候就是因为一个地区一个国家的食物产能不足而导致国家中很多很多的人没有足够的食物饱腹，不仅是由于国家和政府本身的问题也是因为有限的食物资源和生产资源很大一部分流向了有权有势的人，普通人和贫困人群甚至可能根本没有食物吃，即使普通人和贫困人群去阿谀奉承有权有势的人也不一定会能获得食物。如果食物的生产者使用极低的价格给予市场，市场用高价卖于消费者，食物的生产者并无法获得钱财甚至可能会亏本出售粮食，那样也会有很大一部分食物生产者，将会罢工。从而导致市场上的食物没有足够的供给，从而导致普通人和贫困人群更加没有可能可以获得食物以饱腹，但是有权有势的人却可以依旧可以使用高价去购买以获得大量的食物，但是有权有势的人依旧是少数，但如此之下大多数的人将会没有钱财去购买食物，从而导致地区国家甚至是加剧全球的饥饿情况

中文/更改过：这世间，有人锦衣玉食，却也有人饥肠辘辘。当粮食歉收，富者依旧可以挥金如土，饱食终日；而贫者却仿佛被剥夺了进食的权利，连果腹都成了奢望。

饥饿的蔓延，往往源于一地一国的粮食匮乏。然而，这不仅仅是天灾，更是人祸——有限的资源被权贵垄断，而普通人只能在饥饿的边缘挣扎。即便他们低声下气、卑躬屈膝，也未必能换来一口活命的粮食。

更可悲的是，当农民被迫贱卖血汗，市场却以高价盘剥百姓，最终连耕作者也难以为继。于是，土地荒芜，粮仓空虚，饥饿的阴影笼罩着千万张枯瘦的脸庞。可即便如此，权贵们依旧能挥霍金银，囤积如山的美食在他们手中腐烂，而贫者的碗里，却连一粒米都成了遥不可及的梦。

饥饿，从来不是公平的。它像一把锋利的镰刀，收割的永远是弱者。而当饥荒席卷大地，它摧毁的不只是一村一国，而是整个人类的良知。

英文：In this world, at one time, some people have no worries about food and clothing, but some people are still suffering from hunger. For the low production of food, people who always have enough food and money can have no worries about food, but people who do not have enough food, money and rights seem to have no right to own and eat food. There are many times when the food production capacity of a region or a country is insufficient, resulting in many people in the country not having enough food to fill their stomachs. This is not only a problem of the country and the government itself, but also because a large part of the limited food resources and production resources flow to the powerful. Ordinary people and the poor may not even have food to eat. Even if ordinary people and the poor flatter the powerful, they may not be able to get food. If the producers of food use extremely low prices to give to the market, and the market sells to consumers at high prices, the producers of food will not be able to get money and may even sell food at a loss. In that case, a large part of the food producers will go on strike. This will lead to insufficient food supply in the market, making it even more impossible for ordinary people and the poor to get enough food to fill their stomachs. However, the powerful can still use high prices to buy large amounts of food, but the powerful are still a minority. As a result, most people will not have the money to buy food, which will lead to hunger in regional countries and even aggravate the global situation. (Translate by GoogleTranslate)

信息来源：https://www.wfpusa.org/articles/is-there-global-food-shortage-whats-causing-hunger-famine-rising-food-costs-around-world/

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Conflict, economic shocks, climate change and soaring prices for food and fertilizer are all combining in a perfect storm to create a hunger crisis of unprecedented proportions. Right now, in some of the hungriest places around the world, there just isn't enough food to feed the population. Does that mean there is a global food shortage? And if so, is there anything we can do to stop it?

What Are Food Shortages?

First, let's take a look at what food shortages are. A food shortage happens when an area, country or region does not have enough food - or enough nutritious food - for its population. Typically, a food shortage happens because of production issues where not enough food is grown or imported to meet a population's energy and nutrient requirements.

Food shortages can be chronic or acute. An acute food shortage is one that occurs suddenly, while chronic shortages go on month after month or year after year. Extreme climate or price shocks usually trigger acute shortages, while chronic shortages tend to happen in more low-income and/or war-torn countries where systems have broken down.

Photo: WFP/Ngyuen Duc Hoang

Food shortages can also spread locally: When political insecurity grows or frequent climate-related disasters hit, food can become scarce in multiple areas of a country or region. But there is no food shortage happening globally.

Why We Don't Have a Global Food Shortage

There is no global food shortage because we produce more than enough food to feed everyone in the world. We produce so much food globally yet one- third of it - 1.3 billion tons - is wasted. According to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), all that wasted food is enough to feed 1.26 billion people: almost twice the number of undernourished people across the globe.

So, if there's enough food for everyone in the world, why do some countries face food shortages? It's mostly due to a lack of access to food, technology and resilient food production systems.

What Causes Food Shortages Around the World?

Some countries and regions can't provide enough food for their people. Why does this happen?

Without enough:

People with skills like scientists, farmers, and logistics and transport experts who uphold efficient food systems

Financial capital

And environmental resources like arable land and water needed to grow food,

a country may be unable to provide enough food for its people.

In low-income countries especially, a lack of resources can also lead to high rates of food loss during the early stages of growth, harvest and storage. For example, poor storage can lead to infestations or mold that ruin food before it can be eaten.

Or, a country might produce or be able to import enough food for its population but shocks like climate disasters or political upheaval prevent the equitable distribution of food to vulnerable or isolated communities. Those communities then lose access to food and can experience a shortage. And bigger disruptors, like war, can stop trade or destroy food systems entirely.

Let's take a closer look at some of those disrupting factors:

Conflict

Conflict is one of the main, and most devastating, drivers of hunger. It's one that's pushed 139 million civilians to the most extreme levels of hunger imaginable. Wars can trigger food shortages by destroying infrastructure and damaging food supply chains.

Photo: WFP/Anastasiia Honcharuk

The current conflict in Ukraine, for example, has destroyed farmland and critical infrastructure, killed livestock and disrupted vital supply chains. Today, one in three Ukrainians are facing hunger. The war has also disrupted food production globally as the country was once considered a breadbasket of the world, producing enough food to feed 400 million people a year - much of it going to famine-stricken regions like the Horn of Africa. But with Ukraine's Black Sea ports blocked because of the war, grain shipments vital for international food assistance could not reach people around the world facing hunger. The closure of these key ports also damaged Ukraine's economy and increased food prices globally.

Around the world, conflict starves people: Decades of fighting have caused chronic food shortages across Afghanistan. Conflict in Ethiopia has destroyed sustainable food production. And the civil war in Yemen has put communities through nearly a decade of violence, poverty and chronic hunger.
Learn more about hunger and conflict.
Climate Shocks

While conflict is the #1 cause of hunger in the world, climate shocks are the second.

Climate change is increasing the intensity and frequency of natural disasters. These disasters disrupt food production and distribution by destroying agricultural land, roads, and infrastructure. Climate-related disasters are most devastating for vulnerable, low-income regions that don't have the resources or capacity to recover before the next disaster hits. What does this look like?

Photo: WFP/Evelyn Fey

Extreme weather events in South and Central America continue to destroy crops and reduce food supply and reserves, with nearly 8 million people (many small-scale farmers) affected in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua - also known as " The Dry Corridor." Climate change has caused Lake Chad in Africa to shrink by 90%, making water supplies - and consequently food supplies - scarce for families and farmers. The recent floods in Libya severely disrupted the food supply chain in and around the city of Derna. This made it hard for tens of thousands of people to access food in the wake of the disaster.

More than 80% of the world's hungriest people live in disaster-prone countries. Climate shocks make them hungrier.
Learn more about climate change and hunger.
Economic Shocks

Events within or outside a country can cause a shock to its economic systems, which can trigger skyrocketing food prices and prevent food trade.

For example, the impact of COVID-19 on the global economy has been devastating: Since the outbreak in 2020, the number of people facing severe hunger has increased by about 150 million. COVID-19 lockdown measures disproportionately affected small-scale farmers, sellers and traders. Quarantines and travel restrictions disrupted supply deliveries and caused food prices to spike, making food too expensive for millions.
Learn more about COVID-19's impact on global hunger.

Another example is the economic meltdown that started in Sri Lanka in 2021. Fueled by mounting government debt and a lack of foreign reserves, the economic crisis triggered food shortages and rising prices which pushed more families into poverty and hunger.

How Can We Stop and Prevent Food Shortages?

Thankfully, there's plenty we can do as a global community to keep food shortages from further devastating people's lives. Here are some solutions the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) is implementing with great success on the frontlines of hunger, and how you can help.

Food as a Tool for Peace

We know that food scarcity can be a result of conflict, but it can also cause conflict and unrest. A recent World Food Program USA report shows that food-related conflict happens when a group of people is motivated to participate in violent or non-violent conflict because they lack access to safe, nutritious food.

By ensuring people have access to adequate food and sustainable food systems, we can prevent conflict from arising or worsening. As the recipient of the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for our work, the U.N. World Food Programme is there before, during and after war to help families survive and recover. Each year, we reach over 150 million people with critical food and nutrition assistance.

Climate Resilience

Photo: WFP/Haiti/2022

Every day, we help communities around the world become more resilient to climate shocks. We provide food to people in exchange for their work on community infrastructure assets like bridges, roads, schools and irrigation systems. We're implementing tech solutions and innovations - from hydroponics to satellite imagery - to help people withstand climate shocks. We also help communities restore degraded land and diversify their crops. One project in South Sudan increased agricultural land by 27% in just two years to a size of 15,000 football fields.

By helping communities to better withstand and quickly recover from climate disasters, we help prevent disaster-induced food shortages.

Social Safety Nets

Social safety nets help protect the most vulnerable people and can help mitigate devastating economic shocks. We work directly with governments to strengthen food systems across vulnerable regions. We protect children around the world through our school meals program and ensure they have nutritious food each day. And we empower refugees to make their own food purchasing decisions through direct cash transfers or food vouchers. Around the world, the U.N. World Food Programme ensures people - including children and refugees - have access to food when crises hit and destroy food supplies.
Food Loss Prevention

Photo: WFP/Mustapha Bribi

The U.N. World Food Programme's proven methods, tools and equipment help prevent food loss during production and distribution for local farmers and food distributors around the world. For example, farmers in Africa lose about 40% of all the food they harvest due to insects, pests and mold. By providing them with air-tight silos and bags, we helped farmers reduce food loss from 40% to 2%. Limiting food loss increases the food supply and helps prevent shortages in the future.

Conflict, the climate crisis, economic shocks and skyrocketing costs are all driving the global hunger crisis - and food shortages - around the world. But as you can see, there is plenty we can do to keep more people from falling into hunger.
Join us by donating today to help us make sure every family has enough food to survive.

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Is There a Global Food Shortage? What's Causing Hunger, Famine and Rising Food Costs Around the World - World Food Program USA

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Soaring prices for food are creating a hunger crisis of unprecedented proportions. Does that mean there is a global food shortage?

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Brainstorm:

1. make videos,

2. donate food,

3. poster: hunger problem around world,

4. little helpers in canteen: remind PYP students to save food

we need: posters, little awards for kids

5. Speaker: teach and announce our action at the canteen through speakers

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为何阿根廷的饥饿率并不高但却任有饥饿的问题？

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为何阿根廷的饥饿率并不高但却任有饥饿的问题？

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中文:阿根廷虽然整体饥饿指数不高，但由于经济危机、通货膨胀、财政紧缩政策及贫富差距加剧，大量民众因收入锐减和食品价格暴涨而陷入“隐性饥饿”，即无法负担足够营养的食品，导致饥饿问题实际存在。

English:Although Argentina's overall hunger index is not high, due to the economic crisis, inflation, fiscal austerity policies and the widening gap between the rich and the poor, a large number of people have fallen into "hidden hunger" due to sharp declines in income and skyrocketing food prices, that is, they cannot afford sufficiently nutritious food, resulting in the actual existence of the hunger problem.(Translate by GoogleTranslate)

Information from:

1.https://news.ifeng.com/c/8XIQMnrJFLG

2.https://qnck.cyol.com/pad/content/202501/17/content_406010.html

3.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1816669990447327882

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（观察者网讯）据路透社、阿根廷《布宜诺斯艾利斯时报》等媒体19日报道，阿根廷天主教大学的最新报告显示，阿根廷总统米莱执政后贫困水平持续上升，1月份阿根廷贫困率达到57.4%，为近20年来的最高水平。

阿根廷天主教大学社会债务观察站公布的报告强调，米莱在去年12月就职后实施阿根廷比索大幅贬值，引发物价上涨，是贫困水平加剧的主要原因。

报告称，阿根廷贫困率由2023年第三季度的44.7%上升至2023年12月的49.5%和2024年1月的57.4%。

据阿根廷天主教大学的系列统计，57.4%的贫困率是阿根廷近20年来的最差水平。2004年时，阿根廷贫困率为54.8%。

此外，该报告还显示阿根廷的极端贫困水平也持续上升，处于极端贫困状态的人口比例由2023年第三季度的9.6%上升至2023年12月的14.2%和2024年1月的15%。

阿根廷天主教大学推算，阿根廷全国约有2700万贫困人口，其中700万人生活在极端贫困中。

据路透社报道，米莱上任后主张将阿根廷经济"美元化"，以控制每年超过200%的通胀率，消除财政赤字，和对抗"政治种姓制度"。米莱政府去年12月将比索对美元贬值54%，导致阿根廷人收入崩溃，物价飞涨。
米莱周六晚间在社交媒体表示，"每10个阿根廷人中有6个是穷人，这是'种姓制度'的真正继承"。
阿根廷国家统计局发布的1月物价数据显示，该国1月消费者价格指数与去年12月相比上涨20.6%，与去年1月相比上涨254.2%。

据此前报道，米莱上台后推行的改革法案已引起阿根廷全国范围的强烈不满，示威抗议活动频发。当地时间1月24日，阿根廷各大工会举行了历时12小时的全国性大罢工，还有数万人走上街头，举着"祖国不容变卖"的标语牌，反对米莱就任后针对劳工、经济等提出的一系列激进改革方案。

当地时间2月2日，尽管面临公众强烈抗议，阿根廷众议院仍"一般性"通过了米莱政府推动的改革总法案，此举造成抗议活动的进一步升级。2日晚，抗议者在阿根廷国会大厦前举行示威，并放火焚烧家具和垃圾桶。警方使用催泪瓦斯驱散示威人群，双方发生激烈冲突。

当地时间2月6日，在逐条审批过程中，众议院议员否决了米莱改革总法案的许多关键条款，米莱的"自由前进党"从众议院撤回该法案，送回立法委员会审议。彭博社称，这意味着米莱的首次重大立法尝试"回到了原点"。

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阿根廷 大学 天主教 法案 报告 制度 示威 贫困率 不容 众议院 水平 全国 种姓 警方 催泪瓦斯 历时 路透社 布宜诺斯艾利斯 物价 消费者 时间 数据 价格指数 改革方案 极端 债务 媒体 垃圾桶 大厦 国会 范围 强烈不满 人群 社会 观察站 政治 委员会 小时 全国性 时报 祖国 标语牌 强烈抗议 公众 抗议者 条款 关键 观察者 网讯 家具 状态 人口比例 过程 议员 工会 双方 月份 示威抗议 经济 主张 彭博社 政府 原因 总统 社交 抗议 比索 国家统计局

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米莱执政两月，阿根廷贫困率创20年来新高为57.4%

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米莱执政两月，阿根廷贫困率创20年来新高为57.4%

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关于阿根廷饥饿问题的事实

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关于阿根廷饥饿问题的事实

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1.自2023年12月米莱政府实施财政紧缩政策以来，阿根廷贫困率从42%激增至52.9%，新增340万贫困人口，导致更多人无法负担基本食品。

2.2024年阿根廷年通胀率一度达254%，食品价格飞涨，迫使民众依赖慈善厨房，部分家庭甚至减少用餐次数或放弃肉类消费。

3.全国约3.8万家慈善厨房因政府削减补贴和捐助减少而超负荷运转，部分机构被迫关闭，而需求激增（如某厨房从供应20个家庭增至70个）。

4.政府曾积压5000吨救济食品未分发，包括即将过期的奶粉和食用油，后被法院强制要求发放，暴露管理混乱

5.阿根廷是全球第三大大豆出口国，但农业垄断导致小农破产，国内粮食分配不均，贫困儿童营养不良率居高不下

English:

1. Since the implementation of fiscal austerity by the Mille government in December 2023, Argentina's poverty rate has surged from 42% to 52.9%, with an additional 3.4 million poor people, causing more people to be unable to afford basic food.

2. In 2024, Argentina's annual inflation rate once reached 254%, and food prices soared, forcing people to rely on charity kitchens, and some families even reduced the number of meals or gave up meat consumption.

3. About 38,000 charity kitchens across the country are overloaded due to government subsidy cuts and reduced donations. Some institutions have been forced to close, and demand has surged (such as a kitchen that has increased from supplying 20 families to 70).

4. The government once had a backlog of 5,000 tons of relief food that was not distributed, including milk powder and cooking oil that were about to expire. It was later forced by the court to distribute it, exposing chaotic management

5. Argentina is the world's third largest soybean exporter, but agricultural monopoly has led to the bankruptcy of small farmers, uneven domestic food distribution, and high malnutrition rates among poor children.

(Translate by GoogleTranslate)

Information from:

1.https://www.199it.com/archives/1719418.html

2.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1816669990447327882

3.https://www.163.com/dy/article/JO2QSQI50515ASHH.html

4.https://qnck.cyol.com/pad/content/202501/17/content_406010.html

5.https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1816669990447327882

6.https://www.163.com/dy/article/JO2QSQI50515ASHH.html

7.https://news.sina.com.cn/w/2024-06-07/doc-inaxwaep5569961.shtml

8.https://consortiumnews.com/zh-CN/2023/06/09/%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E6%8C%A4%E5%8E%8B%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7/

9.http://big5.china.com.cn/

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阿根廷国家统计局：米莱总统上台后半年内贫困率从42%激增至52.9% | 互联网数据资讯网-199IT | 中文互联网数据研究资讯中心-199IT

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根据阿根廷国家统计局发布的数据，米莱总统上台后的半年内，贫困率从42%激增至52.9%，创下20多年来最高记录。这反映了其实施的紧缩政策导致经济急剧下滑，数百万人陷入贫困。米莱主张自由市场政策，取消价格管制和补贴，导致消费能力下降，经济陷入衰退。民意调查显示，米莱的支持率下降，失业人数增加，许多民众生活困难。取消补贴导致水电费暴涨，许多人不得不寻找额外工作来维持生计。

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1. Find Ms.Classen and ask for the permission.

2. Prepare for the speech on speaker(Austin writes and reads)

3. Canteen:

food windows: Louis&James&Austin

Poster: James 3 different posters

Exit: give prizes to kids who finish their plates

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Food insecurity in Yemen is at an all-time high. Nearly 18 million Yemenis – over half the population – don't know when they'll eat another meal. With multiple threats closing in from all sides, untold numbers of innocent people could starve.

https://www.wfpusa.org/countries/yemen/#:~:text=Food%20insecurity%20in%20Yemen%20is,of%20innocent%20people%20could%20starve.

What's causing hunger in Yemen? Yemen is among the countries most affected by climate change (and with very little resources to fight it) which, combined with years conflict and economic fallout, has left 50% of its population facing food shortages and nutritional deficiencies

https://concernusa.org/news/hunger-in-yemen/#:~:text=What's%20causing%20hunger%20in%20Yemen,food%20shortages%20and%20nutritional%20deficiencies.

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Yemen - A Humanitarian Crisis Caused by Civil War & Famine

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Find out what’s happening in Yemen, where conflict, cholera, and famine are causing a food crisis moving millions of people to starvation.

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1. Form

definition of hunger: Hunger refers to the long-term absence of food support and sources, without the supply of food and nutrients to the human body to maintain survival and normal life.