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From 1788 to 1868 Britain transported more than 160,000 convicts from its overcrowded prisons to the Australian colonies, forming the basis of the first migration from Europe to Australia.

Of course, when these first Europeans arrived they did not find an empty land as expected. They were outnumbered by more than 500,000 indigenous Aboriginal people whose ancestors had lived in Australia for over 50,000 years.

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After initial settlement, Australia became an increasingly popular destination for free settlers. Convicts were no longer the major source of new arrivals to the colonies. This development came with the discovery of gold in 1851 and a booming Australian economy.

People were now arriving to Australia by choice - arriving from many countries, like England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, America, China and Germany.

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Thousands of Chinese people came to Australia during the 1850s gold rushes. When the gold was exhausted many took up market gardening or established businesses such as restaurants or laundries. However, Chinese immigration remained controversial and was largely frowned upon by the general Australian public.

In the second half of the 19th-century:

South Sea Islanders were recruited to work on Queensland sugar plantations

Afghan cameleers played a vital role in the exploration and opening up of the Australian outback

Japanese divers contributed to the development of the pearling industry

All groups experienced heavy discrimination.

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You doubtless read the paper
And, as men of observation,
Of course you watch the progress of Chinese immigration.
A thousand of these pig-tailed chaps
In Adelaide are landing,
And why they let such numbers come
Exceeds my understanding!

(Charles Thatcher, a music-hall entertainer on the Victorian goldfields who became popular after his arrival in 1878)

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Assisted Passage Scheme (for British Migrants)

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Assisted Passage Scheme (for British Migrants)

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In the early twentieth century, British migrants came to Australia seeking a healthy and prosperous life, and the events of WWI encouraged Australia to expand its population to protect the nation in the event of another war. The Australian government looked to Great Britain as a source of immigrants, and encouraged those willing to consider resettlement in Australia by offering them assisted passage. British immigrants were also eligible to receive land grants, or encouraged to take labouring positions in rural areas. For e.g., the Empire Scheme of 1922 assisted over 200,000 British immigrants to come to Australia and sent 12,264 young boys and men to Australia.

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While the Australian Government encouraged British immigration with offers of assisted passage, at the same time it restricted non-Europeans, especially Asians from immigrating to Australia. The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, or the 'White Australia Policy', stated that immigrants had to write and sign, in the presence of an Immigration Officer, a passage of 50 words in a European language as directed by the officer. This was called the Dictation Test.

The Immigration Restriction Act remained in force until 1958, when the Dictation Test was abolished, and was not fully dismantled until the introduction of the Racial Discrimination Act of 1975.

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In the years after WWII, Australia stepped up its immigration with the catchphrase ‘Populate or Perish!’ coined by Arthur Calwell. This was an international promotional campaign to encourage migration to Australia. Australia accepted more than 2 million migrants and displaced people from Europe and offered assisted passages to 1 million British migrants.

The first wave (1947-1953) of migration started with Displaced Persons, mainly from Eastern Europe.

The second wave (1950s-1960s) of migration consisted of those seeking employment and better living conditions. These included migrants from Italy, Greece, Malta, Croatia and Turkey.

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In the late 1970s a new wave of refugees came by sea, first from East Timor and then from Indochina. The Vietnamese ‘boat people’ arrived at a time of dramatic social upheaval in Australia, with spirited public debate about our involvement in the Vietnam War, the new concept of multiculturalism, the breaking of many of Australia's traditional ties with Britain, and the forging of new links with Asia. They were followed by a second wave of boat people from Cambodia, Vietnam and southern China in the late 1980s and 1990s.

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Since the late 1990s increasing numbers of asylum seekers fleeing conflict in the Middle East and Sri Lanka have arrived in Australia by boat. They are distinct from the previous two waves of boat people in that they usually involve larger numbers of arrivals and their passage is often organised by people smugglers.

Today the question of how to deal with asylum seekers arriving on unauthorised voyages remains one of the most polarising debates in contemporary Australia.

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1. Assimilation: migrants are allowed into Australia but they must adopt Australian customs, traditions, and beliefs. They must be part of Australian society completely. Basically, look, think, speak like an Australian.

2. Integration: migrants are allowed into Australia and are allowed to keep their cultural customs and traditions. BUT they must abide by Australian laws, speak English, and do all things 'Australian'.

3. Multiculturalism: migrants are allowed into Australia and are allowed to express themselves freely, without the need to look, think, speak like an Australian. However, they must abide by and respect Australian laws.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgvsstZRaS8&themeRefresh=1