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Sahara Desert: Largest desert in Africa
Niger River: Main river of Western Africa
Congo River: Second largest river in Africa
Horn of Africa: Part of Northeastern Africa
Cape of Good Hope: Located in South Africa

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Songhai: Greatest university for learning-timbuktu-13th-16th ideas of Astronomy
Kongo: Kingdom located in West-Central Africa, created trade with Portugal
Asante: Located in West Africa, traded with Portugal with Gold and Slaves
Zulu: Located in Southern Africa. Led by warrior Shaka, British Empire took them over

Ethiopia: Traded with Portugal and other Europeans for weapons and maintained independence from Europeans

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Songhai: While Islam was practiced by rulers, most people remained loyal to their indigenous religions.
Because of trade relationships with foreign nation and empires, Songhai was a cultural center of Africa, including cities like Timbutu

Asante (Ashanti)
Practice of indigenous religion and use of indigenous language
Threats from European invasion and other African empires created a militaristic society

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Social and cultural patterns in East Africa

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Social and cultural patterns in East Africa

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Ethiopia:
Influence of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam through trade
Differences in religion and European interaction caused conflict

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Social and cultural patterns in Central and Southern Africa

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Social and cultural patterns in Central and Southern Africa

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Kongo:
Portuguese missionaries  were successful in converting rulers to Christianity, resulting in the conversion of the entire kingdom.
The art of the Kongo was elaborate, using wood, cloth, and terra-cotta.

Zulu:
Practice of indigenous religion, characterized by ancestral spirits and the use of magic, occurred.
History passed through oral traditions in the indigenous language

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Songhai:
Political system: Ruled by an absolute monarch who commanded the military and controlled an imperial bureaucracy
Economic system: Economy based on trade of slaves and gold to North Africa across the Sahara Desert and overseas

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Asante (Ashanti):
Political system: Elimination of clan tradition in favor of a unified government under a central leader
Economic system: Economy based on trade of slaves and gold to North Africa across the Sahara Desert and overseas

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Ethiopia:
Political system: Ruled by a monarch centered on Christianity
Economic system: Economy based on trade of gold, ivory, and frankincense across the Sahara Desert and overseas

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Kongo:
Political system: Ruled by a monarch with centralized power over a bureaucracy
Economic system: Economy based on agriculture, metallurgy, and trade of ivory and slaves

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Zulu:
Political system: Ruled by a monarch with centralized power over a bureaucracy
Economic system: Economy based entirely on agriculture and livestock