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Greetings everyone!

My name is Nurfara Fatihah binti Abdul Karim. I am a student of LG243 from class 1E. These past couple of weeks I had done a research on the origins of languages. The languages I had chosen to do a research on are Iban, Bidayuh, Kadazan, Hokkien Chinese and Tausug.

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The name "Tausug" is said to mean "People of the Current," but it is also believed to have originated from the words tau, which means "person," and suug, which was the island of Jolo's previous name.

Both Malaysia and the Philippines are home to sizable populations of this widely dispersed ethnicity. Jolo, Indanan, Siasi, and Patikul are core areas; about 413,700 people live in Sulu Province.

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The Hoklo people, also known as Hokkien people, are a subgroup of Han Chinese (also known as Han Taiwanese) that speak the Southern Min language, Hokkien, or who can trace their origin to southeast Fujian, China. They go by a number of endonyms or other similar designations, including Banlam (Minnan) people or Hokkien people.

Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Americas all have sizable communities of these residents.

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The Hokkien language is said to be one of the oldest languages. It is believed to be the direct descendant of the old Chinese, even older than Cantonese.

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Language experts believe that more than two centuries ago, the Han people journeyed from the north to Fujian due to the war during the Qin Dynasty.

Afterward, waves of migrants continued to arrive in Fujian during the fourth-century Jin Dynasty, driven there by ongoing battles in the north.

Once the Han people settled down, they cut off their communication with the north and their communication style has endured to this day and is referred to as Hokkien.

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In actuality, the number of Hokkien dialects is probably equal to the total number of villages in Fujian. Residents in nearby towns and villages from Fujian all speak relatively different dialects of Hokkien.

In Mandarin, Hokkien is referred to as Fujianhua. It appears from this definition that it is the dialect used in the province of Fujian. In fact, it goes much beyond that. People outside of China also speak it.

One of the examples is Penang Hokkien which began when the Chinese was attracted to the new port that was established as a British port of call during the 1700s. Most of over the water Chinese at the time were from the Fujian province.

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The Sound of the Penang Hokkien language (Numbers, Phrases  & The Parable)

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The Hokkien belongs to one of the seven dialects of Chinese which is Min. The dialect Min originated from the river Min, which is a great river in Fujian. This dialect is used commonly in Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, and Zhejiang, among other places.

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A large amount of the Chinese Malaysian community speaks Hokkien, especially the elder generation. In regions where the Chinese population in Malaysia is concentrated, this language is widely spoken.

The number of people who speak Hokkien in Malaysia varies based on the area and generation. Hokkien is widely spoken in areas like Penang, where there is a major Chinese population.

But younger generations could speak Malay or English more easily, and Hokkien has become less common these days for a variety of reasons, such as adaptation and language shift.

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Tausug is an Austronesian language spoken on the Philippine island of Jolo. It is also found on other surrounding islands in the Philippines' southwestern region and in areas of Sabah, Malaysia, where it is known as Suluk.

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According to linguistic evidence, a bilingual society of Tausug speakers may have been founded in Jolo between the tenth and eleventh centuries by Sama traders and their Tausug-speaking wives and children.

The Tausug language, which is a member of the Austronesian family's Western Malayo-Polynesian branch, has vocabulary and linguistic traits that originated from contacts with other languages, especially Sama languages.

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The Sound of the Tausug Language (Numbers, Greetings & Story)

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Latin letters are used to write Tausūg these days. An Arabic alphabet derived from the Malaysian Jawi script has been used to write it since the 7th century. In addition, from the 7th to the 16th centuries, Tausūg was written in Luntar Sug, a variant of the Baybayin script.

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Tausug speakers' numbers might change over time due to a variety of variables, including migration patterns, birth rates, and cultural shifts. In 2022, it was estimated that there were around several hundreds thousands of speakers.

However in Malaysia, because of the small population of the Tausug people, the language is not a major language spoken by the people of Malaysia.

The number of Tausug language speaker in Malaysia may be getting smaller as they adapt to the environments and language contexts that are most likely to differ from Tausug language's.

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The Kadazandusun are a set of ethnic groups that speak similar languages and dialects and have a shared belief system with slight variances in customs and rituals.

There are at least ten different languages in this group, with probably 30 or more dialects. The Kadazan of Penampang and Papar, the Lotud, Dusun, Kwijau, Bisaya and other subgroups from Tempusuk, Tambunan, Ranau, and other areas are included.

The Kadazandusun can be found in all districts, however they are most common in Sabah's western half.

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The name "Bidayuh" refers to a group of indigenous people who share a language and culture and are located in the southern states of Sarawak, Malaysia, the northern states of West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the island of Borneo.

It signifies "inhabitant of the land" when you pronounce Bidayuh. First used during the reign of Sarawak's White King, Raja James Brooke, the aggregate name Land Dayak refers to people originally from western Borneo.

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Other than the Malays, the Iban are the most populous indigenous community in Malaysia and the largest ethnic group in Sarawak.

One of the meanings of the word Iban is "wanderer." The Iban people display great flexibility and energy as they travel the highlands of Borneo, participating in activities such as dry-rice farming, fishing, hunting, gathering, and growing their population.

They originated in the neighboring Western Kalimantan region of Kapuas and the Batang Lupar and Saribas river systems in Sarawak.

They have slowly made their way into every division and district of Sarawak, both in the rural and urban regions, by moving north and east through the Rejang Valley.

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The numerous Kadazan subgroups are Dusunic language speakers with dialectical variations in word pronunciation and description.

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The differences are the result of weak communication facilities and historical environmental evolution.

Since the Kadazan, like most other indigenous communities on the island of Borneo, did not have a written language until the arrival of formal education in the 18th century, oral traditions were very important among the Kadazan. The majority of their knowledge was passed down orally from generation to generation.

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During the 20th century there has been a language shift from Kadazandusun to Malay, and the authorities in Sabah have introduced policies which aim to slow this. Kadazandusun is now taught in schools in Sabah, and there are moves to give the language official status.

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The Sound of the Coastal Kadazan language (Numbers, Greetings & The Parable)

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According to the 2010 census, the language is spoken by around 560,000 people in the districts of Penampang, Papar, Tuaran, Tambunan, Ranau, and Keningau.

The language is spoken in a number of dialects depending on where you are.

The KadazanDusun's Tangara dialect, for example, is mostly spoken on Sabah's west coast, whilst the Bundu-Liwan dialect is more common in the interior.

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Photo

1) ';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from  https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftribesinthephilippines.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F03%2F24%2Fthe-tausug-tribe%2F&psig=AOvVaw3vZxYbK9Yso08A7NVcZ6vN&

2)Tausūg language, alphabets and pronunciation. (2023, September 26). Omniglot. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tausug.htm

Video

1)Marie, S. (2020, August 19). The Sound of the Tausug Language (Numbers, Greetings & Story). YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tb9mJj3Hl2M

Article

1) Tausug (Suluk). (2012, November 23). Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42(3). https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/tausug-suluk/6BE2ADA949D8E96891CCA87B82C5EF84

2)Tausug - Philippines. (n.d.). Cal State East Bay. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the-philippines/peoples/tausug.html

3)Tausūg language, alphabets and pronunciation. (2023, September 26). Omniglot. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tausug.htm

4)Tausug. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tausug

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Photo

1) Khor, S. (n.d.). The Origins Of The Hokkien, Cantonese, And Other Chinese Dialect Groups In Malaysia. SAYS. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://says.com/my/lifestyle/history-ancestral-origin-spoken-dialect-of-chinese-people-in-malaysia

2)Map of study area and surface water quality sampling sites in the Min... (n.d.). ResearchGate. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-study-area-and-surface-water-quality-sampling-sites-in-the-Min-River-basin-China_fig1_343174197

Video

1) ';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=Z0fzkozg9KG5vq98&v=eoVn_-ZPd6A&feature=youtu.be

Article

1) About: Hoklo people. (n.d.). DBpedia. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://dbpedia.org/page/Hoklo_people

2)Imm, T. S. (n.d.). The oldest Chinese dialect, Hokkien. MSL Master. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.mslmaster.com/index.php/teaching-learning-resources?view=article&id=180&catid=10

3)Chinese Hanfu – The traditional clothing of Han Chinese people. (n.d.). eyelearn.org. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://eyelearn.org/digp-gallery/2021/hanfu/

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Photo

1)';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.com.my%2Fread%2F5136%2Fwhatever-happened-to-once-coastal-kadazans-%2F&psig=AOvVaw3soIW6ngeYgN

2)Christinus, M. C. (2020, June 20). The Kadazandusun Language. Written by Mary Cassandra Christinus… | by Komuhakan Movement | Medium. Komuhakan Movement. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://komuhakan.medium.com/the-kadazandusun-language-7384218a134c

Video

1)';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://youtu.be/k7pFHH2jLf0?si=_TTHxcb3OOVYRKHA

Article

1)Bala, P. (n.d.). Kadazan. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/kadazan

2)Christinus, M. C. (2020, June 20). The Kadazandusun Language. Written by Mary Cassandra Christinus… | by Komuhakan Movement | Medium. Komuhakan Movement. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://komuhakan.medium.com/the-kadazandusun-language-7384218a134c

3)Kadazandusun language, alphabets and pronunciation. (2021, April 23). Omniglot. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kadazandusun.htm

4)The KadazanDusun language dilemma. (2017, September 24). Borneo Post Online. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.theborneopost.com/2017/09/24/the-kadazandusun-language-dilemma/

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There are approximately 25 Bidayuk (Land Dayak) dialects spoken in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, which can be categorized into four dialects, which are Eastern, Central, Highland, and Western.

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Bidayuh is a collection of similar languages or dialects rather than a single language. There are a number of Bidayuh dialects, including Bukar-Sadong, Land Dayak, Salako, and others.

The exact number is up for contention. Every dialect has unique characteristics and variations of its own. The Bidayuh people have been influenced by many languages in their area.

Bidayuh dialects might have adopted terms and grammar from nearby languages, such as Malay and Iban.

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The Sarawakian community's primary identity originated in the Bidayuh language. It represents everything that makes them proud.

The Bidayuhs, given the current trend, stand to lose their culture and tradition if their language is allowed to fade away with time, given the strong ties that exist between the community's identity and language.

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The Sound of the Bidayuh language (Numbers, Greetings, Words & The Parable)

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Roughly 10% of Sarawak's population speaks Bidayuh. However, there are six main dialects among the Bidayuh, and speakers of these dialects might not comprehend one another.

Because Malay is a common language understood by all Bidayuhs, it is not unusual to see two Bidayuhs from Sarawak chatting in it.

The Bidayuh language is already in competition with Malay and English, and with the rise of mixed marriages in the area, Iban and Sarawak Malay dialects are proving to be more appealing and common language methods.

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Photo

1)';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2010%2F06%2F28%2Fbidayuh-culture-for-all-to-see&psig=AOvVaw1WGaX9ZC12FXhabE55zcqf&ust=1699236942753000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCLjGy7LsrIID

2)';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://youtu.be/gPmPyELM1xU?feature=shared

Video

1)';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2F226833477362790%2Fphotos%2Fada-empat-jenis-bahasa-bidayuh-sebutan-lainlain%2F779367908776008%2F&psig=AOvVaw36pM8BhECWFMfNCZWio6uY&ust=1699276083796000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=

Article

1) (n.d.). LANGUAGE CHOICES OF DAYAK BIDAYUH UNDERGRADUATES IN THE FRIENDSHIP DOMAIN | Borneo Research Journal. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://mjes.um.edu.my/index.php/BRJ/article/view/9830

2)Bidayuh: Most Up-to-Date Encyclopedia, News & Reviews. (n.d.). Academic Accelerator. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/bidayuh

3)Naeg, D. (2010, October 3). Preserving Bidayuh language. Borneo Post Online. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.theborneopost.com/2010/10/03/preserving-bidayuh-language/

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Iban is a member of the Austronesian language family's Malayo-Polynesian branch. This language is more closely connected to Sarawak Malay than it is to Malay.

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The Iban can be subdivided into various sub-ethnic groups, each speaking a different dialect. The most formal, intermediate and practical dialects are the Salibas dialects, mainly Beton and Saratoque.

Other languages ​​such as Balau, Cebu Yau, Uruay and Rejan are mutually intelligible throughout Sarawak. The exception is the Lemun/Mirikin dialect of Iban, which is still understood by Ibans in other districts.

In West Kalimantan, dialects such as Bugau, Seberuan, Muarang, Chengkang, Sebal, and Dau are even more different.

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Approximately 1.4 million people in Malaysia speak Iban, mostly in the states of Sarawak and Sabah's Tawau area. It is used in literature and the media, and it is taught in elementary schools.

In Brunei, the districts of Belait, Tutong, and Temburong are home to roughly 15,800 Iban speakers. In addition, there are perhaps 15,000 Iban speakers of Indonesian, mostly in the state of West Kalimantan's Kapuas Hulu district.

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Photo

1)';;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Facademic-accelerator.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fiban-people&psig=AOvVaw2Ua9qlUw_gAxC93wUdZL2v&ust=1699237096841000&s

Video
1);;'. (2019, March 9). ';;' - YouTube. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://youtu.be/wMmc7NeMvxA?feature=shared

Article

1)Iban language and alphabet. (2021, May 8). Omniglot. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.omniglot.com/writing/iban.htm

2)Philip, B. (n.d.). Iban Language: Most Up-to-Date Encyclopedia, News & Reviews. Academic Accelerator. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/iban-language

3)Sutlive, V. (n.d.). Iban. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/malaysia-and-singapore-political-geography/iban