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Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth's local, regional, and global climates.

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Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing materials of biological origin that can be burned for energy.

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The greenhouse effect occurs when heat-trapping gases in a planet's atmosphere prevent the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature.

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The Albedo Effect is the surfaces ability to reflect sunlight high albedo surfaces like snow and ice reflect more energy and cools the planet, while low albedo surfaces like oceans and forests absorb more energy making it warmer.

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A phase change is the physical process where matter transforms from one state to another.

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Reflective describes a surfaces intrinsic ability to reflect energy, as light or neurons.

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It is when a developed area experiences higher temperature than nearby rural areas, or when areas experience hotter temperatures within a city.

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It's where the output of a process returns to influence its own input, creating a continuous cycle.

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It means to emit energy in the form if waves or particles spreading out from a source.

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A computational process that models and analyzes the behavior of physical systems over time, using numerical methods to predict responses based on fundamental physics principles and equations.

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The act of an image, sound, or being cast onto a surface, as seen in a projector, or the process of resolving a vector shows the portion of one vector in the direction of another.

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A simplified representation or approximate of a real-world physical system used to understand and predict its behavior.

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Energy that is made from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale.

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Energy storage is the process of capturing energy from on time and using it at a later time to balance the fluctuating supply and demand of power.

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An efficiency is a ratio that measure how much of the input energy or work put into a system is converted into useful output, rather than being wasted.

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The minimum continuous level of electricity required by a grid, met by large, high efficiency plants like nuclear or fossil fuel power plants that operate 24/7.

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The period of when electricity usage is highest, requiring significantly more power than average to meet sustained demand.

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Electricity sources that provide a reliable and predictable supply because they are not dependent on weather or other variable natural conditions.

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Ozone is a chemical compound made of three oxygen atoms that can be both beneficial and harmful depending on its location.

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Chlorofluorocarbon is a chemical compound containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms.

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Ultraviolet radiation is an invisible form of energy from the sun that can cause skin cancer, premature aging, and eye damage.

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Cogeneration is simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy from a single fuel source. An example is the Topping cycle system which include Generation of Electricity, Heat Recovery, and Thermal application.

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District heating is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through insulated pipes to multiple buildings, providing heating for residential and commercial spaces. Examples are Heat transfers: moving the energy which have 3 stages which are at the plant, In the pipes, and at the building.

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Circular economy is a model of resource production and consumption that aims to reduce waste and resource consumption by promoting the reuse, repair, and recycling of materials. Examples are Water cycle, Carbon Cycle, and Recycling of Aluminum.

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Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction between a substance and an oxidant, that produces a high temperature release of energy in the form of heat and light.

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Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles(atoms or molecules) in a substance.

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Calorie is a unit of energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius.

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Hydrogen economy is a proposed energy system that uses hydrogen as a ubiquitous energy carrier to store, transport, and deliver energy generated from diverse primary sources.

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An Electrolyzer is an electrochemical device that uses electricity to split water molecules into their constituent elements: hydrogen and oxygen. The process is called electrolysis.

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A hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that convert the hydrogens chemical energy into electricity via an electrochemical reaction with oxygen.

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Aerodynamic Lift is the upward mechanical force generated by an airfoil moving through air, acting perpendicular to the direction of flight and opposing weight. An example of this is the airplane wing.

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A rotary machine that converts the kinetic and potential energy of a moving fluid such as water, steam, or gas into mechanical rotational energy. An example is the wind turbine which uses wind to make electricity.

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The direct conversation of light into electricity within a material, typically a semiconductor. An example is the solar-powered pocket calculator, a device that uses small built in solar cell to run its internal computer instead of a disposable battery.