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Discovery of America (11th Century & 1492)

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Discovery of America (11th Century & 1492)

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Leif Erikson landed during 1000 A.D. in North America. He explored Vinland which is now modern day Canada.
Later on in 1492, Christopher Columbus rediscovered America. The trip was funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Originally, he was supposed to find a new trade route to India, but his course changed unexpectedly.

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In 1620, the Pilgrims, who were Protestants from England, were seeking religious freedom. They travelled on the Mayflower. The trip took 66 days and ended when the Pilgrims landed on Cape Cod in Massachusetts.

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Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776)

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Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776)

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On July 4th, 1776, a document called the Declaration of Independence was signed. It was written by Thomas Jefferson. It officially declared the independence of the United States from England. It was signed in Philadelphia by representatives of each state.

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The war began on April 19th, 1775 in Lexington and Concord. British soldiers and American militiamen began to shoot at each other. One of the main causes of the Revolutionary War was taxation without representation from the British. The Battle of Yorktown was the last major battle of the war and showed the potential of George Washington as a leader. The war ended on September 3rd, 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

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The Constitutional Convention was held from May, 14th 1787- September 17, 1787 in Liberty Hall, Pennsylvania. The Articles of Confederation were revised during these meetings. The Constitution of the United States of America was created as a result of this.

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The term "Manifest Destiny" was coined by John L. O'Sullivan. It represents the belief that the US was destined to expand across North America (east coast to the west coast).

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On April 30th, 1803, the territory of Louisiana (828,000 square miles) was purchased from the French by the US. It was purchased for $15 million and it doubled the size of the US. This happened under the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. The land was explored by Lewis and Clark. This was a huge accomplishment in the US's attempt to expand westward.

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The War of 1812 began on June 18th, 1812. It was coined as the "Second War of Independence". The cause of the war was Britain trying to restrict trade between the US and France. The White House was burned down by the British. Ultimately, the war ended on February 18th, 1815 with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The war occurred during the administration of Andrew Jackson.

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The Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814. It was written during the War of 1812. It is based on the Battle of Fort McHenry. It didn't officially become the national anthem until 1931, after President Herbert Hoover signed the official bill.

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The Mexican American War began on April 25th, 1846. President James K. Polk wanted Mexico's land (what is now California, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Arizona). After an unsuccessful attempt at buying the land, the US invaded Mexico. The war ended on February 2, 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The war was caused by disagreements over slavery and states rights. When Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President, the southern states seceded. The war ended on April 9, 1865 when the Confederate army surrendered to the Union.

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The Emancipation Proclamation was written on January 1st, 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln. It declared the slaves that lived in the southern states as free men. It did not end slavery completely, but was the first step in a long journey of civil rights.

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The Spanish-American War began on April 21st, 1898. The US joined the war when the USS Maine was sunk. The war was between the US and Cuba vs. Spain. It brought out the Rough Riders, which was the 1st volunteer army in the US. One of the leaders was Teddy Roosevelt. The war ended on December 10th, 1989 It ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and the US acquired many territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.

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The Progressive Era was a period of time in the US, where social injustices and new ideas were coming to light. Muckrakers were journalists who wrote to expose corruption in the government. They wrote about women's rights, segregation, and other social issues that people were beginning to learn about. The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments were created because of this period of time.

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WWI began on July 28th, 1914, with the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The US later joined the war in 1917 because Germany was sinking merchant US ships. The Allied Powers (Great Britain, Russia, France, and Belgium) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria) were the main countries at war during this time. The war officially ended on June 28th, 1919 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

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The League of Nations was created on January 10, 1920 in order to solve disputes between countries. The US did not join The League wasn't very successful and eventually dissolved during WWII.

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Women's Suffrage began in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. A group of abolition activists who were mostly women, gathered to discuss women's rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott were all key players in the fight for women's rights. The National Women's Association was created with the goal to create a constitutional amendment that allowed women to vote and made them equal members of society. The 19th Amendment was ratified on August 18th, 1920.

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Great Depression & Black Thursday (1929 & 1930's)

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Great Depression & Black Thursday (1929 & 1930's)

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The Great Depression began with the stock market crash in October 1929. The bank failing and the dust bowl were key contributors to the Great Depression. There was a drastic deflation rate and large amounts of people lost their jobs and businesses. As a result of this, families had to leave their homes in search of jobs and often ended up homeless.

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The Holocaust was the targeting of Jews, LGBTQ, disabled people and other minorities. Adolf Hitler wanted to extinguish these minority groups and attempted to do so by created concentration camps with the sole purpose of killing these people. An estimated 6 million people were murdered during the years of the Holocaust.

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World War II began on September 1st, 1939, with the invasion of Poland. The US joined on December 7th, 1941 after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. The war was between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Powers (US, France, Great Britain, USSR, and China). The war ended on September 2nd, 1945, after the Japanese surrendered.

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On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, a naval base in Oahu, Hawaii. An estimated 2,403 people died after the bombing. This is what caused the US to join WWII.

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On February 19th, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all Japanese Americans to go to internment camps through Executive Order 9066. This was done because the US government was afraid that Japanese Americans would act as spies for the Japanese government after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. There was never any evidence of this, but it was done because of hysteria. Over 120,000 Japanese-Americans were in concentration camps during the war.

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The United Nations began on October 24th, 1945. It was based in New York City and began with 50 countries. This was a "part 2" to the League of Nations. The purpose was to protect human rights for every one. The United Nations is still in function today.

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On March 12, 1947, the Truman Doctrine was created. It was President Harry Truman's attempt to provide political, military, and economic aid to democratic countries under the threat of communism. This was supposed to prevent the expansion of communism.

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The Cold War was a period of political tension between the US and the Soviet Union. Although it never reached actual combat, many lived in fear for decades that an actual war would break out at any moment. Events such as the Space Race and the Nuclear Arms Race raised tensions worldwide. The Cold War ended in 1991 when the Berlin wall came down and the Iron Curtain was lifted.

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The Korean War began between North and South Korea because the North was trying to spread its ideas of communism to the South. North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25th, 1950. The US joined because of the "Truman Doctrine" which was the US's efforts to contain communism and keep it from spreading. The war ended in a "cease fire" in 1953. An official peace treaty was signed in 2018.

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The Vietnam War because communism was trying to spread from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.  The US joined to stop communism from spreading to the South. The US had difficulty because the war was fought in dense jungle and their opponent used tactics that the US wasn't used to. The war ended with the South surrendering to the North. Many US soldiers were drafted and lots of money was spent on this war, causing many US citizens to soldiers who fought in the war and the government.

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The Civil Rights Movement was a series of events that had the purpose of desegregation and giving rights to African Americans (equal). It began with the supreme court case of Brown V. Board of Education and includes the Bus Boycott and the March on Washington. As a result of this, in 1964, the voting rights act came to be and in 1968, the Civil Rights Act.

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Martin Luther King Jr. was a preacher who stood up for civil rights for African Americans. He is known for his speech given at the March on Washington called "I Have a Dream". He spoke up for equality in all senses and was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. He was killed on April 4th, 1968.

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Brown v. Board of Education was a series of court cases, one of which was in Topeka Kansas. Oliver Brown sued public schools because they weren't honoring the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment (segregation in schools).

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In September 1957, nine black students enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The students needed to have military protection in order to enter the school. There was a mob trying to prevent the students from entering the school.

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President Nixon had his people infiltrate Democratic headquarters at Watergate. There was an attempt to cover this up, but eventually it was brought to light, even after Nixon lied under oath. He resigned from office in 1974 and was pardoned for what he did. The significance of this is that he was pardoned. People began to ask themselves if the President was above the law.

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In 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. President George H. W. Bush declared war. Hussein didn't allow the US to investigate for weapons of mass destruction. Many lives were lost and the war ended with a cease fire.

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On September 11th, 2001, between the hours of 8:45am and 10:30 am, 4 commercial airplanes were hijacked by members of Al-Qaeda. The planes were targeted to hit Washington D.C, but changed course when people on the plane fought back. Ultimately, 2 of the planes crashed into both towers of the World Trade Center and 1 of the planes crashed into the Pentagon. The last plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. 2,996 people died on the day of the 9/11 attacks. This triggered the US to combat terrorism for many years to come.

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In March 2003, the US invaded Iraq with the purpose of destroying any weapons of mass destruction they had and end the rule of Saddam Hussein. The war ended on December 15, 2011 but it wasn't until December 31st, 2021 that all of the US troops left Iraq.