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forcefully extend a limb or joint beyond its normal limits, either in exercise or therapy or so as to cause injury.

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Dorsiflexion is the backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot. This is the extension of your foot at the ankle and your hand at the wrist.

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Includes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

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Is the movement toward the midline.

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When the forearm turns the hand so the palm is downward or backward.

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is the act of increasing the angle between two bones, which results in a straight motion.

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The movement of an extremity away from the midline.

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A rotation movement allows a bone to move around one central axis. This type of rotation occurs when you turn your head from side to side when saying no.

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Supination is the palm is forward or upward.

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is the act of bringing two bones closer together, which decreases the angle between the two bones.

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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common type of arthritis in kids and teens. It typically causes joint pain and inflammation in the hands, knees, ankles, elbows and/or wrists. But, it may affect other body parts too .

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1.ball-and-and socket joints-allow the greatest freedom of movement. here, one bone has a ball-shaped head that nestles into a concave socket of the second bone.Our shoulders and hips have ball-and socket joints.

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Gliding joints are those in which nearly flat surfaces glide across each other, as in the vertebrae of the spine. These joints enable the torso to bend forward, backward, and sideways, as well as rotate.

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Pivot joints are those with an extension rotating in a second, arch-shaped bone. The radius and ulna are pivot joints. Another example is the joint between the atlas that supports the head, and the axis that allows the head to rotate

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commonly affects joints in the hands, wrists, and knees. In a joint with RA, the lining of the joint becomes inflamed, causing damage to joint tissue. This tissue damage can cause long-lasting or chronic pain, unsteadiness (lack of balance), and deformity

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Hing joints move in one direction or plane, as in the knees, elbows, and outer joints of the fingers.

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Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Some people call it “wear and tear” arthritis.  It occurs most frequently in the hands, hips, and knees. The treatment for this is maintaining a healthy weight and exercising regularly.

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Synarthroses are immovable joints connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue. these joints are found in the adult cranium. examples: skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.

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Amphiarthroses are partially movable joints, with cartilage between their articular surfaces. Two examples are the attachment of the ribs to the spine and the symphysis pubis, which is the joint between the two pubic bones.