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Specific chemical substance secreted from glands that are used to carry information from one part of the mammal's body to another

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- Activities of entire organs
- Growth of development
- Reproduction
- Sexual characteristics
- Usage and storage of energy
- Levels of fluid, salt, and sugar in the blood

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Glands in the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream from glands, which travel in the bloodstream to specific target organs to have an effect on them

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ADH, Adrenaline, Insulin, Testosterone, Progesterone, Oestrogen.

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1. Stimulus affects endocrine gland so that it releases a hormone (chemical messenger)
2. Hormones are distributed by the bloodstream
3. Receptors on the cell membranes of target organ recognises a specific hormone and makes responses to the stimulus.

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- Found in small quantities
- Lasting effects on the target organs.
- Widespread of effects
- Some act more directly
- Affect long term changes
- Very short life span

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- Adrenal glands are found one above each kidney.
- The inner medulla region receives nerves from the brain and produces the hormone adrenaline.
- The outer cortex layer produces corticosteroids

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- Adrenaline is known as the 'fight or flight' hormone as it is produced in situations where the body may be in dangerIn a stressful situation,

- Adrenaline’s actions are very rapid and lasts only for a short time.

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- Hormones injected into animals to fatten them up
- Hormones injected into cows to increase milk production

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Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a constant internal environment

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1. Chemical constituents
2. Concentration
3. Temperature
4. pH

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1. Toxic nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism (eg. NH3, urea)
2. Toxic substances liberated by bacteria, parasites

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Homeostatic mechanisms are self-regulating
& operate by means of negative feedback.

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1. Kidneys
2. Liver
3. Pancreas
4. Skin
5. Lungs
6. Brain

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Maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated

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Anti-diuretic Hormone. Secreted by the pituitary gland, controlled by the hypothalamus.

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Insulin. Secreted by pancreas into the blood at times when blood glucose levels are high.

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Insulin temporarily converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscle. The glycogen is converted back to glucose several hours later when blood glucose levels have dipped due to respiration in all tissues

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Cells in pancreas which release insulin

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Releases glucagon if there is insufficient glucose in the blood. Glucagon triggers the liver cells to convert Glycogen to Glucose

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The major effector for homeostatic temperature regulation is the skin.

- Epidermis : Basal layer which is dividing
- Dermis : receptor found here

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Thermo receptors in skin detect temperature fluctuations on the body surface & relay the information to the thermoregulatory centre via afferent nerves.

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Type 1: Genetic condition; caused by an autoimmune reaction. Beta cells are attacked so not enough insulin is secreted

Type 2: Developed over time; Lifestyle related, i.e. consuming sugary drinks

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Arterioles constrict & the blood is diverted to the deeper tissues thus retaining heat. (Too extreme: cells die)

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Dilation of superficial arterioles bring warm blood to the surface to lose heat.