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First 4 to 6 months of life:

exclusive milk feeding (breast milk, industrial infant formula) recommended.

From the 5th to 7th month:

introduction of complementary food.

piecewise, a milk meal is replaced by a porridge meal (a vegetable-potato-meat porridge, a milk-cereal porridge and a cereal-fruit porridge)

6 to 8 months:

Development of chewing movements in the infant begins -> Coarser-textured complementary food porridge

Towards the end of the 1st year of life:

child can independently bring food to the mouth and hold a cup-> gradually introduce the infant to easily chewable foods.

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reference:
https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/energie/

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Calcium
You get calcium from dairy products like milk, cheese and yoghurt, fish with edible bones, like sardines and salmon, tofu and some green leafy vegetables, like kale and bok choy. Calcium builds strong bones and teeth.

Iodine
You get iodine from seafood, vegetables grown in iodine-rich soil, iodised salt and bread made with iodised salt. Most bakery and supermarket bread is made with iodised salt, which will give most people enough iodine. Iodine is essential for normal growth and tissue development, and helps control the ways your cells make energy and use oxygen. Pregnant and breastfeeding women need higher levels of iodine.

Iron
You get iron from meat, liver, chicken, seafood, dried beans, egg yolks and fortified breakfast cereal. Iron is especially important for brain function and red blood cell production, and it also helps carry oxygen around the body.

Zinc
You get zinc from meat, chicken, seafood, milk, seeds, tofu and wholegrain cereals. Zinc helps with growth, wound healing and immune system function.

Other essential minerals include phosphorus, magnesium, copper, manganese and chromium.

Selected Micronutrient Needs of Children 1-3 Years of Age - PubMed (nih.gov)

Nutrient requirements - British Nutrition Foundation

Vitamins & minerals for kids & teens | Raising Children Network

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Abstract

Establishing dietary recommendations for micronutrients in young children is difficult. Techniques used to evaluate nutrient intake and bioavailability are hard to apply in this age group. Additionally, large variations in growth rates, dietary patterns, and nutrient losses in early childhood make determinations of dietary requirements difficult. Most recent studies have utilized stable isotopes to determine mineral absorption for iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. Vitamin D requirements have been established based on the dietary intake required to maintain a presumed adequate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Comparisons of nutrient requirements established using factorial methods involving absorption determinations and usual population intake are important to identify nutrients of concern related to deficient or excess intakes. Generally, in the USA, the intakes of calcium and magnesium are adequate to meet requirements in most toddler diets which include a milk source or a mineral-fortified milk alternative. Zinc and iron intakes can be below requirements in a substantial proportion of toddlers throughout the world, especially those with minimal meat consumption. Dietary vitamin D is generally below dietary recommendations, but clearly deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are less common, and the global role for routine vitamin D supplementation or fortification of the diet remains uncertain.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Selected Micronutrient Needs of Children 1-3 Years of Age - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Establishing dietary recommendations for micronutrients in young children is difficult. Techniques used to evaluate nutrient intake and bioavailability are hard to apply in this age group. Additionally, large variations in growth rates, dietary patterns, and nutrient losses in early childhood make d ...

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Vitamin requirements according to DGE for the ages of...

1-4
4-7
7-10
10-13

Almost all vitamins increase during the ages, BUT vitamin D and pantothenic acid.

Reference:
https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/

(Tim Salomon)

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PROTEIN

1-3 years: 14 g/day
4-6 years: 18 g/day
7-9 years: 26 g/day
10-13 years: boys 37 g/day, girls 38 g/day

FAT
1-3 years: 30-40% of energy
4-13 years: 30-35% of energy

CARBOHYDRATES
1-13 years: >50% of energy

Reference:
https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/

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https://gesundheitsfoerderung.ch/sites/default/files/migration/documents/Grundlagen_und_Empfehlungen_fuer_die_Ernaehrung_von_Kindern_und_Jugendlichen.pdf

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Das, Jai K.; Salam, Rehana A.; Thornburg, Kent L.; Prentice, Andrew M.; Campisi, Susan; Lassi, Zohra S. et al. (2017): Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1393 (1), pp. 21–33. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13330.

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-mcc-ltnutrition/chapter/13-5-older-adolescence-and-nutrition/

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Learning Objectives

Summarize nutritional requirements and dietary recommendations for teens.

Discuss the most important nutrition-related concerns during adolescence.

Discuss the effect of eating disorders on health and wellness.

In this section, we will discuss the nutritional requirements for young people ages fourteen to eighteen. One way that teenagers assert their independence is by choosing what to eat. They have their own money to purchase food and tend to eat more meals away from home. Older adolescents also can be curious and open to new ideas, which includes trying new kinds of food and experimenting with their diet. For example, teens will sometimes skip a main meal and snack instead. That is not necessarily problematic. Their choice of food is more important than the time or place.

However, too many poor choices can make young people nutritionally vulnerable. Teens should be discouraged from eating fast food, which has a high fat and sugar content, or frequenting convenience stores and using vending machines, which typically offer poor nutritional selections. Other challenges that teens may face include obesity and eating disorders. At this life stage, young people still need guidance from parents and other caregivers about nutrition-related matters. It can be helpful to explain to young people how healthy eating habits can support activities they enjoy, such as skateboarding or dancing, or connect to their desires or interests, such as a lean figure, athletic performance, or improved cognition.

Adolescence (Ages Fourteen to Eighteen): Transitioning into Adulthood

As during puberty, growth and development during adolescence differs in males than in females. In teenage girls, fat assumes a larger percentage of body weight, while teenage boys experience greater muscle and bone increases. For both, primary and secondary sex characteristics have fully developed and the rate of growth slows with the end of puberty. Also, the motor functions of an older adolescent are comparable to those of an adult. Again, adequate nutrition and healthy choices support this stage of growth and development.

Energy

Adolescents have increased appetites due to increased nutritional requirements. Nutrient needs are greater in adolescence than at any other time in the life cycle, except during pregnancy. The energy requirements for ages fourteen to eighteen are 1,800 to 2,400 calories for girls and 2,000 to 3,200 calories for boys, depending on activity level. The extra energy required for physical development during the teenaged years should be obtained from foods that provide nutrients instead of "empty calories." Also, teens who participate in sports must make sure to meet their increased energy needs.

Macronutrients

Older adolescents are more responsible for their dietary choices than younger children, but parents and caregivers must make sure that teens continue to meet their nutrient needs. For carbohydrates, the AMDR is 45 to 65 percent of daily calories (203-293 grams for 1,800 daily calories). Adolescents require more servings of grain than younger children, and should eat whole grains, such as wheat, oats, barley, and brown rice. The Institute of Medicine recommends higher intakes of protein for growth in the adolescent population. The AMDR for protein is 10 to 30 percent of daily calories (45-135 grams for 1,800 daily calories), and lean proteins, such as meat, poultry, fish, beans, nuts, and seeds are excellent ways to meet those nutritional needs.
The AMDR for fat is 25 to 35 percent of daily calories (50-70 grams for 1,800 daily calories), and the AMDR for fiber is 25-34 grams per day, depending on daily calories and activity level. It is essential for young athletes and other physically active teens to intake enough fluids, because they are at a higher risk for becoming dehydrated.

Micronutrients

Micronutrient recommendations for adolescents are mostly the same as for adults, though children this age need more of certain minerals to promote bone growth (e.g., calcium and phosphorus, along with iron and zinc for girls). Again, vitamins and minerals should be obtained from food first, with supplementation for certain micronutrients only (such as iron).

The most important micronutrients for adolescents are calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and iron. Adequate calcium and vitamin D are essential for building bone mass. The recommendation for calcium is 1,300 milligrams for both boys and girls. Low-fat milk and cheeses are excellent sources of calcium and help young people avoid saturated fat and cholesterol. It can also be helpful for adolescents to consume products fortified with calcium, such as breakfast cereals and orange juice. Iron supports the growth of muscle and lean body mass. Adolescent girls also need to ensure sufficient iron intake as they start to menstruate. Girls ages twelve to eighteen require 15 milligrams of iron per day. Increased amounts of vitamin C from orange juice and other sources can aid in iron absorption. Also, adequate fruit and vegetable intake allows for meeting vitamin A needs. Table <span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="MathJax" style="display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.4px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0″ role="presentation" data-mathml="13.5.1″>
13.5.1 shows the micronutrient recommendations for older adolescents, which differ slightly for males and females, unlike the recommendations for puberty.

Many teens struggle with an eating disorder, which can have a detrimental effect on diet and health. A study published by North Dakota State University estimates that these conditions impact twenty-four million people in the United States and seventy million worldwide. These disorders are more prevalent among adolescent girls, but have been increasing among adolescent boys in recent years. Because eating disorders oftenlead to malnourishment, adolescents with an eating disorder are deprived of the crucial nutrients their still-growing bodies need.

Eating disorders involve extreme behavior related to food and exercise. Sometimes referred to as "starving or stuffing," they encompass a group of conditions marked by undereating or overeating. Some of these conditions include:

Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a potentially fatal condition characterized by undereating and excessive weight loss. People with this disorder are preoccupied with dieting, calories, and food intake to an unhealthy degree. Anorexics have a poor body image, which leads to anxiety, avoidance of food, a rigid exercise regimen, fasting, and a denial of hunger. The condition predominantly affects females. Between 0.5 and 1 percent of American women and girls suffer from this eating disorder.

Binge-Eating Disorder. People who suffer from binge-eating disorder experience regular episodes of eating an extremely large amount of food in a short period of time. Binge eating is a compulsive behavior, and people who suffer from it typically feel it is beyond their control. This behavior often causes feelings of shame and embarrassment, and leads to obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, Type 2 diabetes, and other health problems. Both males and females suffer from binge-eating disorder. It affects 1 to 5 percent of the population.

Bulimia Nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by alternating cycles of overeating and undereating. People who suffer from it partake in binge eating, followed by compensatory behavior, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative use, and compulsive exercise. As with anorexia, most people with this condition are female. Approximately 1 to 2 percent of American women and girls have this eating disorder.

Eating disorders stem from stress, low self-esteem, and other psychological and emotional issues. It is important for parents to watch for signs and symptoms of these disorders, including sudden weight loss, lethargy, vomiting after meals, and the use of appetite suppressants. Eating disorders can lead to serious complications or even be fatal if left untreated. Treatment includes cognitive, behavioral, and nutritional therapy.

Video 13.5.1: Eating Disorders: Anorexia. This video provides more information about the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.

Discussion Starter

Research the biological, social, and psychological aspects of eating disorders at this website. Then, brainstorm a list of risk factors and warning signs for parents, teachers, and physicians.
http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/

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Summarize nutritional requirements and dietary recommendations for teens. Discuss the most important nutrition-related concerns during adolescence. Discuss the effect of eating disorders on health and wellness. In this section, we will discuss the nutritional requirements for young people ages fourteen to eighteen. One way that teenagers assert their independence is by choosing what to eat.

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Energy requirement:
girls: 1800 - 2400 kcal
boys: 2000 - 3200 kcal

Macronutrient requirement:
carbohydrates: 45 - 65% of daily calories
-> 203–293g for 1800 kcal/day
proteins: 10 - 30% of daily calories
-> 45–135g for 1800 kcal/day
fat: 25 - 35% of daily calories
-> 50–70g for 1,800 kcal/day
fiber: 25–34 grams / day

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e.g. where to eat, frequency, which food groups?

- eating at the table without any distractions

- three meals with two healthy snacks in between in order to properly supply the body with energy and nutrients over the day.

- (1) two portions of fruits/day; three portions of vegetables/day
(2) 4-6 portions of (whole) grains/day (app. 100g/portion)
(3) 3 portions of dairy/day (app. 150-200g/portion)
(4) 2-3 portions (max.5) of (white) meat and eggs/week
(5) 2-3 tsp. plant oil/day, 20-30g of nuts/day

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The weight deposition through adolescence contributes
50% to final adult weight, and energy requirements are
closely correlated to the rapid increase of fat-free mass. The
linear spurt during adolescence contributes about 15% to
final adult height.  Males gain more lean mass, which
has a higher metabolic activity than adipose tissue, while
females deposit more fatty mass. Ideal requirements should
include the timing of the pubertal growth spurt (with the
wide differences in age at which puberty starts) and the
increase in lean body mass rather than weight.

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First 1000 days is very important part of baby's life.
(First 1000 days: Pregnancy (280 days) + 1st year (360 days) + 2nd age (360 days)

-Today, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommend breastfeeding for the first 6 months, with only breast milk and complementary foods, until the age of 2 and beyond.

- During the breastfeeding especially first 6 months breastmilk always changes depending to baby's necessaries. For example; if baby has some infection, breastfeeding change and produce more immunoglobulin.
- Their brain activity is so fast in this time period and breastfeeding and correct amount additional foods are helps to improve that learning-brain activity.
- Additionally breastfeeding represent to secure attachment with baby and mother.

Ayse Merve UYAR

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2 to 3 years: 1 serve of fruit; 2½ serves of vegetables; 4 serves of grains; 1 serve of meat/poultry; 1½ serves of dairy

4 to 8 years: 1½ serves of fruit; 4½ serves of vegetables; 4 serves of grains; 1 ½ serves of meat/poultry; 1½ to 2 serves of dairy

9 to 11 years: 2 serves of fruit; 5 serves of vegetables; 4 to 5 serves of grains; 2½ serves of meat/poultry; 2½ to 3 serves of dairy

12 to 13 years: 2 serves of fruit; 5 to 5 ½ serves of vegetables; 5 to 6 serves of grains; 2 ½ serves meat/poultry; 3 ½ serves dairy

It is recommended that children should intake 3 meals a day and 1 to 3 snacks (morning, afternoon and possibly before bed). Healthy snacks are just as important as the food you serve at meals.

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energy requirements (Mira Sophie Janzen):

1-4 years (PAL: 1,4-1,6)
- Boys: 1200-1300 kcal/day
- Girls: 1100-1200 kcal/day

4-7 years (PAL: 1,4-1,8)
- Boys: 1400-1800 kcal/day
- Girls: 1300-1700 kcal/day

7-10 years (PAL: 1,4-1,8)
- Boys: 1700-2100 kcal/day
- Girls: 1500-2000 kcal/day

10-13 years (PAL: 1,4-1,8)
- Boys: 1900-2400 kcal/day
- Girls: 1700-2200 kcal/day

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Medienkompetenz, S. F. F. U. (o. D.). Beikost: Die gesunde Ernährung im ersten Lebensjahr. Familienhandbuch. https://www.familienhandbuch.de/gesundheit/ernaehrung-lebensjahr/beikostdiegesundeernaehrungimerstenlebensjahr.php#:~:text=Nacheinander%20werden%20eingef%C3%BChrt%3A%20ein%20Gem%C3%BCse,mit%20der%20Beikost%20begonnen%20wird.

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https://www.chla.org/sites/default/files/migrated/Chapter1_NutritionalNeeds.pdf
https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/5/11/nzab122/6377821

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0-6months brestfeeding
after 6 months supplementation of brestfeeding via food

Vitamin A:
0–6 months 400 µg Retinol Active Equivalent/day
7–12 months 500 µg Retinol Active Equivalent/day
Vitamin B1:
0–6 months 0.2 mg/day of thiamin
7–12 months 0.3 mg/day of thiamin
Vitamin B2:
0–6 months 0.3 mg/day of riboflavin
7–12 months 0.4 mg/day of riboflavin
Vitamin B3:
0–6 months 2 mg/day of preformed niacin
7–12 months 4 mg/day of niacin equivalents
Vitamin B6:
0–6 months 0.1 mg/day of vitamin B6
7–12 months 0.3 mg/day of vitamin B6
Vitamin B12:
0–6 months 0.4 µg/day of vitamin B12
7–12 months 0.5 µg/day of vitamin B12
Vitamin B9:
0–6 months 65 µg/day of dietary folate equivalents
7–12 months 80 µg/day of dietary folate equivalents
Vitamin C:
0–6 months 40 mg/day vitamin C
7–12 months 50 mg/day vitamin C
Vitamin D:
0–12 months 5-25 µg (200-1000 IU)/day
Vitamin E:
0–6 months 4 mg/day of α-tocopherol
7–12 months 5 mg/day of α-tocopherol
Vitamin K:
0–6 months 2.0 µg/day of vitamin K
7–12 months 2.5 µg/day of vitamin K
Calcium:
0–6 months 210 mg/day of calcium
7–12 months 270 mg/day of calcium
Iron:
AI for Infants  0 - 6 months 0.27 mg/day of iron
RDA for Infants  7 - 12 months 11 mg/day of iron UL 0 - 12 months 40 mg/day of iron
Zinc:
AI for Infants 0–6 months 2 mg/day of zinc
UL for Infants 0–6 months 4 mg/day of zinc
UL for Infants 7–12 months 5 mg/day of zinc
RDA for Infants 7–12 months 3 mg/day of zinc
Fluoride:
AI for Infants 0–6 months 0.01 mg/day of fluoride
7–12 months  0.5 mg/day of fluoride
UL for Infants 0–6 months 0.7 mg/day of fluoride
7–12 months 0.9 mg/day of fluoride

Reference:
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.chla.org/sites/default/files/migrated/Chapter1_NutritionalNeeds.pdf

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Energy requirements:
Boys: 559-742kcal/day
Girls: 512-680 kcal/day

Macronutrient requirements:
Carbohydrates:
- 0-6 months: 60g/day
- 7-12 months: 95g/day
Protein:
- 0-6 months: 9.1g/day
- 7-12 months: 11g/day
Fat:
- 0-6 months: 31g/day
- 7-12 months: 30g/day