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Ishango Bone- (20,000 BCE)(discovered in 1950)

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Ishango Bone- (20,000 BCE)(discovered in 1950)

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The Ishango Bone is the oldest mathematical artifact still in existence: it was discovered in 1950, in the Democratic Republic of Congo in central Africa, and is named after the region where it was found. It is approximately 20,000 years old. The bone is 10 cm long and contains a series of notches, which many scientists believe were used for counting.

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Sumerian Multiplication Table (Created Around 2600 BCE)

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Sumerian Multiplication Table (Created Around 2600 BCE)

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This tablet shows a multiplication table that was created around 2600 BCE in the Sumerian city of Shuruppak. It is one of the oldest mathematical tablets we have ever discovered. The table has three columns.

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Menna was a chief scribe in ancient Egypt, and in charge of measuring the size of fields for farming, inspected crop yields, reporting to the Pharaoh’s central field administration, and calculating taxes.

The wall paintings in his tomb show the different measuring and calculating techniques used more than 3,000 years ago. For example, in the first row, you can see how long distances were measured using ropes with knots at regular intervals.

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Pingala (पिङ्गल) was an ancient Indian poet and mathematician who lived around 300 BCE, but very little is known about his life. He wrote the Chandaḥśāstra, where he analysed Sanskrit poetry mathematically. It also contained the first known explanations of binary numbers.

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Aryabhata (आर्यभट, 476 – 550) was one of the first mathematicians and astronomers in the golden age of Indian mathematics. He defined trigonometric functions, solved simultaneous quadratic equations, found approximations for π, and realised that π is irrational.

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He was a Chinese mathematician. He improved methods for solving polynomial equations, and was one of the first Chinese scientists to propose that the Earth is spherical.

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He was an English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer. He was a professor at Cambridge University.
In his book Principia Mathematica, Newton formulated the laws of motion and gravity, which laid the foundations for classical physics and dominated our view of the universe for the next three centuries.

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She was an English writer and mathematician. Together with Charles Babbage, she worked on the Analytical Engine an early, mechanical computer. She also wrote the first algorithm to run on such a machine (to calculate Bernoulli numbers), making her the first computer programmer in history.

Lovelace described her approach as “poetical science”, and spent much time thinking about the impact of technology on society.

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Adi Shamir is an Israeli mathematician and cryptographer. He invented the RSA algorithm, which uses the difficulty of factoring prime numbers to encode secret messages.

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She is a Ukrainian mathematician and only the second woman in history to receive the Fields Medal, the highest award in mathematics.

Viazovska solved the sphere-packing problem in 8 and 24 dimensions, which asks about the most efficient way to arrange solid spheres. She is a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, Switzerland.